ГУСЬКОВА (1). 1. Инфинитив в функции определения
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27 стаивает на необходимости ведения переговоров по ограниченному кругу практических вопросов. Иногда герундий встречается в сочетании с предлогом for, часто с указанием на назначение предмета, что сближает его с обстоятельством цели. At that time he intends to seek ways for improving cooperation with France. В это время он намеревается искать пути для улучшения (расширения, чтобы улучшить) сотрудничества с Францией. 3. В функции дополнения (предложного и беспредложного) к существительному, прилагательному и глаголу. В функции пред ложного дополнения герундий сочетается с очень большим количе ством предлогов и, так же как и в функции беспредложного допол нения, в зависимости от его лексического значения и от сочетаемо сти слов в русском языке, переводится инфинитивом, существительным или придаточным предложением, вводимым словами то, что... They succeeded in removing ail the obstacles. Им удалось устранить все препятствия. This curious episode merits being inserted in a survey of the activities of the Security Council during that period. Этот любопытный эпизод заслуживает того, чтобы его включили в обзор деятельности Совета Безопасности за этот период. 4. В функции подлежащего, предикативного члена и части составного сказуемого. В этих функциях герундий, как правило, переводится существительным или инфинитивом. Solving Britain's economic difficulties, said the Prime Minister, is a question not so much of political doctrine as of practical judgement. Разрешение экономических трудностей Англии, сказал премьер-министр, это вопрос не столько политической доктрины, сколько практической целесообразности. If the Minister wants to avert a dock strike he had better stop attacking the dockers and start twisting the arms of the mean and stubborn employers. Если министр хочет избежать забастовки докеров, ему лучше прекратить нападки (наступление) на докеров и начать оказывать серьезный нажим на эгоистичных и упрямых предпринимателей. Примечание. 1. Сочетание there is no с герундием в функции подлежащего переводится на русский язык неопределенно-личным предложением. .28 There is no denying that danger may be averted by this move. Нельзя отрицать, что этим шагом можно избежать опасности. 2. После выражения far from герундий переводится следующим обра зом: не только не... (+ личная форма глагола), но...; вместо того чтобы (+ инфинитив)...; отнюдь не (+деепричастие)... Far from averting this threat, this surrender will only bring about still tougher action later. Отнюдь не устраняя самой угрозы, эта капитуляция приведет в будущем к еще более жестким мерам. Far from being a triumph, it was the most ignominious surrender in modern diplomacy. Это не только не было триумфом, но было самой позорной капитуляцией за всю историю современной дипломатии. 3. Простые формы герундия в различных функциях могут пере водиться на русский язык существительным с предлогом, инфини тивом, деепричастием или придаточным предложением. Способ пе ревода зависит не столько от той или иной функции герундия, сколько от его лексического значения и сочетаемости слов в рус ском языке. Пассивная и перфектная формы герундия переводятся почти всегда придаточным предложением. They made their decision after being toldofXht terms contained in a joint union-management statement. Они приняли решение после того, как им сообщили об условиях, содержащихся в совместном заявлении, подписанном профсоюзом и администрацией. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. Before embarking on projects like DMU (a defence and military union), the European Union's big job is to bring in new members from the East. That will mean, among other things, more majority voting in the council. A spokesman for the British Foreign Office said the meeting «provided useful opportunity for consultations» before departing for trips abroad. The Belgian Prime Minister offered his resignation to the King in Brussels yesterday after failing to reconcile a cabinet split over tough new economic measures. The resignation followed a cabinet meeting at which the Premier again failed to gain agreement from his partners. 29 4,;After spending most of the post-war era close to the nest, European women — and especially mothers — are taking jobs in record numbers. On arriving at London Airport from the UN Security Council meeting, the Foreign Secretary said that he thought a practical and effec tive resolution would emerge as a result of his talks with African Com monwealth delegates. The national governments will have to stop behaving like pigs at a trough, not just in haggling over cash but also informing and guiding the EU Commission itself. The President's « kitchen cabinet» of wealthy advisers, which gave him his start in politics and has played a crucial role in shaping his ad ministration, has disbanded after a controversy over fund raising. In regulating family relations and sexual morality, political democ racies may adopt restrictive or permissive policies regarding divorce, abortion, and pornography. He insisted