ГУСЬКОВА (1). 1. Инфинитив в функции определения
 Скачать 1.41 Mb.
|
|
72 73 When the delegates are taken to see the outstanding work of the Road Research Laboratory, and the examples of brilliant design and con struction of British technicians and workers, they will be able to compare in their minds' eye what might be, with what is. Finally, a new political balance in Europe, based on effective unity, might turn out to be the precondition of disengagement. The Prime Minister mentioned that a more radical stand on some issues might have enabled the party to have avoided defeat. (3(VThere were signs that this tour might have marked a turning point. /П) Discussions could explore the economic problems that might fol-/owllis'armament and the question of security. Such problems, as a rule, may begin well before the trial and con tinue after the appeal. Thus the Government appears to be sending conflicting signals to the United States at a time when government officials and industrialists in this country are expressing deep concern over the policies the American administration might take both in the south Asia region and with regard to aid to developing Third World nations. A senior research scientist said their requests for information were met by delays of years and they had received no classified information since November. They state « one might as well ask whether the present Administration is as honest as the previous one.» As a result, the government might try to close the gap by increas ing taxes. But in its turn that would also cut purchasing power. The sinking of the Nissho Maru will be recorded as an accident that might have been avoided. If cash-strapped producers cut expenditure faster than consumers spend their windfall, the effect of lower oil prices might even be to slow world economic growth. He might have fallen into the trap but he understood the danger in time. The victory of the Liberal Party with an overall majority over the Progressive Conservatives and the New Democratic Party reduces the bargaining position of the New Democratic Party. NDP, with growing trade union support, might have been expected to do better. Just as oil's scarcity seemed a fact of life in the 1970s, its abun dant flow might be too easily taken for granted to-day. In a covering letter, the majority leader of Congress suggested that members might use his analysis in preparing public comments about the administration package. Piracy in the harbor here, for years a petty annoyance, has reached such an outrageous level that shipping agents representing lines from the United States, Europe and the Far East are concerned that their maritime unions might boycott the port. He said he expected that a committee concerned with energy is sues would be set up. Although this Committee would not be empowered to discuss the question of oil prices, which remains the prerogative of OPEC, it seems that security of supplies, as well as energy sharing, and the search for alternative energy sources, might be valid subjects for dis cussion. The prospect that exports might be boosted means that the meas ures announced Friday will be scrutinized closely in Europe and the United States. At the Mexico meeting, optimists at the Vienna talks declared it might be possible to lay foundations for a deal about global energy sup plies. If the energy outlook can be stabilized it might be possible to strike a new deal about aid that would open both OPEC and Western purses and markets. The impression that the Government and the G.P.O. [General Post Office] are prepared to turn a blind eye on the operations of the radio pi rate stations has been encouraged by the delay in introducing legislation to outlaw them. The legislation is more complex than might have been imagined. The penalty clauses may well require requisition of the com- pany^s assets on land as well as the stations. It was the sort of message for which the smaller members of the alliance may well have been waiting. In the opinion of some political connoisseurs, that measure may well improve the prospects of the Conservative party with the nation as a whole. The British Premier and the French President might well talk also about the Middle East —a region which least of all has claims to being called static. The Norwegian Foreign Minister has said that the Security Coun cil might well be given greater powers over the financing of peacekeep ing. What can the West do to increase the chances of success, however defined? For a start, it can and should do its utmost to tell the Serb people at large that the outside world bears no animus against them. The Home Secretary told chief constables that they must recruit thousands more officers from ethnic communities and should aim to make their manpower mirror the communities they cover. 74 75 The U.S. government spends millions every year policing the economy against agreements among competitors to restrict supply and thereby raise prices. Such conspirators ordinarily must meet in darkest se crecy, and can go to jail if they get caught. Yet here is the administration pressuring Japanese automakers to do precisely what it ordinarily forbids. We must not assume that the free play of public opinion must reg ister itself in parliamentary forms. The US President outlined a foreign policy of active involvement overseas, saying Americans «must embrace the inexorable logic of globalization». In the long run, if Brazil is to avoid foreign-exchange problems and boost its growth rate, it must do more than just tinker with the current policy mix. In massive demonstrations in colleges all over the country yester day, students showed exactly what they thought of the Government's plan to treble the fees of overseas students. If the Education Minister didn't get the message three weeks ago, when more than 4,000 students lobbied their MPs, then it surely must have been rammed home on him yesterday. It must have been hard for them to agree to this resolution, but at that time there was no alternative course open to them. Meanwhile it will not have escaped notice that some members (of EU)jseem to be contemplating just that sort of un-European behaviour. The visit will have been a pleasant and useful excursion for the State Secretary. III. To be Глагол to be в сочетании с инфинитивом имеет модальное значение и может выражать: 1. долженствование, обусловленное договоренностью или пла ном; переводится обычно при помощи должен или глаголом в бу дущем времени. The Prime Minister is to go to Paris next week. На следующей неделе премьер-министр должен поехать (поедет) в Париж. Примечание. Сочетание формы was/were с перфектной формой инфинитива означает, что действие не было совершено. 