Учебное пособие. А. Н. Туполева (каи) кафедра восточных и европейских языков (вея) engineering английский язык для студентов технических специальностей учебное пособие
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Read the following text with gaps and match the headings to its parts (A, B, C, D, E):
Now read the text again a part by part and fill in the gaps with the words from the boxes in each part:
Nowadays, optical fiber is the most common type of channel for optical (1) __________ . Optical communication is any form of telecommunication that uses (2) __________ as the transmission medium. An optical communication (3) __________ consists of a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical (4)__________ , a channel, which (5) __________ the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the (6) __________ from the received optical signal.A ____________________________
An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. An optical fiber (or fiber) is a (7) __________ or plastic fiber that carries (8) __________ along its length. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with (9)__________ casing and are contained in a (10) __________ tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Fibers can be made out of (11) __________ (or clear) plastic, glass, or a combination of the two. The fibers used in long- (12) __________ telecommunications are always (13) __________ of glass. Fiber (14) __________ can be very flexible, but traditional fiber's loss increases greatly if the fiber is bent with a (15) __________ smaller than around 60 mm. Usually optical fibre cables are put into the underground cabling (16) __________ . B ____________________________
Fibers which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers (MMF), while those which can only support a (17) __________ mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a larger core (18) __________ , and are used for (19) __________-distance communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are (20) __________ for most communication links longer than 550 (21) __________ (1,800 ft). C ____________________________
Fiber optics, though used extensively in the (22) __________ world, is a fairly simple and old (23) __________ . Guiding of light by refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first (24) __________ by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in (25) __________ in the early 1840s. John Tyndall included a demonstration of it in his public lectures in London a dozen years later. Tyndall also wrote about the (26) __________ of total internal reflection in an introductory book about the nature of light in (27) __________ : "When the light passes from air into water, the refracted ray is bent towards the perpendicular... When the ray passes from water to air it is bent from the perpendicular...” Practical applications, such as close internal illumination during dentistry, appeared early in the twentieth (28) __________ . Image transmission through tubes was demonstrated independently by the radio experimenter Clarence Hansell and the television pioneer John Logie Baird in the 1920s. The principle was first used for internal medical examinations by Heinrich Lamm in the following decade. In 1952, (29)__________ Narinder Singh Kapany conducted (30) __________ that led to the invention of optical fiber. Modern (31) __________ fibers, where the glass fiber is coated with a transparent cladding to offer a more suitable refractive index, appeared later in the decade. D ____________________________
Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher (32) __________ (data rates) than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of (33) __________ wires because signals travel along them with less loss. Over short distances, such as networking within a building, fiber saves (34) __________ in cable ducts because a single fiber can (35) __________ much more data than a single electrical cable. Fibres are also not (36) __________ by electromagnetic interference; there is no cross-talk between signals in different cables and no pickup of environmental noise. Non-armored fiber cables do not conduct (37) __________ , which makes fiber a good solution for protecting communications (38) __________ that is located in high voltage environments such as power generation facilities, or metal communication structures prone to lightning strikes. They can also be used in environments where explosive fumes are present, as they don’t (39) __________ and there is no danger of ignition. Optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is especially advantageous for long-distance (40)__________ , because light propagates through the fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables. This allows long distances to be spanned with few (41) __________ .
Fibers are also widely used for (42) __________ . Optical fiber illumination is also used for decorative applications, including signs, art, and artificial Christmas trees. Swarovski boutiques use optical fibers to illuminate their crystal showcases from many different angles while only employing one light source. In some buildings, optical fibers are used to route sunlight from the roof to other parts of the (43) __________ . Specially (44) __________ fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers. They are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light needs to be shone on a target without a clear line-of-sight path. Optical fiber is also used in imaging optics. A coherent bundle of fibers is used, sometimes along with lenses, for a long, thin imaging device called an endoscope, which is used to view (45) __________ through a small hole. Medical endoscopes are used for minimally invasive exploratory or surgical procedures (endoscopy). (46) __________ endoscopes are used for inspecting anything hard to reach, such as jet engine interiors. In spectroscopy, optical fiber bundles are (47) __________ to transmit light from a spectrometer to a substance which cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in order to (48)__________ its composition. A spectrometer analyses substances by bouncing light off of and through them. By using fibers, a spectrometer can be used to study objects that are too (49) __________ to fit inside, or gasses, or reactions which occur in pressure vessels. Optical fiber can be used to supply a low (50) __________ of power (around one watt) to electronics situated in a difficult electrical (51) __________ . Examples of this are electronics in high-powered antenna elements and measurement devices used in high voltage transmission (52)__________ . E ____________________________
Fiber splicing is much more difficult than splicing (53) __________ wire. Joining lengths of optical fiber is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable. The ends of the fibers must be carefully cleaved, and then spliced together either mechanically or by fusing them together with an electric arc. Special connectors are used to make removable connections. As it has already been mentioned, optical fibers may be connected to each other by connectors or by splicing, that is, joining two fibers (54) __________ to form a continuous optical waveguide. The generally accepted splicing method is arc fusion splicing, which melts the fiber ends together with an electric arc. For quicker fastening jobs, a "mechanical splice" is (55) __________ . Fusion splicing is done with a specialized (56) __________ that typically operates as follows: The two cable ends are fastened inside a splice enclosure that will protect the splices, and the fiber ends are stripped of their protective polymer coating. The ends are cleaved (or cut) with a precision cleaver to make them perpendicular, and are placed into (57) __________ holders in the splicer. The splice is usually inspected via a magnified viewing (58) _________ to check the cleaves before and after the splice. The splicer uses small motors to align the end faces together, and emits a small spark between electrodes at the gap to burn off dust and moisture. Then the splicer generates a larger spark that raises the (59) _________ above the melting point of the glass, fusing the ends together permanently. The location and energy of the spark is carefully (60) __________ so that the molten core and cladding don't mix, and this minimizes optical loss. A splice loss estimate is measured by the splicer, by directing light through the cladding on one side and measuring the light leaking from the cladding on the other side. A splice loss under 0.1 dB is typical. The complexity of this (61) __________ is rather obvious. Now read the text again and find out if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)?
