уч[1].пособие по полиграфии_final. Л. В. Красильникова английский язык для полиграфистов
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2. Answer the following questions: 1. What is letterpress printing? 2. What ink is used in letterpress? 3. For how many years was letterpress the predominant printing technology? 4. What kinds of presses were chronically developed in letterpress? 5. Are there any differences between them? 6. Can you give the main characteristic to each of them? Do it. 7. Is letterpress still used nowadays? 8. What is printed by means of letterpress technology? 9. What year were the last letterpress machines delivered? 10. Describe the process of making the wash-off printing plate? 11. What are the fundamental disadvantages of letterpress printing? 12. Describe the process of letterpress printing. 3. Agree or disagree with the following: 1. Letterpress is the oldest printing technology. 2. Printing is done by means of recessed printing elements. 3. A relatively high pressure is required to transfer the highly viscous, pasty ink to the paper via the hard printing elements. 4. Flatbed presses are the oldest type and were used for small printing jobs. 5. In sheetfed presses a continuous roll of paper is fed between two cylinders. 6. The belt presses are used for continuous inline operations. 7. Letterpress is not used nowadays. 8. Few newspaper rotaries are used both for direct and indirect printing. 9. The last newspaper letterpress printing presses were delivered in 1990s. 10. There are no disadvantages of letterpress printing. 4. Match the two halves of the phrases: 1) mechanical a) impression 2) relief b) press 3) platen c) tickets 4) uneven d) technology 5) lottery e) operation 6) wash-off f) pass 7) inline g) printing 8) one h) trend 9) indirect i) printing 10) downward j) plate 5. Translate the result expressions and use them in the sentences of your own. 6. Fill in the gaps with the expressions of the essential vocabulary:
7. Translate from Russian into English: В основе высокой печати лежит принцип рельефной, выпуклой печати, т.е. создание возвышающей поверхности, которую покрывают краской и прижимают к бумаге. Высокая печать использует набор, составленный вручную из отдельных свинцовых брусков – литер. До начала 20 века все буквы в словах набирались вручную. От этой операции ручного набора берут начало все способы выполнения наборного процесса. Появившись в середине 1800-х годов, тигельная машина быстро завоевала популярность, а США, где до сих пор ещё работают эти простые и долговечные печатные прессы, отлитые из чугуна. В стандартной тигельной машине форма устанавливается в вертикальном положении. Бумага закрепляется напротив формы, причем эти две половинки соединяются у основания подобно букве V. Когда створ замыкается, половинки соединяются, как две створки раковины моллюска. В плоскопечатных машинах форма обычно располагается в горизонтальной плоскости. После нанесения на форму краски на неё укладывают бумагу, сверху прокатывают большой цилиндр, который создает давление, способствующее переносу краски на бумагу,- так получается оттиск. Ротационные печатные машины были разработаны для печатания больших объемов продукции, в первую очередь, газет и журналов. В них использовались печатные формы в виде стереотипа – пластины в виде части цилиндрической поверхности, на которой все отдельные части печатной формы собраны воедино для печати на очень высокой скорости. 8. Combine the definition with the term:
9. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs:
10. Prefixes can sometimes be added to words to change their meaning. Match the following prefixes with their corresponding definitions. Find the examples of the words with prefixes in the text. Make the examples of your own: 1 inter- 2 post- 3 bi- 4 pre- 5 multi- 6 ex- 7 un- 1. more than one; many 2. later than; after 3. before; in preparation 4. former and still living 5. between; among a group 6. two; twice; double 7. contrary action 11. Write down 10 sentences of your own using words with prefixes. TEXT 2 FLEXOGRAPHY In the last several decades, a modified letterpress printing method, flexography, has become increasingly more prevalent, especially in the packaging industry, for printing on the most varied materials. The term “flexography” was introduced at the beginning of the 1950s (it was previously known as “aniline printing”). Unlike letterpress printing, flexography uses low viscosity inks and resilient or soft, flexible printing plates, and the pressure applied between plate cylinder and substrate is low (“kiss printing”). Because of the flexible printing plates, which were formerly made solely from rubber and are now made mostly from photopolymeric plastic, printing can be done on materials with very rough surfaces and even on fabrics. Flexography is the only printing technology by means of which printing can be done on very thin, flexible, and solid films, virtually all papers, thick cardboard and rough-surfaced packaging materials. The print quality that can be achieved in flexography is lower compared to offset printing. The resolution is usually lower with flexography than with offset printing which has a standard of 60 up to 120 lines/cm (150 up to 300 lpi). However, modern printing plates, especially those produced using computer-to-plate imaging systems, have improved printing quality markedly. The use of new types of printing plates with adapted inks and technical printing press developments, especially with respect to inking (inking units), have tremendously improved the printing quality offered by flexography. The resilience of the flexographic printing plate in conjunction with low viscosity ink makes it possible, in particular, to