2. возможность (в этом случае за глаголом to be обычно следует пассивная форма инфинитива). 76 Responsibilities and obligations possessed by the Russian trade unions are to be envied. Можно позавидовать той ответственности и тем обязанностям, которые имеют профсоюзы в России. 3. намерение, цель, желание — в придаточных предложениях, вводимых союзом if: переводится инфинитивом с союзом чтобы (для того, чтобы), реже — если мы хотим, чтобы. If the United Nations is to deal adequately with the new situation, it itself will first require reform. Чтобы ООН адекватно реагировала на новую ситуацию (если мы хотим, чтобы ООН...), ей самой, прежде всего, необходимо реформирование. Примечание Следует помнить, однако, что сочетание to be с инфинитивом может представлять собой составное сказуемое, где to be выступает в качестве глагола-связки, а инфинитив — в качестве предикатива. The task of the committee is to find ways for a workable agreement. Задачей этой комиссии является изыскать (изыскание) пути для практически приемлемого соглашения. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. yj^ Voting, which began at 8 a.m. and was to last eight hours, was extended by one or two hours in a number of cities, including Tehran, ili'i A «federation fund» of ASl billion,is to be spent on projects of « national significance» leading up to the centenary of Australia's federa- tion. The talks aimed at ending the civil war in Colombia are to establish an agenda and location for full-scale negotiations later this year. Labour is to move quickly to introduce legislation to ban advertise ments for cigarette smoking, the Commons heard yesterday. (sTThe External Affairs Minister who was to have addressed the General Assembly on the Canadian position yesterday, suddenly postponed his statement. Another topic was the importance of fully integrating nations such as Russia and China into the world economic scheme if the United States and Europe are to have stable relations with them. The report from the left-leaning think-tank Demos stops short of recommending abolition of the monarchy, but argues «democratic» re form is needed if the institution is to match public expectation. If either or anything is to survive, they must find a way to create an indissoluble partnership. 77 9. Any EU nation needs to have an inner self-confidence if it is to step out of what is otherwise an EU consensus position on foreign and defence policy. Italy needs to get a firmer hold on this corner of the market if its dominance of the fashion industry is not to be threatened. Mr Largent believes that the Republicans' mistake at the recent election was to forget their message. He realised „early that France had to collaborate with other Euro pean countries if it was to compete with the American aviation giants. Yet strong African leadership is essential if the punative African peacekeeping force is not to look like an extension of American or Euro pean power in Africa. //"capitalism with Chinese characteristics is not to become as dirty a phrase in China as crony capitalism has in Russia, Eastern Europe and parts of East Asia, checks are urgently needed to stop local bosses en riching themselves at others' expense. Their hesitations have already encouraged Serbia's president in his refusal to make concessions at the negotiating table; they could yet curtail a military campaign that should go on for weeks // it is to have any chance of achieving its aims. If one administration after another proved unable to deal with its own household finances, its incessantly proclaimed top priority, was its competence to be trusted in the less visible and comprehensible matters of defence, strategic arms, diplomacy or finance? If the mistakes of the neighbours are to be avoided, people need to be free to debate government policy and to hold accountable those who do wrong. But this success must be made the starting point of a new effort if the impetus is to be maintained and still bigger successes won. Changes seem inevitable, but no one can Say what. But changes there must be if confidence in the board is to be restored and it is to func tion properly. These are only a few of the questions which arise out of the vast subject «Planning and Economic Growth». A choice must be made, in view of the breadth and diversity of these questions, //certain aspects of the problem are to be examined at all deeply within the limits of this brief article. But it is savings and investment, as well as goods and chattels, that Egypt needs if// is to reach the magic growth figure. Osama al-Baz, a wise Egyptian who advises the president, says: «We will not allow moneyed people to dominate the government. They can have loud voices on economic reform but... it is still a question of so cial justice.» And so, if this economic revolution is to succeed, it should be.