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How to Make PluralsPluralization in English can be a bit of a tricky game, and as with any language, the key to mastering this aspect lies in practicing through reading and conversing until the variations that appear unpredictable in the beginning become second nature, a matter of habit. Having said that, there are certain principles that are generally applicable that make the task easier by giving us a broad idea of how common words are pluralized. Let us take a look at these. Regular Plural NounsHow to make a regular plural noun? In order to change a singular noun to its plural form, we usually add “s”. For example, the plural of pen is pens. The plural of hat is hats. These are regular plurals. Let take some examples as below: 1. For most nouns, add an ‘s’ at the end of the word.
2. For nouns that end with ‘s’, ‘x’, ‘z’, ‘ch’, or ‘sh’, add ‘es’ at the end of the word.
3. For some words that end with ‘o’, add ‘es’ at the end of the word.
4. For some words that end with ‘o’, add ‘s’ at the end of the word.
5. For some words ending with ‘f’, replace the ‘f’ with a ‘v’ and add ‘es’ at the end of the word.
6. For some words ending with ‘f’, add an ‘s’ at the end of the word.
7. For some words ending with ‘ife’, replace the ‘f’ with a ‘v’ and add an ‘s’ at the end of the word.
8. For common nouns ending with a consonant followed by ‘y’, replace the ‘y’ with an ‘i’ and add ‘es’ at the end of the word.
Irregular Plural NounsHow to make an irregular plural noun? There are many nouns which don’t follow the rule. For example, the plural of sheep is sheep. The plural of person is people. These are irregular plurals. Let take some examples as below: 1. Some nouns are the same in both forms.
2. For some nouns, other letters must be replaced or added, sometimes changing the words completely.
English intonation phrase: its parts and notation symbols. Every language has its own intonation, or speech melody. Intonation helps you to recognize the language that you hear in the same way as the melody of a song helps you to recognize the song that you hear. If you change the melody of a song, it will be difficult for your listener to recognize and understand the song you are singing. The same is true in reference to intonation: if you speak English with Russian intonation, your listener will have a problem understanding what you are saying. English intonation is a complicated and varied phenomenon. There are dialectal and regional differences in intonation; for example, there are quite a few differences between British and American intonation. Intonation may sound differently depending on whether the speakers have high or low voices, speak fast or slowly, loudly or quietly, energetically, emotionally, neutrally, or listlessly. Men and women may have their own differences and preferences in intonation. For the purpose of studying, this variety may be described in several intonation patterns characteristic of English speech. In general, linguists distinguish several types of English intonation. Falling intonation and rising intonation are the two basic types used in different types of sentences. These types of intonation are described in Falling Intonation and Rising Intonation. You can listen to them in Listening for Falling and Rising Intonation (AmE) and Listening for Intonation in Questions and Answers (AmE) in the section Phonetics. Language learners should master typical patterns of standard falling and rising intonation before studying other types of intonation. (Various types of intonation are described in Intonation and Tones in the section Phonetics.) English intonation is based on several key components, such as pitch, sentence stress, and rhythm. Low Fall Usual melodic termination in English intonation. Voice falls in stressed syllables starts at mid or lower pitch down to the bottom. Low fall is textually shown as a down dash below before stressed syllables as in \Lizzy. Low fall sounds categorical, reserves, confident and complete. Low Rise English low-rise termination starts at lowest pitch and smoothly rises almost up to mid pitch. Low rise is shown as an up dash below before stressed syllables as in ∕Ellie. Low rise sounds hesitant, unconfident and incomplete. Low-rise sentences sound inquiring, ready to talk on, as a polite approval. Step Fall Gradually descending stepping scale is most common in monological and neutral dialogical speech. First stressed syllables are pronounced with a usual flat tone at high pitch. Following stressed syllables are pronounced lower forming syllable stairs. Unstressed syllables are usually pronounced at the same pitch with a previous stressed one. High Fall In high-fall termination voice fall starts above mid pitch and ends lowest within wide fall range. High fall is shown as a down dash above before stressed syllables as in
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