ГУСЬКОВА (1). 1. Инфинитив в функции определения
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44 45 chance». He asked Congress to join him in a quest to «move America back toward economic sanity». German federal structure devolved political power, to the relief of other Europeans, tapping a tradition \ongpreceding Hitler's Reich. Though dragging their feet to the last, Britain and America could not avoid agreeing to setting up a control system, faced by Russia readi ness to accept reasonable proposals. Companies have flowed money raised from stock sales into com puters and new technologies that have accelerated productivity — thus increasing corporate profitability while allowing companies to give real raises. They wanted a Government freely chosen by the will of the peo- pie. During the work-to-rule campaign many saw their efforts wasted because some were induced to work extra hours. The peoples of all countries are vitally interested in seeing further steps taken at the Foreign Ministers' Conference in October. All his criticisms were reserved for Labour backbenchers who want the British Forces withdrawn from that country. Those who opposed the «showdown» in the State Department — a small and not very influential group at the time — saw their viewpoint being taken increasingly into account by the White House. Over the famous «non-dissemination» draft treaty, harmony is to be expected — and a powerful attempt to get it signed by many nations. The need for pressure from the Labour movement to get such de cisions taken is urgent. We will not seek to frustrate that consensus, since it is not in the world interest to have the work of the General Assembly immobilized in those troubled days. It is understood that the decision was taken against strongly ex pressed opposition to the T.U.C. plan, particularly in the light of the Gov ernment's intention to have permanent legislation holding up pay in creases without retrospective payment. Almost daily, The Washington Post and other newspapers have their advertising revenues increased by full-page ads in which one corpo ration or another is telling Congress to quit dallying and pass the pro gram. 3. Абсолютная причастная конструкция (независимый причастный оборот) — сочетание причастия с существительным в об- 46 щем падеже, которое, не будучи подлежащим главного предложения, является субъектом действия, выраженного причастием. Конструкция может выполнять в предложении функцию обстоятельства времени, причины, условия или сопутствующего обстоятельства. 1) Препозитивный независимый причастный оборот, т. е. прича стный оборот, стоящий перед главным составом предложения, мо жет иметь как временное, так и причинное значение. Какое из них имеется в виду, определяется контекстом. В функции обстоятельства условия этот оборот выступает обычно в тех случаях, когда предложение относится к будущему времени; на русский язык переводится соответствующим придаточным предложением. Whole cities (being) razed to the ground during the war, the building of houses was priority number one. Так как во время войны целые города были стерты с лица земли (разрушены до основания), строительство домов стало первоочередной задачей. 2) Значение сопутствующего обстоятельства эта конструкция имеет в постпозиции, т. е. когда она стоит после главного состава предложения, отделяется от главного предложения запятой и пере водится на русский язык самостоятельным простым предложением или простым предложением, входящим в состав сложносочиненного предложения и вводимым союзами а, и или причем. The cargo was badly damaged by the fire, the owners suffering great losses. Груз был сильно поврежден пожаром, и владельцы понесли большие потери. Независимый причастный оборот часто вводится предлогом with, который на русский язык обычно не переводится. With the prices going higher and higher and the wages frozen, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the British housewife to make both ends meet. Так как цены продолжают расти, а зарплата заморожена, английским хозяйкам становится все труднее сводить концы с концами. Примечание. Причастие being, обычно в функции связки, может быть опущено. Такая «беспричастная» абсолютная конструкция также переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением. 47 With unemployment now a crisis issue in many areas, the Labour movement is stepping up its 'right to work' campaign. Теперь, когда вопрос о безработице стоит очень остро во многих районах страны, рабочие активизируют кампанию за « право на работу» . Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. With everyone asking « What sort of European Commission do we want?», it was hard not to ask simultaneously «What sort of Europe do we want?» With his impeachment trial over, the US President has found him self more easily able to involve himself in foreign policy. With the economy booming and incomes finally beginning to climb for those on the middle and lower rungs of the ladder, a «national culture of upscale spending» has emerged. 