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Многофункциональные слова Multifunctional Words Признаки распознавания функций и значений that (this, these, those)
I. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word “that”. Give its features as a subordinating conjunction. Model these sentences.
II. Define the functions and meanings of the words in bold. Give their Russian equivalents. 1. Security is a critical issue that almost everyone of us deals with. 2. To prove this law experimentally is very difficult. 3. The television audio signals are received by equipment similar to that used in other forms of radio. 4. These projects have not been put into effect yet. 5. The word semiconductor means rather generally a material which has electrical conductivity half-way between thatof a metallic conductor, and that of an insulator. 6. The transistor consists of an emitter that supplies electrons, a collector that collects the electrons, and a base that controls the flow of electrons. 7. Research in these fields has led to the development of transistors, ICs, lasers and optical fibres. 8. These objects, called applets, follow a set of instructions written by the person thatprogrammed the applet. III. Compare the functions and the meanings of the words in bold. Give the Russian equivalents of the sentences. 1. а) On that day the radiotelegraphy was converted from abstract theoretical problem into a real fact. b) Computers are devices that are capable of very rapid and accurate calculations. 2. a) Those transceivers relay information to each other via radio signals. b) The first solar battery operated with semiconductor crystals similar to those used in transistors. 3. a) We know that light waves pass through glass more easily than heat waves. b) The antenna for the receiver is constructed in the same manner as that for the transmitter. 4. a) Since that time Maxwell wrote a great number of works which were the results of his experiments and calculations. b) The atoms and molecules that make up all forms of matter are constant thermal motion. IV. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences. 1. These devices are more reliable than those designed in our laboratory. 2. A wide area network (WAN) is a network that connects computers over a large geographical area. 3. The robots became so intelligent that they revolted. 4. Natural rubber is of higher quality than that produced artificially. 5. These factors taken together ensure high production efficiency. 6. This scientific discovery was the result of six years research. 7. Current research in information processing deals with programs that enable a computer to understand written or spoken information. 8. Organizations that have large amounts of printed information are working to transfer their information into databases. Признаки распознавания функций и значений after
V. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word after. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction. Model these sentences. 1. After the x the x xed in the x for a x. 2. After the x x did the x the x xed the x in the x. 3. The x xed the x after the x had done the x of x. 4. The x x did the x after seven. VI. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word after. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction of the complex sentence. 1. A year after the failure of the experiment they were ready to repeat it. 2. After the positive charge reached a certain value, placing a greater positive charge on the plate had no further effect. 3. After another stage of amplification the current is strong enough to operate the powerful loud speaker. 4. Users can access and search the information using the Web, either for free or after paying a fee. 5. In 1968 Niklaus Wirth, a professor in Zürich, Switzerland, created Pascal, which he named after 17th-century French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal. 6. But after the programs are completed, they are stored on relatively inexpensive media such as CD-ROMs that can be easily copied. 7. Release the product for use or for sale after it has passed all its tests and has been verified to meet all its requirements. VII. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences. 1. On-demand scanners usually detect a virus only after the infection has occurred and that is why they are considered reactive. 2. Checksumming uses mathematical calculations to compare the state of executable programs before and after they are run. 3. External memory consists of storage on peripheral devices that are slower than internal memories but offer lower cost and the ability to hold data after the computer’s power has been turned off. 4. After a user makes a request, the user waits for the information to be displayed. 5. For this reason, cache entries need to be deleted after some period of time. 6. After all, switched networks can be cabled together and then configured into many logical topologies. Признаки распознавания функций и значений as
As входит в состав некоторых составных союзов и наречий: asif – как будто, asto – что касается, относительно, asthough – как будто, as for – что касается, as long as – пока, as soon as – как только, as well – тоже, также, as well as – также как и. VIII. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word as. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction. Model these sentences. 1. My xs x as x. 2. The x xs in the x as the x is xed by x. 3. As the x is the x the xs x for x. 4. In x the x is xed as a x. 5. His x xs in the x as well. IX. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word as. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction of the complex sentence. 1. We tap into the electromagnetic spectrum with our communications devices and use the electromagnetic energy as a communications tool. 2. As the knowledge about nanomaterials accumulated, they find more and more application in different spheres of our life. 3. As bridges are protocol-independent, they are faster because they do not have to deal with protocol reading. 4. Ethernet is the most popular LAN technology in use today as it offers a good balance between speed, cost and ease of installation. 5. The amount of information on the Web continues to grow rapidly, as does the number of users around the world and the amount of online commerce. 6. As personal computers became faster and more powerful in the late 1980s, software developers discovered that they were able to write programs as large and as sophisticated as those previously run only on mainframes. 