that France was as interested as anyone in bringing the budget and agricultural spending in the EU under control. Ms. Dunn, has long been seen as one of the Republicans' best hopes for broadening their appeal to women, and that is one of the argu ments she makes in campaigning to be the majority leader. The US President is able to increase support for his policy by ex plaining it energetically. The constitution [of France] qualifies many of the president's powers by stipulating that the government should «determine and con duct national policy» and by making the prime minister «responsible for national defence». By failing to agree upon any substantial reform of the Common agricultural policy (CAP), the heads of government have guaranteed that little progress will be made in any world trade talks. They have also made it unlikely that they will keep their own promise of capping spending at the current level in real terms. By putting off the party elections, the Prime Minister will effec tively prevent dissidents in the party from mounting an internal challenge to him before general elections. Only by bringing tough measures to control spending, including the runaway cost of farm subsidies, can the EU hope to create the condi tions to accept members from Eastern and Central Europe. The IMF keeps itself in business by winkling money out of rich nations such as the US and handling it out to poorer brethren, who usu ally are poor because of gross economic mismanagement. 30 The opposition Labor Party accused the ruling Israeli government oj abusing the state broadcasting authority by masking party propaganda on television as an emergency government announcement. By not losing sight of the long-term objectives they made them selves masters and not servants or victims of economic forces operating in the world. The first lesson, surely, is that the successive Governments added greatly to the public anxiety by declining for so long to give reasonable information to Parliament and the people. There is still time to let every new MP know what the British peo ple want. It can be done by sending resolutions from trade unions and other organizations, and by sending deputations to MPs. They expect that the Prime Minister will try to suppress criticism by pleading that matters are at a delicate stage. « Time» journalism began by being deeply interested in people, as individuals who were making history. We tried to make our readers see and hear and even smell these people as part of a better understanding of their ideas— or lack of them. By agreeing to an Italian proposal that this question be turned over to a committee of U.N. member states for study, the United States lured a number of wavering countries away from the Canadian position. Meanwhile the people and their representatives did what they were told without even the privilege of being informed of the decisions taken by their leaders. European fund-management companies are obsessed with growing their asset bases by entering new markets or raising their profiles in ones where they already do business. The Fed chairman's carefully worded comments about the stock market drew few questions from committee members. They were preoc cupied with trying to get him to take sides in the looming battle between the President and Congressional Republicans over Social Security, the federal budget surplus and tax cuts. Out west, where a motorist may travel 100 miles without seeing another car, nine states will immediately jump to at least 70 mph. A new anti-monopoly law could bring more competition to a few industries. Similar efforts would help curb the conglomerates without creating new government-sponsored outfits to replace them. The United States, seeking to ease the plight of the Cuban people without strengthening its government, will allow a greatly expanded flow of cash donations to Cuba, authorize food sales and permit easier travel to the Carribean island, the US President announced Tuesday. 31 «The three-point program, instead of preventing decentralization of Canada, instead ofbeing a means of uniting the country was dividing it.» Instead of being changed the traditional strategy was merely reas serted and put into operation at the end of the war under the famous and accurate phrase about « negotiation from strength». The US special envoy was scheduled to complete his fourth at tempt at mediating the eight-month border conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia Monday and then return directly to the US. The International Monetary Fund warned that improving econo mies might tempt Asian countries to put off reforms aimed at strength ening their banks and trimming corporate debt, leaving them open to more shocks. Europe's spirit, Cardinal Martini fears, is in danger of being un dermined by affluence and egoistical materialism. There is no better time to perform the politically awkward feat of raising taxes than when oil prices are low and the money can be quickly handed back in lower taxes elsewhere. The European Commission's life was cut short by an investiga tor's report accusing