Now read the text again and answer the following questions. 1. What is optical communication? 2. What are the components of an optical communication system? 3. What are the functions of these components? 4. What are optical fibres usually made of? 5. What is the difference between MMF and SMF? 6. How long is the history of optical fibres? 7. What are the spheres of usage of optical fibres? 8. What are two usual ways of splicing of optical fibres? PartIII (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…) 1. FIBRE CABLE (00:24) PRE-LISTENING
4. Study the meaning of the following words: jacket=an outer cover around something (ex. - a pipe) buffer = a protector = a thing that protects something more important cladding = a covering of a hard material, used as protection core = the most important and central part of something Which of these words have a similar meaning and generally one purpose? WHILE-LISTENING Watch the video and answer the following questions: 5. How many elements does the cable in the track consist of? 6. What are they? POST-LISTENING 7. Try to remember the elements of the cable and tell about its structure without watching the video. 2. OPTICAL TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY (01:35) PRE-LISTENING 1. What is optical fibre? 2. What is optical fibre used for? 3. What are the advantages of optical fibre usage? 4. Do you know the following words? Study the meaning of the words: “network”, “data”, “to consume”, “fluctuation”. WHILE-LISTENING Watch the video and answer the following questions: 00:00 – 00:46 5. Why is it a growing need for the development of optical communication network? 6. What bandwidth is being discussed nowadays as the way to upgrade the existing system? 7. When did the development of the world first 40Gbps-technology begin? 00:47 – 01:05 8. Who and what is the speaker? 01:06 – end 9. How is the optical transmission module characterized? 10. How much electricity does it consume? 11. How many modules of this kind have been produced? 12. Why was a test organized? POST-LISTENING 13. Complete the summary of the video track. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word.
3. HOW THE OPTICAL FIBRE SYSTEM WORKS (02:47) PRE-LISTENING 1. What is optical fibre? 2. What is optical fibre used for? 3. Can you explain what “optical fiber system” is? 4. Can you think of how many elements are involved in this system and what are they? 5. Do you know the following words? Study the meaning of the words: “a medium”, “to simplify”, “setting”, “to code (information)”, “to encode/to decode”. WHILE-LISTENING Watch the video and answer the following questions: 6. What is the optical fiber called by the speaker? 7. What analogy is used to simplify the idea of an optical fibre transmission? 8. What historical event is mentioned in the track? 9. What does the speaker demonstrate on a diagram? 10. How many elements are shown on the diagram? What are they? 11. What is the purpose of each element? 12. Watch and listen to the following part of the video track and fill in the gaps in the following text with the words you hear: 00:35 – 01:24
13. What does the word “flashlight” mean? POST-LISTENING 14. Try to make your own summary of the video track and tell about the process of how optical fibre system works. 4. HOW DOES OPTICAL FIBRE WORK? (03:33) PRE-LISTENING
“to spell”, “solid”, “to extend”, “angle”, “to coat/to be coated”. WHILE-LISTENING Watch the video and answer the following questions: 2. Why does the speaker mention Britain and America? 3. Why did the speaker draw a triangle on the board? 4. Where is the principle of a prism used? What for? 5. What is the idea of a prism called? 6. At what angle does the idea of a prism work? 7. Do we have the same situation with optical fibres? 8. Can we say that optical fibre is a tube? 9. Why are the optical fibres coated? 10. What is the most common use of optical fibres? 11. What other sphere of usage is mentioned? POST-LISTENING 12. Watch and listen to the video track again. Try to understand everything the speaker is talking about. Try to make a summary of what he tells. 12. TUNNELS, DAMS AND CANALS (CHANNELS) Part I 1. How many different dams or tunnels can you think of? * (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 15, pg.17, ex.1) 2. Read the text quickly and decide which structure it describes.