<%■■""■■ '■■ l' i ' г/л/ ,23/Now, after three months of closer scrutiny, at the point at which the bills were to have been presented to Parliament, they have suddenly been withdrawn for redrafting. It was to have been the biggest merger in corporate history, creat ing a colossus with a market capitalization of $ 205 billion, second only to that of General Electric. But the official went on to emphasize that the new administration's aim" is to reduce and manage disagreements through the consultation process that has now begun. Their initial goal is to end three years of budget deficits and inflation by the end of this year. IV. To have 1. Глагол to have с последующим инфинитивом означает должен ствование, вызванное силой обстоятельств, необходимостью. На русский язык, как правило, переводится: пришлось, придется, при ходится; предстоит. The negotiations might fail. In that event the Government would have to decide what to do. Переговоры могут окончиться и неудачей. В таком случае правительству пришлось бы решать, что делать (предпринять). The Government has promised to abolish the death penalty, although it has yet to win ratification of this pledge from the Parliament. Правительство обещало отменить смертную казнь, хотя ему еще предстоит добиться ратификации этого обещания в Парламенте. 2. Глагол to have с последующим сложным дополнением (имя сущ/местоим. + неличная форма глагола или наречие) передает: 1) каузативность (побуждение или содействие осуществлению действия). На русский язык передается при помощи таких слов, как заставить, устроить, сделать так, чтобы, добиться того, чтобы, и другими лексическими средствами. We had them beaten this time. На этот раз мы их одолели 78 79 (содействовали их поражению /устроили так, чтобы они проиграли и т. п.). (В зависимости от контекста) I would haveyoutoknow... Я хотел бы поставить вас в известность... They will have him back. Они заставят его вернуться. 2)действие, совершенное по инициативе, побуждению лица, вы раженного подлежащим. The town council has had three houses built. Городской муниципалитет построил три дома. 3) действие, совершенное помимо (независимо от) воли или же лания лица, выраженного подлежащим, и направленное на него. We had a note handed to us. Нам вручили записку. Перевод глагола to have представляет значительную трудность, так как в русском языке нет аналогичных грамматических средств для передачи этих значений. Кроме того, точное значение вытекает иногда из более широкого контекста. При переводе приходится пользоваться различными лексическими средствами, которые наиболее точно передают значение английского предложения. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. If budgetary reforms are ever to be achieved, the EU leaders will have to bind themselves to use qualified majority voting, not consensus, for such matters. In the year ahead the Danish premier will have to tread a careful line, both in terms of domestic policy and in airing the campaign to join the euro ^*" me euro. The probability that many more innocent people would also be exe cuted would have to be weighed against the benefits of deterrence. Among his many roles, the Spanish politician has to play the American to Europeans, and the European to Americans. The free trade purists contend that various industries have to sink or swim on their own and that providing relief through Japanese export re straints would provide an umbrella for higher American automobile prices, which would hurt consumers and harm the battle against inflation. Motorists will have to prove they have scrapped their car in an envi ronmentally friendly way to get an authorised Certificate of Destruction. Most EU countries have yet to pass the domestic laws needed to implement the directive, so it is difficult to say how it will work in practice. « We see NATO as a bicycle that has to keep moving or else the rider falls off, so there's a feeling that we need to be very forward- leaning,» an American official said. Schooling (in Egypt) was never entirely free at the best of times: a parent had to pay a tiny entry fee, buy a school uniform, provide a bite of food. What is disastrous now is the need for private tutoring. Unless the Bill passes through all its stages in the Commons and the Lords before the session ends it will have to be started all over again in the new session in November. The Chancellor of the Exchequer told Labour MPs on Tuesday night that public spending will have to be cut to avoid a «tough Budget» next year. Most of the imported mobile phone sets operate on a wave-band used by a number of authorized radio services in Britain and can cause serious interference. When they cause interference they have to be traced and their owners are prosecuted. United Nations economists warn that something drastic has to be done, or developing countries will be forced to reduce their rate of social and economic expansion. In larger communities — nations, states, provinces and cities — there has to be a division of labour. Some persons have to make the im portant political decisions for the whole society, and specially trained administrators and civil servants have to perform the tasks of manage ment and administration for society as a whole. Diplomats said Canada and other nations eager to have the dead lock broken had been outmanoeuvred by the United States. The big problem is the difference between the fastest and slowest vehicles on a stretch of highway. The safest thing safety researchers sug gest, is to have everyone driving at roughly the same speed. The committee gave overwhelming approval to a separate resolu tion that would have the Assembly urge all states to take such separate and collective action as is open to them in conformity with the Charter. Any other activities of the world organization will be financed by the whole membership only by their unanimous and active support. And even in those rare cases it will be by having the Secretary-General solicit voluntary contributions. 