7. As computers become more efficient and artificial intelligence programs become more sophisticated, robots will be able to perform more difficult and more humanlike tasks. X. Compare the compound conjunctions and adverbs by their form and meaning. Define the similarities and differences between them. 1. As long as this link is in place, the cell has a value of. 2. In order for the alternate reality to be effective, people must feel immersed in it, not merely as if they are viewing it on a screen. 3. As to the question of how a node detects a failure, there are a couple of different answers. 4. By the early 21st century, sending text messages was almost as popular as voice connections. 5. Applications programmers write commercial programs to be used by businesses and other organizations as well as in the home.6. This phenomenon was the result of several other factors as well. 7. The Checksum field is used in exactly the same way as for UDP. 8. As soon as the difference becomes too large, a new reference symbol is selected. XI. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences. 1. Meanwhile, mobile communications became the growth driver in telecommunications as millions of people took up the use of portable phones.2. As more users sought broadband interconnections to enable shifting audio and video files, Internet service providers (ISPs) came under pressure to limit network access and transmission speeds so as to help keep communications moving. 3. Because ROM is actually a combination of hardware (microchips) and software (programs), it is often referred to as firmware. 4. The Internet flourished in the late 1980s as most universities and many businesses around the world came online. 5. Changes in a data transmission system often require costly upgrades to expand capacity as well as redesigned equipment. 6. As computers become an increasingly integral part of modern society, computer scientists strive to solve new problems and invent better methods of solving current problems. Признаки распознавания функций и значений before
XII. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word before. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction. Model these sentences. 1. Before the x the x xed as the x after the x. 2. Before the x xed the x at the x the x xed the x after the x. 3. They xed the x before the x. 4. That x of the x xed the x before it xed the x for the x. XIII. Define the functions and the meanings of the multifunctional word before. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction of the complex sentence. 1. Before Tziolkovsky no one had ever considered interplanetary navigation to be within the compass of modern technical means. 2. More efficient laboratory techniques need to be developed, however, before DNA computing becomes practical. 3. Pirate radio stations had to use expensive equipment before on-line broadcasting was introduced. 4. In the field of medicine electronic diagnostic instruments have given physicians a much clearer view of the human body than ever before. 5. The increasing speed and power of mainframe computers enabled computer scientists and engineers to tackle problems that were never attempted before using computers. 6. People using Web browsers can access information that was never before available. 7. Before starting the new design, test the old design to identify the good parts that you should keep or emphasize and the bad parts that give users trouble. 8. With the small and effective transistor at their hands, electrical engineers of the 50s saw the possibilities of constructing far more advanced circuits than before. XIV. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences. 1. Devices consisting of solid pieces of crystalline material which allowed alternating current to flow more readily in one direction than the other were known long before the invention of the thermionic valve. 2. After transmitting one frame, the sender waits for an acknowledgment before transmitting the next frame. 3. Before a switch is added into a network, the VTP management domain should be identified. 4. When a switch or router that has an analog device such as a telephone, fax, or modem connected to it receives a digital voice signal, it must convert the analog signal to digital or VoIP before transmitting it to the other device. 5. With the growth of multimedia and real-time applications such as IP Telephony, conferencing, and e-learning, QoS service level agreements (SLAs) have become more important than before. Признаки распознавания функций и значений for
XV. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word for. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction. Model these sentences. 1. For the x xed the x the x is the x for the X as the x. 2. The xed x the x for a x. 3. They xed the x of the x for xs are xed by the x. 4. Between x and x the x xs the x for the xing x. XVI. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word for. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction of the complex sentence. 1. Optical fiber provides cheaper bandwidth for long distance communication. 2. The region of coverage for any repeater (also known as a base station) is called a cell. 3. Some of the atoms in your bones are exploding at all times, for minute amounts of phosphorus in your bones are radioactive. 4. You can᾿t use the device now for its virus protection is being re-installed. 5. An ammeter is an instrument for measuring current. 6. Because Wi-Fi allows LANs to operate without cables and wiring, it has become a popular choice for home and business networks. 7. Systems analysts develop methods for computerizing businesses and scientific centers. XVII. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences. 1. Users can download, or copy, information from a remote computer to their PCs and workstations for viewing and processing. 2. Each process is typically allowed to use the CPU for a limited time, which may be only a fraction of a second.3. Alan Turing devised the most famous test for assessing computer intelligence. 4. Computer users can prepare for a viral infection by creating backups of legitimate original software and data files regularly so that the computer system can be restored if necessary. 5. Computer architecture is concerned with developing optimal hardware for specific computational needs. 6. In 1999 the Melissa macro virus, spread by e-mail, disabled e-mail servers around the world for several hours, and in some cases several days. |