ГУСЬКОВА (1). 1. Инфинитив в функции определения
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22 that they expect the disabling spray to be used increasingly by criminals bent on robbery, rape or assault. At the opening, OPEC's public information director told the jour nalists: « We don't want to manipulate you, but we need you, the media, to help us get our message across to the man in the street.» A private fund-raising group headed by close friends of the new president may disband following a published report that it used «strong- arm tactics» to get corporations to contribute $50,000 each for a televised gala featuring the President. The crisis is hitting Western Europe several months later than the United States. This will react on the U.S. economy. It will tend to came the crisis and depression to go deeper and last longer than most econo mists expect. The United Nations General Assembly, defeating all Western opposition, declared the use of nuclear weapons to be a direct violation of the U.N. Charter. The Spanish prime minister wants Spain to throw off the sense of inferiority caused by its past century's history, and not least by the Franco period. The President now says he wants negotiations on trade to open markets in once off-limits areas including services, manufacturing and farming. The prime minister says that he wants Britain to emerge from the fringes and play a leading role in the European Union. It seems that the Right Wing in the Labour and trade union move ment is not prepared to consider anyone who disagrees with them a hu man being. In a document released today a Harvard University Professor discloses that studies he made in one medium-sized U.S. city showed mayors, police chiefs and other officials to have been on a gambling syndicate's payroll for many years. An association of lawyers says that many owners prefer their own property rather than nearby land to be swallowed by a motorway. Polls repeatedly show that many Britons believe the EU to be remote and democratically unaccountable. Time and again the Prime Minister has assured them that the Gov ernment doesn't want to hinder the making of profits. He has done his damnedest to get the trade unions to agree to wage restraint, which would put still more profits into the pockets of the employers. The Prime Minister has decided to get the Cabinet to make an ear lier than expected decision on the budget. 86. Public opinion compelled the Government to get the German leaders to arrive at a settlement. The issue is how to make the institutions of democracy work properly, not whether they should exist. Trade barriers are being pulled down, internal markets freed, state industries and services privatized. The report calls for the monarchy in the UK to become profes sional and accountable. Classification of political systems allows for qualitative judge ments to be made in relation to political structures and governmental forms. A National Security Council official said last week that «the NATO theologians are codifying fresh visions for their favorite organiza tion, and the spin doctors see colossal opportunities for the president to bestride TV screens». «Whilst we read the report with interest, any issues of constitu tional reform would be a matter for Parliament to decide». The United States and Britain on Friday set a month-long deadline for Libya to surrender two suspects wanted for the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. For the reform forces to pull off a. majority on council, all their in cumbents will have to hang onto their seats. Mr Tao says it would be «technically feasable» for the Hong Kong government to declare overnight that all Hong Kong dollars held in banks and in circulation would be converted into US dollars. To say that the wages fight is not the only issue, or that higher pay will not on its own solve the crisis, only emphasizes the need for unions like the engineers' to get stuck into the all-round fight for the alternative strategy now developed within the movement. The President was closeted in the White House today preparing his so called «Economic Renewal» package, as pressure from unem ployed millions across the nation continues to build for federal action to provide jobs. Chips are harder for hackers to modify than software. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concen trated in the hands of a priviliged minority. In Japan, the ultimate way for a student to repay his teacher is to beat him at his own game. And having learned so well from the West, it is flattering to the Japanese to be told that the West may now have some thing to learn from them. 100. For Europe to drive forward it needs leadership. 