it of tolerating fraud, mismanagement or nepotism. The report stopped short of identifying individuals responsible for various massacres. The president (of the USA) called expanding the western alliance one way of giving other nations «incentive to deepen their democracy». Television, meanwhile, has become a major means of solidifying power and creating — or controlling — national unity in the country. Greek and Turkish Cypriots appear fundamentally ambivalent about finding a formula for coexistence. They are accustomed to the ten sions and conveniences of living apart. The conference was supposed to end its work next month, but the United States made that impossible. The U.S. administration insists on reviewing all the decisions taken so far. A Senate labor subcommittee is discussing a measure to permit firms with U. S. contracts to avoid paying overtime for 10-hour, four-day work weeks. The American press did not cover «reports, speeches or resolu tions on UNESCO's basic activities» such as fighting illiteracy, develop ing alternate energy sources and sponsoring research in food production, the study said. Fisheries ministers failed to meet a year-end deadline on formu lating the policy after a Franco-British dispute erupted over France's de mands for access rights for its trawlers up to the British coast. The new leaders in Washington «appear to be bent not on rectify ing but on multiplying the errors of the previous administration, facilitat ing not a lessening of international tension but its growth». Even in specialized fields such as diplomacy and trade, Americans' ability to deal with foreigners in their own tongues lags enormously be hind the mushrooming growth of countries that are insisting on communi cating in their own language. The globe may be getting smaller in terms of the time it takes to get around it, but its babel keeps expanding, 41. In keeping with his anti-statist philosophy, Mr.Murdoch hands very little of his profits to governments. The government finds it difficult to strike the right compromise. Old-style nationalists in parliament are vocal in accusing it of selling the family silver cheap to greedy foreigners. But others charge it with merely trying to make a quick buck from selling small chunks of its property, without any ideological commitment to privatisation as a good thing in itself. (Egypt) Oil companies are barred by agreement with the government/тот making any public statements of their revenues or the amount of oil they are exporting. The Home Secretary threatened yesterday to cut the budgets of police forces that failed to meet his targets for recruiting black and Asian officers. The first prime minister of independent Zimbabwe received a rousing welcome from the UN General Assembly as he thanked the inter national body and the world for assisting the Zimbabwean people in achieving their political independence. A National News Council study of U. S. newspaper coverage of a UNESCO conference in Belgrade criticized the press for concentrating on controversial proposals dealing with the media and ignoring stories on the agency's deliberations on social and humanitarian issues. European fund-management companies are obsessed with growing their asset bases by entering new markets. Although no decision has been made, informed sources said that a number of senior administration officials, including some in the White House and Pentagon, are in favour of selling the jets and that there is strong feeling among them that «it is important for the U.S. to maintain the friendship of Taiwan». The Germans have grown sharply more critical of the EU and its inefficiency since they started noticing that their $ 12 billion net contri bution to the budget was paying many of the bills. 32 33 There are countries who would be ready to sign agreements with the developing nations for training some of their people over the next five, ten years. It is nonsense for its supporters to claim that the present policy is a success. It has succeeded in increasing the number out of work, and in reducing production. The report also wants to stop newspapers and broadcast from pub lishing a public opinion poll on the likely result of a parliamentary elec tion during the 72 hours before the poll closes. Containment has been successful so far in keeping Saddam Hussein from posing a military threat to neighboring countries. But of course the policy has bee» successful only to an uncertain degree in de nying him the means to build weapons of mass destruction, and it has not been successful at all in accomplishing the one policy goal that counts the most: his departure from power and his replacement by a government that owes its authority to the Iraqi people. Welfare benefits are now several times higher in generous states, such as Vermont, than they are in places like Wisconsin. Wisconsinians take pride in shortening their welfare rolls and seeing those who were previously dependent doing a proper job. Throwing a rope around Brazil's huge budget deficit — now thought to be approaching 9% of national output — is the key to con taining