4. With state pension systems being stretched by the ageing of Europe's population and with returns on traditional savings instruments shrinking, investors are turning increasingly to mutual funds. In 1980s with their profits falling as viewers turned increasingly to the choice offered by cable TV and VCRs, the networks (ABC, CBS and NBC) were taken over by Wall street deal makers, who thought they could be run more efficiently. « With many bonds trading above par, any uncertainty about the implications of the European tax on savings will have an impact on the trading of these securities,» said Managing director and Head of Euro pean debt capital markets. With the Conservative Party as deeply divided as ever on Europe, its young leader can stamp his little foot as much as he likes and still not end the debate. With the tricky enlargement negotiations ahead, the last thing the EU needs is a prolonged bout of budget bickering. Its economy crumbling, America struggled to escape the global De pression and find its place in a violently changing world. Their worst fears about the national election realized, leaders of the trade union movement now expect an assault against many of organ ized labor's most cherished programs and interests. With sales of automobiles on the domestic market sagging, and many dealers in deficit, the pressure to export autos last year was acute. With $40 billion of Brazilian dollar reserves having evaporated since Russia's debt default last summer, the move to a floating currency was increasingly favored by officials at the International Monetary Fund and the US Treasury. With 70 per cent of Japan's land area mountainous and a small percentage devoted to farmland, two-thirds of Japan's urban population resides and works in less than 5 per cent of the total land area. With their pro/its siphoned off by the central government bonds, some production units will undoubtedly have to curtail expansion plans, profit-sharing and other incentives to workers. With German industry pressing for lower interest rates to stimulate investment, the Bundesbank's capacity to defend the mark by hiking rates is extremely limited. With old-age pensions starting at 60 for both men and women, French workers already down tools several years before their counterparts in other rich countries. With the Government doing its utmost to keep wages down, and with price increases due to the EU membership coming on top of price increases arising from the Government policy, the standard of living in this country would be given an extremely serious setback. The rebellion in Mexico is over four years old. Two years ago peace negotiators reached a series of agreements. But the deals broke down later that year, with the rebels claiming that the government did not really mean to act upon them. With an ever-widening band of economic and trade issues ap pearing in the spectrum of U.N. activities, Western meetings began to follow a pattern of economic rather than political alliances. The European Parliament is coming under sharp criticism with al legations made by members of inflated expenses — too much money spent on overseas trips, expensive quarters, and office cleaners. Japanese diplomats said their government's approach is that the lead in opening up new markets should come from industry and com merce, with banks following. A second round of wage talks for insurance and metal workers broke off Wednesday, with employers and unions still far apart on pay increases. The US's leading maker of tires for trucks and buses, has em braced globalization, with factories and dealers stretching from Brazil to Europe to Indonesia. The Italian media have carried reports of tragedy as makeshift boats capsize, with many would-be immigrants from North Africa, Asia and Albania drowning before they can reach shore. He is likely, though not yet certain, to continue as prime minister, with Finland continuing on its course of gradual liberalisation on the eco- 49 nomic front and faster integration into the rest of Europe in foreign affairs. The annual US report on human rights frequently provokes an an gry reaction from targeted countries. They accuse the sole superpower of lecturing the world to adopt its own standards and of hypocrisy, with critics pointing to the US use of death penalty and reports of police bru tality. Poland's ruling coalition has run into trouble over health service reforms, with parties both inside and outside the coalition calling for the health minister to resign. Absorbed by Africa, tried by immigration, with the imperial feel ing ebbing, India and Pakistan no longer hold the place in the British imagination that they once had. The rapidly expanding Israeli arms industry now ranks seventh among the world's exporters of weapons and defense-related equipment, with sales for the year ending April 1 amounting to about $1.3 billion, a 40 per cent increase over those of the previous year, according to a Brit ish military publication. He declared that at the next sitting of the peace conference the proposal should be made to conclude peace, all theoretical questions being excluded. The magnificence of Mughal India was built on conquest and plunder, with between one-third and one-half of India's entire CNP finding its way into the hands of 8,000 imperial officers. England emerged from the war only a formal 'victor', its economy shaken and entering a period of permanent stagnation and decline. Rescue helicopters evacuated thousands of shocked tourists from an Austrian valley Friday as the death toll from a double avalanche rose to 37, with only one victim still buried. Almost all councils are putting up their rents, the reason being the heavy burden of interest for housing. The previous president of the European commission to come from the Grand Duchy (Luxembourg), was widely judged as a flop, with the commission run, in practice, by Belgium's Viscount Etienne Davignon and Italy's Lorenzo Natati. As there is a natural limit to the capacity of consumption of necessities of life (food, etc.), particular attention must be paid to industrialization, consumption prospects in this sphere being particularly unlimited for a long time to come. Government can be understood to include any mechanism through which ordered rule is maintained, its central features being the ability to make collective decisions and the capacity to enforce them. Stupendous storms of terrifying proportions can rage in these un- reported areas, with no one knowing of them until the effects of the at mospheric disturbances they cause are felt in local weather days later. Yet never were the problems confronting the country so acute, with the electorate in fact divided on policy issues to a greater degree than for years past. Ш. Причастия в функции союзов и предлогов 1. Причастия в функции союзов вводят условные, причинно- следственные и уступительные придаточные предложения. На рус ский язык они переводятся следующим образом: provided/pro viding, granted/granting при условии, принимая во внимание; sup posing, assuming, если, допустим, предположим, что; seeing по скольку, принимая во внимание, учитывая, ввиду того что. A wider association of this kind would be feasible, provided that the methods adopted are in line with those proposed at the conference. Более широкая организация (ассоциация) такого рода была бы возможна, при условии, что применяемые методы будут соответствовать методам, предложенным на конференции. 