уч[1].пособие по полиграфии_final. Л. В. Красильникова английский язык для полиграфистов
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ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY Words and Word Combinations
ACTIVITIES 1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian. 2. Answer the following questions:
3. Match the two halves of the phrases and translate them:
4. Fill in the gaps using the words from the box:
5. Match the term with the definition:
6. Agree or disagree with the statements:
7. Complete the sentences:
8. Translate from Russian into English: В глубокой печати запечатываемый материал прижимают к углублениям в поверхности гравированного цилиндра. Первое название этого способа печати произошло от итальянского – инталия (intaglio), что означает “гравировка”. Глубокая печать в современном виде возникла приблизительно в 1860 году, в связи с развитием фотографии и растрирования полутоновых изображений. Глубокая печать обрабатывает самый широкий спектр запечатываемых материалов. Eе применяют для изготовления разнообразных видов изделий, от журналов, газетных вкладок и каталогов, до скатертей, обоев, картонных коробок и гибкой упаковки. Секция глубокой печати состоит из следующих основных элементов: гравированного цилиндра, красочного корыта, красочного ножа, или ракеля, и обрезиненного печатного цилиндра. Прежде чем попасть в печатную секцию, запечатываемый материал обычно проходит через систему равнения края полотна, а затем через систему подготовки поверхности. Затем запечатываемый материал поступает в печатную машину; формный цилиндр, частично погруженный в корыто с краской, вращаясь, захватывает краску в углубления. Чтобы краска не осталась на остальной поверхности, её снимает ракельный нож. Печатный цилиндр протягивает запечатываемый материал и прижимает его к формному цилиндру. При соприкосновении материала с выгравированными ячейками красочное изображение переходит на запечатываемый материал. После того, как одна краска оттиснулась, ленту пропускают через сушилку, для того чтобы закрепить оттиск. Процесс повторяется в соответствии с числом используемых красок. Обычно машины глубокой печати приспособлены для печати в восемь красок, но машины для печати на упаковке могут состоять из двенадцати и более секций. 9. Find in the text the sentences with relative clauses.
. 10. Look at the following sentences and decide whether they have got defining (D) or non-defining (N) relative clauses:
11. Write down 10 sentences of your own with the relative clauses. Unit FIVE TEXT 1 LETTERPRESS Letterpress (relief) printing, of which traditional letterpress and flexography form a part, is the oldest printing technology. Printing is done by means of raised printing elements. Letterpress printing is a mechanical technology in which a relatively high pressure is required to transfer the highly viscous, pasty ink to the paper via the hard printing elements. For centuries letterpress printingwith rigid printing plates, made from alloys of lead, tin and antimony, was the dominant printing technology. Letterpress printing was the predominant book-printing process. For four centuries it was also the predominant printing technology for posters, announcements, printed matter for churches, government and businesses, single- or two-page local news-sheets, and daily newspapers. In the chronology of their development, presses and machinery are subdivided into hand presses and platens, high-speed presses and web presses, on the basis of the different pressing methods involved. Platen (or clam-shell) presses are the oldest type and are used for small printing jobs. They consist of a flat bed on which the image (type or plates) are laid and another flat surface, the platen, which is connected to a screw or lever. Paper is laid on the bed and pressed by the platen to transfer the image to the surface. Sheetfed flatbed presses feature a cylinder, on which the paper is attached, that rolls over the bed of inked type. This design overcame the problem of uneven impression on the paper surface that often occurred in platen presses. In rotary webfed presses a continuous roll of paper is fed between two cylinders, the plate cylinder and the impression cylinder. The plate cylinder, either electrotype or stereotype, is automatically inked and pressed against the paper as it unrolls. After the paper is printed, it can be cut into individual sheets and folded. Flatbed and rotary presses can be designed to print on both sides of the paper simultaneously (perfecting) and to reproduce colour illustration. Рис. 3 In addition to these three types the belt press is used for continuous inline operations of printing and finishing. It can print, collate and bind a complete book in one pass through the press. When a roll of paper is fed, it comes in contact with the first belt which prints all the pages for one side, after the ink drying the paper turned over, and come in contact with the second belt, dried, slit into ribbons, folded, cut into signatures, collated into books and adhesive-bound into preprinted covers. A common feature of all letterpress processesis the fact that the printing elements of the plate are raised above the nonprinting elements. The printing elements that are at the same height (image areas) are coated with a layer of ink of constant thickness by the application rollers. This is followed by the transfer of the ink to the substrate. Letterpress is still used to print forms, labels, lottery tickets, security papers, telephone books, and paperbacks, though there is a downward trend. Letterpress was also used for newspaper web printing. A few newspaper rotaries are still used both for direct and indirect printing (letterset, with blanket cylinder). The last newspaper letterpress printing presses were delivered in the 1980s. The most prevalent printing plate is the wash-off printing plate. There are very different wash-off systems and wash-off depths available in conjunction with different bases. The production process is described using the example of “Nyloprint” printing plates (from BASF). The following operational steps are necessary to make the Nyloprint plate:
The fundamental disadvantages of letterpress printing compared to offset printing are the expensive printing plate, the costly makeready of the printing plate, the limited print quality and the limit of production speed. ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY Words and Word Combinations
ACTIVITIES 1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian. |