ГОТОВОЕ ПОСОБИЕ. Цель пособия в сжатые сроки научить студентов читать и понимать англоязычную литературу по профилю вуза
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Признаки распознавания функций и значений since
XVIII. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word since. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction. Model these sentences. 1. Since the x xed the x as the x for the x the x has xed the x. 2. There are many xs in the x since the x in the x. 3. The x and the X are xed as xs since they x on the x. 4. This x of the x has xed x in x since 2010. XIX. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word since. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction of the complex sentence. 1.This method of control greatly improves flexibility in use since it takes advantage of the high speed of the system. 2. We say that an object at rest has no kinetic energy since its velocity is zero. 3. Since the early 1980s, increasingly sophisticated tools have been built to aid the software developers. 4. The actual operating program is normally stored in read-only memory (ROM) or in a permanent logic array, since the user does not need to change this program. 5. Since all operations must be synchronized—that is, they must work together in the correct sequence—a crystal oscillator clock is also installed to regulate the timing. 6. The popularity of Wi-Fi has since grown steadily. 7. Since its invention in two basic forms in the late 1980s, flash memory has become standard for portable devices such as digital cameras, cellular telephones, PDAs, MP3 players, and video-game machines. XX. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences. 1. Microprocessor applications have grown rapidly since the 1970s. 2. The advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web caused a revolution in the availability of information not seen since the invention of the printing press.3. Since each particle may be in either of two spin states, or in both, calculations can be simultaneously done for both states. 4. Since the inception of computer memory, the capacity of both internal and external memory devices has grown steadily at a rate that leads to a quadrupling in size every three years. 5. Integrated circuit memory quickly displaced core and has been the dominant technology for internal memory ever since. 6. Since computers have only a limited amount of memory, software designers must limit the number of features they include in a program so that it will not require more memory than the system it is designed for can supply. XXI. Compare the words by form and choose a) nouns; b) verbs; c) adjectives. Last, connection, subscriber, pavement, bandwidth, techniques, early, deliver, digital,breakthrough, convert, quality, allow, multiple, simultaneous, permit, transfer, displace, expensive, easier, maintain, capacity, require, transmission, affordable, disadvantage, wire, share, performance, degrade. XXII Arrange in pairs the words and word combinations with a) similar meaning, b) contrary meaning. a) provide, multiple, operate, affordable, technique, numerous, convert, allow, supply, work ,change, method ,permit, inexpensive; b) permit, affordable, disadvantage, multiple, degrade, easier, advantage, forbid, expensive, more difficult, increase, single. XXIII. Match each word English or word combination with the correct Russian equivalent.
XXIV. In the text of task XXV find the word derived from the verb the place. Give other derivatives of this verb and give their Russian equivalents. XXV. Read the text and answer the question: What digital-based services are mentioned in the text? Broadband service 1. For most of the last 100 years the connection between the subscribers and their telephone exchange was copper twisted pair buried in the pavement or distributed overhead on poles. The bandwidth that copper provided was some 3kHz, limited by analog techniques. Thus, in the early 1990s, companies began to invest in alternative connections to the home to deliver digital-based services. 2. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). As you have seen the modem was a big breakthrough in computer communications converting digital information into an analog signal to travel through the public phone network. Yet, modems have a maximum speed of 56 Kbps and are limited by the quality of the analog connection. ISDN allows multiple digital channels to be operated simultaneously through the same regular copper-wire telephone lines (POTS) used for analog lines. Since the system is digital, it permits a much higher data transfer rate. Most recently, ISDN has largely been displaced by faster, less expensive, and easier to set up and maintain broadband services: DSL and cable modem. 3. DSL is a catchall name for all types of Digital Subscriber Lines that exploit unused spectrum capacity of copper telephone lines: new wiring is not necessarily required. DSLs use a special modem which is supplied by the company that offers DSL. The two types used mainly are: asymmetric (ADSL), for residential hookup, and symmetric (SDSL) for small businesses. DSLs allow the user to use the phone and fax lines while being connected to the Internet (except for SDSL) and to leave his Internet connection open 24 hours a day. As with ISDN, this connection works better when the user is closer to the provider’s central office. 4. Cable modem. A cable modem operates over cable TV lines, which provide greater bandwidth than POTS lines. Unlike the cable TV infrastructure, which broadcasts TV signals in just one direction (from the cable TV company to people’s homes), cable modems handle two-way transmission. For many home users, cable offers a fast, always-on Internet access at an affordable price. It has a number of disadvantages, too. Not all homes are yet wired for cable TV; since a user has to share bandwidth with other users, as with DSL, performance and speed will degrade the greater the number of subscribers in a given area. XXVI. Complete the table using the information from the text.