2. Причастия в функции предлогов стоят перед существитель ными и переводятся на русский язык следующим образом: given при наличии, если учесть; failing при отсутствии; regarding, consider ing, respecting относительно; pending до, в ожидании; following вслед за; barring кроме, за исключением. Given, failing с относящимися к ним словами могут переводиться условным придаточным предложением, например: failing (given) good will... при отсутствии (наличии) доброй воли.../если отсутствует (имеется) добрая воля... Given good will on the part of other states, this proposal of Russia could be carried into effect without any further delay. При наличии доброй воли со стороны других государств это предложение России можно было бы осуществить без дальнейшего промедления. 50 51 Анализ предложения дает возможность точно установить, в какой функции выступает причастие. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. 1.1а Zimbabwean judge sentenced the former president to a year in prison, provided he pay compensation and commit no more offences. Foreign-owned companies that set up British subsidiaries to channel their profits pay no tax, provided their management and control remain outside. Today most people in rich societies assume that, provided they obey the law, they have a right to enjoy privacy whenever it suits them. What gives voting its democratic character is that, provided that the election is competitive, it empowers the public to «kick the rascals out,» and it thus makes politicians publicly accountable. Objections to this plan, supposing there are any, should be reported to the committee at once. Granted thai storm clouds were gathering over the economic affairs of the nation, we were given hopes of a fresh breeze from the Exchequer to blow them away. ■ 1. It cannot be denied that, granting the difficulty of the undertaking, she has done her work with great skill. Assuming the hearty cooperation of all the members, it is reasonable to expect that the celebration wilt be successful. The French government is committed, assuming all the existing « preconditions» are met, to suggest to the Assembly next Tuesday that it shou[d fix a date for the debate. (TO/) Prospects are bright for a big expansion of trade between these two countries, following the signing of a new three-year trade agreement. 1 1. The Security Council on Friday voted unanimously to end the UN peacekeeping missions in Angola, following the collapse of peace accords. Brazil will allow the real (its currency) to trade freely, following last week's failed attempt at a limited devaluation. The currency has lost nearly a third of its value since that move. Nevertheless, the leaders did decide what they describe as a strong message to agricultural ministers to get back to the negotiating table in Brussels next week, following their failure to reach any agreement this week. To-day's inflation report from the Bank of England shows that following the Government's tough action to get the economy back on track, growth is set to strengthen through next year with inflation falling to its 2.5 per cent target. 52 In Bremen, following a demonstration against atomic energy, the police seized 24 youths and charged them with smashing show windows of banks, department stores and other businesses. The idea of waging a nuclear war appears inconceivable, and win ning one, meaningless, given the scale of destruction on all sides. Analysts said the downward revision of the forecast for Hong Kong's economy came as no surprise given the current economic climate. Given the growing availability of pornographic material by mail order and through the Internet, it must be better to attempt to police this market in a more sophisticated way rather than taking refuge in old rules. Is demand lagging too far behind supply just now? Does global monetary policy need to be eased? A strange question to ask in the United Stated, given that its economy is currently stretched as tight as a drum. Failing agreement by the United States to steps of this kind, serious consideration should be given to the possibilities and scope for concerted action by the industrialized countries of Western Europe to maintain high levels of output and trade in the international economy outside the United States. The only certainty is that on this last lap of the race every effort will be made by the larger parties to win over liberal voters or, failing that, to encourage by every means the liberal obstacle to their opponents1 chances. This was what the Tories want. They are against the Bill, but/a;7- ing its complete defeat they are aiming to get it amended into uselessn^^ Pending the reopening of negotiations and fearing the abrogation of some privileges the State Council adopted certain measures. Founder and guru of Aum CM. was thrown in jail pending the outcome of a trial that could drag on for years. The one decisive thing which Mr Dobson has done is to freeze the closure of any more London hospitals pending yet another wide-ranging review of the capital's