further currency erosion. Avoiding a death sentence depends a lot on having a good lawyer. The European Parliament is set to begin debating amendments to legislation that would impose a 20% withholding tax on income from savings and certain bonds. Far from doing anything to reduce the number of jobless, the Government is planning to throw more out of work with its rail and^pif closures. Far from helping the low-paid the Prime Minister has hit them hardest of all. By and large, Mr.Blair seems not merely to accept his economic inheritance, but to welcome it. Indeed, far from wanting to turn back the clock, Mr.Blair says that he wants to speed it up. «Modernization» is his motto. There are three main reasons why the markets are so bullish about state banks. First, buying bank shares is the easiest way to profit from the overall expansion of India's economy. Yet the way men define their role has remained remarkably con sistent. Surveys show that being a good provider is at the top of the list. 34 Talking is better than trading threats, something the two have done all too frequently in recent months. How splendid if European commission appointments depended on merit and not on nationality. But spoils-sharing is so far the iron law of international organisations. Giving Taiwan's unofficial offices more access to officials, and perhaps allowing Taiwanese visa-free travel to Asian countries, would be seen as friendly gestures. In the large-scale political democracy of nation state, or city, citi zens participate in the political process in many ways other than through voting, but voting is the central act in influencing policy formation. Concentrating resources in specialist hospitals is essential if health care is to be rationalised and savings made, according to the King's Fund, an independent research organization. The TV viewers may not have votes in the Republican conference, but looking good on television sends a post-election message to their col leagues that the time has come to pick leaders with a wider appeal to the public than Messrs Gingrich and Armey have ever had. Government borrowing [in Ireland] was so badly out of control in the ten previous years that public debt soared from 65% of national in come to nearly 120% (exceeded in Europe only by Belgium). Today bor rowing has fallen to almost nothing. Privatising social spending [in Texas] could enrich big business at the expense of widows and orphans. This argument would be more con vincing if public sector employees were really so high-minded, and did not often care more about keeping their own jobs than helping the poor. II. Герундиальный комплекс Сочетание герундия с существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже, притяжательным местоимением, личным местоимением в косвенном падеже или группой слов, которые являются субъектом действия, выраженного герундием, составляет единое целое и может выступать в качестве члена предложения в тех же функциях, что и герундий. Герундиальный комплекс переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением, вводимым словами то, что...; тот факт, что...; (с тем) чтобы...; после того как..., что... и др. We look forward to much attention being given to this question. Мы рассчитываем на то, что этому вопросу будет уделено большое внимание. 35 Трудность, связанная с переводом герундиального комплекса, заключается главным образом в том, что если его субъект выражен существительным, то его можно принять за сочетание существительного с причастием. Синтаксический анализ предложения, в частности определение функции формы на -ing, и контекст предложения позволяют точно установить, является ли данное слово герундием или причастием. When the conference of Foreign Ministers' deputies was subsequently held, the new formula was used by the Americans to prevent an agreed agenda being drawn up. Когда впоследствии состоялась конференция заместителей министров иностранных дел, эта новая формула использовалась американцами, чтобы помешать выработке согласованной повестки дня. Если считать, что being drawn up является причастием в функции определения, то следовало бы перевести это следующим образом: «...использовалась американцами, чтобы помешать согласованной повестке, которая в тот момент вырабатывалась», что явно лишено смысла. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. Despite much angry and sometimes ignorant talk about Japanese burying their guilty secrets, there is a great deal of Japanese literature that deals honestly with the war. The scandal has resulted in the local station chief of America's CIA giving warning that America might stop sharing intelligence with South Korea. | The U.S. State Department faulted the Muslim fundamentalist fac tion known as the Talebanyor publicly beating women for not being ac companied by a close male relative. Nominal sovereignty is no longer the valuable commodity it once was, and independence may actually lead to people having less control over decisions that crucially affect them. Foreign exchange analysts, despite all the fanfare and pep talk about the United States reasserting its leading role as a bastion of free enterprise, remain extremely skeptical that the dollar's strength can be sustained without the support of high interest rates. With consumer prices in the euro area only 1% higher than they were a year ago, there is little risk of currency depreciation causing a dangerous surge in inflation. 