80 81 Using language heard frequently in the past from Iraq and Russia, the French proposal said that this commission would have «its independ ence ensured and its professionalism strengthened.» If the speculative excesses of the last few years are finally wrung out of the market — and they always are, sooner or later — it will take time for investors to regain the kind of confidence that has everyone dreaming of instant riches. Few things are likelier to give free trade a bad name than to have it associated with the foisting on consumers of potentially unsafe food. . 22. In Piedmont, the regional government has been fighting an unsuccessful battle against the central government in Rome in an attempt to have the Piedmonese dialect taught in schools. 23. A university student who wrote his graduation paper in Sardinian had it turned down. V. To do Глагол to do представляет некоторую трудность при переводе, когда он выполняет следующие грамматические функции: 1. функцию эмоционально-усилительную: 1) глагол to do под черкивает факт совершения действия или усиливает значение дейст вия, выраженного глаголом-сказуемым в утвердительной форме Past или Present Indefinite. На русский язык передается словами дейст вительно, все-таки, же, ведь и т. п.; 2) подчеркивает побуждение к действию или просьбу (в повелительном наклонении). In fact his words did show that he was reluctant to get involved. Ha самом же деле его слова действительно показали, что он не хочет участвовать в этом (иметь с этим дело). v Примечание. В инвертированных предложениях (обычно после отрицательных наречий и союзов nowhere, not, no sooner, nor, not only ... but и др.) глагол to do не переводится. Эмфаза инвертированного предложения на русском языке передается лексическим способом. 2. функцию слова-заместителя, во избежание повторения ранее упомянутого глагола или целого предложения. В зависимости от со четаемости слов в русском языке переводится соответствующим глаголом, предложением или не переводится вообще. В сочетании со словом so чаще всего переводится сделать это (так). Did the Foreign Secretary know that such an arrangement existed? His replies in Parliament yesterday clearly implied that he did. Знал ли министр иностранных дел, что существует такая договоренность? Из его ответов в парламенте вчера можно было ясно понять, что он знал. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. President Roosevelt might not have done all the things he prornised to do and all the things he did do might not be for the country's good in the long run — but what he did do seemed so much better than the deeds of any other single citizen in the land... Those immigrants who do arrive are kept in detention centres, called «welcome centres» in official jargon. The Turkish Constitution, written seven decades ago by the founder of the modern nation, Kema! Ataturk, does indeed decree that the country must be governed along strictly secular lines. In the past Arkansas did endure a reputation for being backward, and its residents were the butt of jokes portraying them as dim-witted hillbillies. The trip did demonstrate that the secretary of state, whatever his political standing in Washington, seems to be highly respected by foreign leaders. 6. These developments (parliamentary elections in Scotland and Wales) do not signal the rebirth of Scotland and Wales as independent countries. But they do signal a historic — and welcome — shift in the way Britain is governed. What the report prepared by a body of the most conservative char acter does show is that newspaper economics, and particularly the enor mous and growing reliance on advertising revenue, puts the whole indus try into crisis. The defenders of the present United Nations system point out that the agencies do in fact work together successfully on a number of proj ects. What does represent a growing danger for the effectiveness of this organization is the reluctance of some of its members to render assistance in case of financial difficulties. The Foreign Secretary did not show any willingness to discuss this question, but he did refer to the responsibility of both governments as co- chairmen of the 1954 Geneva conference. What our politicians do not talk about — the abuses of the Federal Reserve Board, the practices of the lobbyists, the strange actions of many 82 83 in the Executive Branch — frequently can be more significant to knowing persons than things the Representatives do say. Yet for large and small nations their record in the General Assem bly does provide a yardstick with which to measure the application of their publicly announced foreign policy principles. All the same the state of the economy and the general trend of na tional politics do have some influence on the voters. Nowhere in America or Europe not even among the great liberated thinkers of the ^Enlightment did democratic ideas appear respectable to the cultivated classes. Both sides are already moving back toward common ground. Not only did Beijing finally shut down the anti-American protests, but the Chinese President after an initial snub, finally talked by phone with the US President and discussed ways to rebuild their relationship. Noironly does shipping bring the Greek economy more than $1.5 billion in receipts each year but its growth over the last 15 years (with the fleet almost tripling in size) has been almost unparalleled. > The supply of fund managers keeps growing, but so does demand from investors. Economies to-day depend less on oil than they did. In. real, terms, oil now costs roughly what it did before 1973. Non-Asian minorities tend to score lower on standardized tests use'd for college admissions than do Asian-Americans and whites. Next year will be another depressing year on the farm. The federal government .will Jry to help out with emergency aid and by opening trade barriers, as it did recently with a new export agreement with China. 22. Not until the 19th century did democratic government make its way in any considerable part of the world — in the great states of conti nental Europe, "in South America, in Canada and Australia, in South Af rica and Japan. |