health needs. It is argued that the risk that Britain runs in exposing her hand, though not to be discounted, is well worth taking, considering the impor tance to British industry of the negotiations as a whole. (2t) The decision this month, according to the sources, was to postpone any such changes pending a large policy review regarding relations with China and Taiwan. The 31 were charged with criminal association and jailed pending interrogation. At this point the lenders funds are in a non-interest bearing ac count, so time is of the essence regarding the closing of the loan. IV. Форма на -ing Форма, оканчивающаяся на -ing, может быть причастием, герундием, прилагательным или отглагольным существительным. И герундий, и причастие могут выступать в функции определения и обстоятельства, но причастие выполняет эти функции без предлога (оно может сочетаться только с союзами when и while), а герундий (или герундиальный комплекс) в этих функциях всегда следует за предлогом. Для герундия характерно также сочетание с существительным, местоимением, иногда с личным местоимением в притяжательном или косвенном падеже (герундиальный комплекс). Причастие сочетается с существительным в общем падеже и гораздо реже с местоимением в именительном падеже. Прилагательное, как правило, стоит перед существительным, которое оно определяет (в отличие от причастия, которое постпозитивно по отношению к определяемому). Существительное, в отличие от герундия, может определяться артиклем и прилагательным, а также иметь форму множественного числа. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. « You have a steel industry hemorrhaging with the flooding of our markets with foreign dumped steel, causing losses of thousands of jobs, and the administration is applying a small band-aid to that massive hem orrhage,» said Senator A.Specter, Republican of Pennsylvania. Among the radical measures are proposals to give the public the right of veto over a new King or Queen, the scraping o/the monarch's political powers and the ending o/the role of the Sovereign as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. r 3/They passed a resolution calling for a world trade conference. With fiscal policy stretched to its limits, Japan's central bank has moved to the centre of a heated debate over whether it should adopt an easing o/credit. By dropping its annual sponsorship of a resolution condemning China at the UN Human Rights Commission, now meeting in Geneva, the US administration acknowledges what has long been obvious. Using sharper language than it has in recent years, this year survey of human rights around the world said Beijing had abruptly ended a loosening of curbs on freedom of expression and association. 1.Adding its voice to optimism about the global market for notebook computers this year, Acer Inc. said it expects to boost production of the machine 75% amid falling prices and rising global demand. 54 Rather than come up with cash and watch expensive hardware de preciate, companies increasingly are turning to leasing and outsourcing as alternatives to buying. Crowds gathered at two US Churches where the civil-rights leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. once preached, marking the US holiday bearing his name. The Angola government has insisted on the withdrawal of the lat est UN mission, accusing the UN troops of failing to disarm the rebels. For high-tech multinationals like H.P., financing has become an important way to keep Asian sales kicking, as well as a lucrative business believed to total roughly $20 billion a year. It is also becoming a new form of muscle in Asia's tougher market-place. «Not that we in America do everything right or that we provide a precise model for the working of яsomewhat similar economy, but some long-standing American economic interactions do resemble those devel oping on the old Continent,» said a US economics expert. In the EU, a spirit of collective irresponsibility takes hold: rather than reforming, or even seriously thinking about the underlying policies, each country simply seeks to get as much as it can from the trough. Amendments by the European Parliament's Legal Affairs Com mittee to a draft copyright protection directive would bar all private copying and « make illegal such harmless practices as the home taping on video of free TV programmes for later viewing.» Building encryption directly into PC hardware raises different product possibilities and policy issues. Competing car and truck makers will think twice before buying a company (Scania AB) in which rival « Volvo» holds such a large stake. Hoping to discourage currency speculators, Brazil's central bank said that it will reserve the right to use hard-currency reserves to support the real «occasionally and in limited form, with the goal of containing brusque movements in exchange rates.» In radical democracy, people are seen as having a basic right to participate in the making of any decisions that affect their lives, with de mocracy simply being the collective process through which this is done. There is already an extraordinarily high level of international co operation in reporting the basic meteorological data. By knowing as much as possible about what is happening everywhere, weathermen are better able to forecast for local areas anywhere. Three days after the embassy bombing, Clinton approved the ex port of satellite fuel and explosive bolts to China so it can launch Ameri can - made communications satellites. 55 The democratising of China will be a slow business, and whoever is running Beijing should be able to keep a solid grip on foreign policy for some time yet. The 21st century would inevitably be marked by declining stan dards of living as human population exceeded the « carrying capacity» of the Earth, leading to mass famine and energy shortages. |