36 R7. The next bad step will be to say that the WTOV test is wrong: in-Mead of the importer having to prove that a product is dangerous, let the exporter show that it is safe. 8. The continued success of voluntary mass vaccination depends on governments providing accurate information about the risks and benefits. 9. The Europeans suspect the Americans of cheating on the deal by funneling indirect subsidies to Boeing, in contravention of the agreement to limit subsidies to 30% of a project's cost. 10. The supremacy of EU law over national law is also implicit in the treaties. Nor could the court's powers be repatriated by Britain or anyone else, without a country leaving the Union altogether. 11. The unions sought discussions with the company on supervisory grade matters, about which no understanding agreement existed with the unions, and insisted on shop-floor employees being present during these discussions. 12. Those trade unionists who believed the propaganda about the freeze benefiting the lower-paid workers got a shock just before Christ mas, when agreements affecting farm workers and shop assistants were referred to the Prices and Incomes Board. 13. France is the largest contributor to the offensive after the US and is fully committed to success. Yet at the same time politicians on both the left and right are profoundly wary of France being so closely involved in a military venture that is US dominated and orchestrated through NATO. 14. But if this experiment fails then it is obvious that, far from there being an improvement in the standards of life of the British people, there will be a steady diminution. Jobs and living standards depend on the industrial capacity of the nation being used to the full. The drift in the EU towards virtue should mean a better deal for taxpayers, and a more efficient commission, even if the spectacle of the European parliament seizing the high moral ground takes some getting used to. America is still a place where most people react to seeing a man in a Ferrari by redoubling their own efforts to be able to afford one, rather than by trying to let down his tyres. Great wealth is generally seen as the by product of cool ideas being put into practice. 18. It is not the critics of the Minister of Economy who are cynical. That is a word which could be more accurately applied to a Minister who W  TO — Word Trade Organisation37 says he is for prices being kept down, and then supports a Budget which puts them up. It is the considered opinion of the Government and people of India that to disturb the status quo must lead to the forces of disorder being unleashed in the entire sub-continent. The Prime Minister said there might not be any question of neona- zis or fascists getting power in Britain, but they could not be under estimated. They should be attacked and isolated from the rest of the community. It is tiresome for outsiders to keep being called upon to put a lid on Cyprus. In any event, Russia had no justification for what it did in in tervening for gratuitous, pseudo-historical nationalist purposes, in playing with fire. They gathered to discuss the injustices of foreign trade as they af fect the chances of the poor countries ever becoming less poor. Another important American statement shows that the military chiefs object to any idea of each country having its own independent forces and are opposed to the idea being discussed at an international forum. A shadow minister is to challenge the government over reports that prescription charges may be increased next April. An opposition front bench spokesman in health said: «It is evidence of people being de nied medicines on their doctors' advice by the price being charged, and is a tragic breach of the idea of the National Health Service.» Harm comes not from people taking measures to control their lives and destinies, but from government and corporate policies which threaten all forms of life, and mock our potential for human creativity and nonco- ercive problem-solving. One hundred and thirty recruits have also joined the party since October without any sort of recruiting campaign being needed. What police described as «appalling» weather conditions pre vented the two helicopters borrowed from the Army taking part in the search. The whole system was nothing but an alarm system designed to go off in case of raw materials being illegally removed or utilized. One contributor to a debate on the Internet calls/or Hong Kong to stop being treated as «a diplomatic football or a fln-de-siecle floor- show». 30. The latest snapshot has forecasters raising their next year's growth estimates yet again and ordinary Americans pondering some of the likely consequences of that strength such as higher interest rates and a stronger dollar. |