24 For Egypt to get anywhere near its growth target, it will have to persuade Egyptians to save and foreigners to invest. The rise of homeless emphasizes the desperate need for the Gov ernment to fulfil its pledge to meet the problem with a lower rate of inter est for housing. Although the Minister of Health yesterday did not accept the conditions described as typical, the revelations made it hard for reassur ing phrases like «best in the world» and «tremendous step forward» to avoid having a slightly hollow ring. In these circumstances the party leaders had no plan for the Prime Minister to make a unity appeal when he attends today's party meeting. An Atomic Energy Authority spokesman said it was not unusual for one or two reactors to be shut down at weekends under normal condi tions. But in view of possible staff shortages it had been decided to close down three. And having made this guess, he thought it completely in order for an MP to announce it, as if it were a hard fact provided by a government official. There is too much slackness in many key industries. Too many employers complain of short order books and too many firms give notice of redundancy for there to be any complacency among trade unionists. A first group of more than 50 immigrants was freed from detention centres in Sicily yesterday, hundreds more to follow in the next few days. § 2. ГЕРУНДИЙ I. Герундий в различных функциях 1. Герундий в функции обстоятельства всегда употребляется в сочетании с предлогом. Он может выступать в функции следующих обстоятельств: 1) времени, после предлогов on (upon), after, before, in. После предлогов before и in герундий переводится обычно на русский язык придаточным предложением; после on (upon) и after — деепричастием прошедшего времени. In trying to devise ways to improve the machinery of the United Nations the Foreign Secretary displayed real ingenuity. Когда министр иностранных дел пытался придумать новые способы 25 улучшения аппарата ООН, он проявил подлинную изобретательность. (Пытаясь придумать...) After making this statement the minister said he was not going to reconsider his decision. Сделав это заявление, министр сказал, что он не собирается пересматривать свое решение. Но могут быть и другие варианты перевода герундия в функции обстоятельства времени в зависимости от сочетаемости слов в русском языке, например сочетанием предлога с существительным: after (on) arriving по прибытии, after checking после проверки. 2) сопутствующего обстоятельства, после предлогов besides кроме того что, instead of вместо того чтобы, apart from не гово ря уже, кроме, without без, без того чтобы. В зависимости от пред лога герундий переводится обычно на русский язык инфинитивом или придаточным предложением. С предлогом without герундий переводится отрицательной формой деепричастия, сочетанием предлога без с существительным или без того, чтобы с личной формой глагола. Besides being extremely unpopular this policy may lead to a complete failure of all their efforts. He говоря уже о том, что эта политика не пользуется популярностью, она может привести к тому, что все их усилия окажутся напрасными. 3) обстоятельства образа действия, с предлогами in, by, with out. После предлогов in и by герундий переводится или дееприча стием, или сочетанием предлогов путем, при помощи и т. п. с суще ствительным, или самостоятельным предложением; с предлогом without — отрицательной формой деепричастия или существитель ным с предлогом без. It can be done by sending deputations to MPs. Это можно сделать, послав депутации к членам парламента. Не admitted that he had made a mistake in not supporting this proposal earlier. Он признал, что допустил ошибку, не поддержав этого предложения раньше (тем, что не поддержал...). 4) обстоятельства условия, с составными предлогами in case of, in the event of в случае если, subject to при условии, without. С пред логом without герундий переводится отрицательной формой дее- причастия, сочетанием предлога без с существительным или словосочетанием без того чтобы и отрицательной формой инфинитива. В остальных случаях — обычно личной формой глагола или существительным. They promised not to undertake any actions without consulting their partners. Они обещали не предпринимать никаких действий, не проконсультировавшись (без консультации; без того чтобы не проконсультироваться) со своими партнерами. 5) обстоятельства причины, с составными предлогами owing to из-за, вследствие, for fear of из опасения и др.; переводится личной формой глагола, существительным или деепричастием. Не did not dare to make public announcements about this plan for fear of being criticized. Он не осмелился открыто объявлять об этом плане из опасения, что его подвергнут критике (опасаясь, как бы его не подвергли...). Примечание. В сочетании с предлогом without герундий может выступать в функции обстоятельства условия, образа действия и сопутствующего обстоятельства. Функция его определяется контекстом предложения. Their policy is based upon the conviction that they cannot possibly win without smashing by military force the resistance.of the nationalistic movement. Их политика основывается на твердом убеждении, что они не смогут победить, не сломив (если они не сломят) военной силой сопротивления националистического движения {обстоятельство условия). They can organize their work without being interfered with and controlled by big business. Они могут организовать свою работу без вмешательства и контроля со стороны крупного бизнеса (без того, чтобы крупный бизнес вмешивался в нее и осуществлял над ней контроль) (обстоятельство образа действия). On the opening day a new president was elected without anyone objecting. В день открытия без каких-либо возражений (единогласно) был избран новый председатель (сопутствующее обстоятельство). 2. Герундий в функции определения обычно следует за предлогом of и переводится инфинитивом или существительным. Since he became Britain's Foreign Secretary, he has been insisting on the importance of negotiating on limited practical questions. С тех пор как он стал министром иностранных дел Англии, он все время на- |