* (the text is from: “Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 15, pg.17, ex.2) 3. Read the text again and find the English equivalents to the following expressions:
4. Read the text again and answer the questions (1-9) below.
* (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 15, pg.17, ex.3) 5. First, underline the question words in ex. 4. Then use them to complete the following questions.
* (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 15, pg.17, ex.4) 6. Find in the text from ex.2 the words that show places (= define where the things are) or direction. 7. Fill in one of the words below into the gaps in the following texts. Check the meaning of any new words in the glossary or your dictionary.
* (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 15, pg.17, ex.5) 8. Try to make questions about the Kazan Underground and the Kazan Millennium Bridge (use ex. 4 as an example). Then try to find answers to the questions. 9. Try to make small texts about the Kazan Underground and the Kazan Millennium Bridge. Use the following words and phrases: was built, highly-skilled engineers, opposite sides, specially designed, enormous machines, TBMs, to dig the tunnel, a rail tunnel, was opened, went through, over the river, between two sides, drive across the bridge, under the bridge, etc. 10. Make as many word phrases with the words from the box below as you can. An example is given.
Example: to dig: to dig a tunnel, to dig a hole, etc. 11. Match the words from the box in ex.10 with their definitions below.
12. Fill in the gaps with one suitable word from the module:
13. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of “ACTIVE VOCABULARY” section. Part II 1. TUNNELs Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the words from the boxes below.
A (1) _________ is an underground passageway. The definition of what constitutes a tunnel is not universally agreed upon. Tunnels in general, however, are at least twice as long as they are wide. In addition, they should be completely enclosed on all sides, safe for the openings at each end. Some civic planners (2) _________ a tunnel as 0.1 miles (0.16 km) in length or longer, while anything shorter than this should be called an underpass. For example, the (3) _________ under Yahata Station in Kitakyushu, Japan, is only 0.08 mi long (420 ft; 0.13 km) and therefore should not be considered a tunnel. A tunnel may be for pedestrians (= people who are walking in the street) or cyclists; for general road traffic; for motor (4) _________ only; for (5) __________ traffic; or for a canal. Some are aqueducts, constructed for carrying water — for consumption, for hydroelectric purposes or as sewers. The others may carry other services such as (6) __________ cables. There are even tunnels designed as wildlife crossings for European badgers (= small animals with black and white lines on its head that lives in holes in the ground and comes out at night) and other endangered species. Some secret tunnels have also been made as a method of entrance or escape from an area, such as the Cu Chi Tunnels or the tunnels connecting the Gaza Strip to Egypt. Some tunnels are not for (7) __________ at all, but they are more like fortifications (= walls or towers to protect a place from attack), for example Mittelwerk and Cheyenne Mountain. In the United Kingdom, a pedestrian tunnel or other underpass under a road is called a subway. This term was used in the past in the United States, but now refers to underground rapid transit systems. The central part of a rapid transit network is usually (8) __________ in tunnels. To allow non-level crossings, some lines run in deeper tunnels than others. Rail stations with much traffic usually provide pedestrian tunnels from one platform to another, though others use bridges. It is essential that any tunnel (9) __________ starts with a comprehensive investigation of ground conditions. The results of the investigation will allow proper choice of (10) __________ and methods for excavation (= digging) and ground support. And this will reduce the (11) __________ of unforeseen problems that may occur.
Tunnels are dug in various types of (12) __________ , from soft clay to hard rock. So, the method of excavation depends on the ground conditions. Cut-and-cover is a (13) __________ method of (14) __________ for shallow (= not deep) tunnels where a trench (= a long narrow hole that is dug in the ground for water to flow along) is excavated and roofed over. Two basic forms of cut-and-cover tunnelling are available - bottom-up method and top-down method. Large cut-and-cover boxes are often used for underground metro stations, such as Canary Wharf tube (= Underground) station in London. This construction form generally has two levels, which allows economical arrangements for ticket hall, station platforms, passenger access and ventilation, smoke control, staff rooms, and equipment rooms. The interior of Canary Wharf station has been likened to an underground cathedral. This contrasts with most (15) __________ stations of London Underground, where bored (= excavated) tunnels were used for stations and passenger access. The (16) __________ of tunnels may also suffer different types of hazards. One of them, and the most (17) __________ one, is fire. That happens because of the enclosed space of a tunnel. The main dangers are gas and (18) __________ production, with low concentrations of carbon monoxide being highly (19) __________ . Fires killed 11 people in the Gotthard tunnel fire of 2001, for example. Over 400 passengers died in the Balvano train disaster in Italy in 1944, when the locomotive broke down in a (20) __________ tunnel. Carbon monoxide poisoning has been the main cause of the horrifying death rate. Fires have also occurred in the Channel Tunnel, leading to great delays for users. Read the text again. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
2. A TUNNEL BORING MACHINE (TBM) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||