XXVII. Using the table give a short summary of the text. XXVIII. Translate passage 2 into Russian. Бессоюзное подчинение Conjunctionless Subordination Определительное бессоюзное предложение
1Перед союзным словом может стоять предлог. Если союзное слово опускается, предлог выносится в конец придаточного предложения.
Условное бессоюзное предложение
Дополнительное бессоюзное предложение
I. In each complex sentence name define the type of a conjunctionless complex sentence. 1. Analyst Neil Strother said TV phones could find audiences among mass-transit users and young consumers with the time to watch programming on their handsets. 2. Should confidential information about a business’ customers or finances or new product line fall into the hands of a competitor, such a breach of security could lead to lost business, law suits or even bankruptcy of the business. 3. Medium assurance suggests it can protect less valuable information, such as income tax information. 4. Most PCs are held back not by the speed of their main processor, but by the time it takes to move data in and out of memory. 5. Krenik said advances in display technology will help spur adoption as color screens become more suitable for TV-quality images. 6. A distribution is a complete operating system kit with the utilities and applications you need to make it do useful things. II. Find the sentences with conjunctionless subordination. Give their Russian equivalents. 1. Every effort is made to integrate as many electronic and logic components as possible within the chip and thus reduce external connections. 2. The first unit records the time each vehicle passes the speed trap and identifies each vehicle by its number plates. 3. With hundreds of thousands of international sites each providing thousands of pieces of data, it is easy to imagine the mass of raw data available to users. 4. Should a large amount of data be processed it may be advisable to read it from a data file. 5. The desks they will use will have multiple flat screen voice interfaces, computer programs with human-like personalities and 3Dsound positioning. 6. Were one electron removed, a net positive charge would be left. 7 Aaron J. Hand, managing editor of Semiconductor International magazine, said the new manufacturing technique would still require chipmakers to make some changes to their fabrication plants and buy new tools. 8. A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at the nano-scale this is often not the case. III. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences. 1. Such guidelines are extremely effective as they lead the visitors through the site content in a very simple and user-friendly way. 2. As the Web is different from print, it’s necessary to adjust the writing style to users’ preferences and browsing habits. 3. After you’ve worked on a site for few weeks, you can’t observe it from a fresh perspective anymore. 4. Should one computer fall , the other takes over its function. 5. Either you’ll be pointed to the problems you have or you’ll be pointed the absence of major design flaws which is in both case a useful insight for your project. 6. Time users waste being lost on your intranet is money you waste by paying the employees to be at work without getting work done. 7. To increase programming efficiency and simplify use, however, most programs are written in a high-level language which uses commands based on words and mathematical notation. 8. The main reason people and businesses are switching over to VoIP is because of the significant cost savings that can be made over a traditional service provider. IV. Give the Russian equivalents of the verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Pay attention to the meaning of the words they were formed from. Ensure (sure – уверенный), vastly (vast – огромный), different (differ –отличаться), simultaneously (simultaneous – одновременный), ultimately (ultimate – последний, конечный), reassemble (assemble – собирать), completely (complete – полный; целый), reconstruct (construct –конструировать), various (vary – изменять). V. Arrange in pairs the words and word combinations with a) similar meaning, b) contrary meaning. a) Ultimately, efficient, originally, ensure, happen, define, complicated, transmit, route, regardless, finally, determine, occur, guarantee, effective, way, despite, initially, send, sophisticated. b) Completely, divide, construct, receive, simple, join, ultimately, transmit, efficient, destroy, the same, partially, complicated, various, initially, ineffective. VI. Match each word English or word combination with the correct Russian equivalent.
VII. In the text of task VIII find the word derived from the verb to transmit. Give other derivatives of this verb and give their Russian equivalents. VIII. Read the text and choose the most suitable title. A. The History of the Internet B. Data transmission on the Internet C. Internet protocols | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||