print on the non-absorbent and rough substrate surfaces that are often typical of packing. Moreover, flexography is particularly suitable for printing on flexible materials such as plastic film. The printing plates are made from rubber or photopolymers. Their hardness and thickness are adapted to the particular substrate and motif. Since, on the one hand, the types of substrate to be printed range from corrugated board via paper, plastic film, and metal foil to composite materials and on the other, extremely varied requirements (different requirements apply for the packaging of industrial products than those for the packaging of foodstuffs) have to be met, numerous types of ink are used for flexography – water-based inks, inks containing alcohol or benzene, ester inks, UV curing inks, and so forth. The printing plate material must be selected so that it will not be swollen, etched, or embrittled by the inks. Printing plates are either flat and fastened onto the plate cylinder with adhesive or double-sided adhesive film, or they are produced in cylindrical form (e. g., sleeve technology). Mounting the Printing Plate. The flat plates are fastened in accurate register onto the plate cylinder with double-sided adhesive film. When doing this, the plate must be brought into the shape of a cylinder shell. The image dimensions have to be reduced in prepress in the direction of printing to compensate for the longitudinal increase in size. Sleeve Technology. The principle of sleeve technology consists of a thin-walled metal sleeve, the inside diameter of which is dimensioned so that the sleeve can be expanded under compressed air and pushed axially onto the plate cylinder. Once the compressed air has been turned off, the sleeve sits firmly on the plate cylinder by force fit. Before being pushed onto the plate cylinder, the entire outer surface of this sleeve is covered with plate base material. The cylindrical plate is directly imaged using lasers in a round imagesetter. Printing units usually consist of an inking unit, a plate cylinder and an impression cylinder. There are two different types of inking unit in current use: • Fountain roller system where ink metering is effected by squeezing off the ink supply in the roller nip between anilox roller and fountain roller. • Doctor blade inking unit with anilox roller and blade, notably the chambered doctor blade. Рис.4 Flexographic presses are predominantly designed as web presses in the three configurations: • central impression cylinder system; • in-line (unit) design; • stack-type design. Central impression cylinder presses (satellite printing units) have advantages over stack type presses in the precision of the longitudinal register, above all for printing flexible materials (plastic film), due to their large wrap angle. In-line presses are flexible and expandable with respect to the number of printing units and the usable printing processes (combination of different processes). The stack type and central cylinder system, on the other hand, are restricted to a specified choice of printing and inking units. It is usual practice for the sheet-fed flexographicprocess to be applied in the coating units of sheet-fed offset presses. Multicolor sheet-fed flexographic presses are also used for special applications (e. g., high-quality printing of metallic inks on packaging material, or printing on plastic material). The low-viscosity ink is transferred to the printing plate via a roller that is evenly screened with cells, the so-called anilox roller (screen width 200–600 lines/cm, ceramic or hardchromed metal surface). The rubber or plastic plate is attached to the printing plate cylinder. Ink is transferred to the printing substrate by the pressure of the impression cylinder. The use of a blade (together with the ink supply system) on the anilox roller has a stabilizing effect on the printing process resulting from even filling of the cells on the anilox roller. The importance of flexographic printinghas increased noticeably world-wide thanks to the many new developments and enhancements in this field and the good results achieved in the packaging industry. Depending on the substrate and the motif, the quality of products printed in flexography is improved and the gap to the high quality of offset and gravure printing is reduced. Flexography has turned out to be a qualitatively good printing technology suitable for industrial printing. At a rate of around 3% p. a., its market share has risen above average in recent years, especially in the packaging industry, and noteworthy growth rates are predicted in many markets for the coming years. On the other hand, flexography will play a subordinate role in the newspaper sectorin the future. ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY Words and Word Combinations 1. flexography 2 packaging industry 3. aniline printing 4. low viscosity inks 5. resilient 6. flexible printing plate 7. photopolymeric plastic 8. rough surface 9. fabrics 10. thick cardboard 11.computer-to-plate 12. non-absorbent 13. corrugated board 14. metal foil 15. composite materials 16. foodstuff 17.benzene 18. ester inks 19. UV curing inks 20. sleeve technology 21. double – sided 22. dimension 23. longitudinal 24. compressed air 25. outer surface 26. fountain roller 27. anilox roller 28. doctor blade 29. central impression cylinder 30. in-line design 31. stack-type design ACTIVITIES 1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian. 2. Answer the following questions:
11. Describe the process of flexographic printing. 3. Decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F):
4. Match the two halves of the phrases:
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