Методическое пособие- Английский 1 курс. Методические рекомендации для студентов по дисциплине Иностранный язык
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Тема: «THE HEART AND THE VASCULAR SYSTEM». Тематика занятия
I. Вопросы для обсуждения: 1) Образование прилагательного с помощью суффикса - ous. 2) Образование существительного/прилагательного с помощью суффикса- ary; - ery: -ory . 3) Употребление местоимения one (ones) вместо имени существительного. 4) Употребление местоимения that (those) вместо имени существительного. 5) Употребление формального подлежащего it в английском безличном предложении. 6) Употребление формального подлежащего it в английском неопределенно – личном предложении. 7) Перевод подлежащего it на русский язык. II. Выполнение заданий по теме: Словообразование: суффиксы - ous; - ary; - ery: -ory. One – ones, that – those как заменители существительных. Местоимение it в функции подлежащего. 1.Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык: a) fibrous, numerous, continuous, venous, nervous b) ordinary, alimentary, primary, secondary, respiratory 2. Прочитайте следующие предложения и определите вместо каких слов употребляются местоимения ‘one – ones’, ‘that – those’. 1. The condition of patient M. is worse than that of patient N. 2. The number of the vertebrae in the coccyx is less than the number of those in the neck.3. The bones of the lower extremities are longer than those of the upper ones. 3.Устно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на слова ‘one – ones’, ‘that – those’. 1. I don’t like this book, give me another one. 2. The bones of the extremities are longer than those of the spine. 3. The bones of the skull are those which compose the head and the face. 4. This lecture is more interesting than the one I attended last week. 5. The weight of the lung is less than that of the heart. 4. Укажите предложения, в которых ‘one’, ‘that’ употребляется как заменители имен существительных. Письменно переведите эти предложения. 1. One of the lungs has three lobes, the other one only two. 2. The brain of the man is heavier than that of any lower animal. 3. The valve that separates the atrium and the ventricle of the right chamber is called the tricuspid valve. 5. Устно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. 1. It is time to begin our experiment. 2. It was not cold yesterday. 3. Will it be difficult to do this work? 3. It is estimated that his body weight considerably decreased during the prolonged illness. 6. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы. 1. Is it hard or easy to study at the Medical University? 2. Was it warm or cold yesterday? 3. Will it be possible for you to perform operations next year or in five years? 4. Is it time to finish or to begin our English lesson? III. Лексический минимум по теме «THE HEART AND THE VASCULAR SYSTEM». vascular [‘væskjulэ]-сосудистый pericardium [,perikα:diэv] – околосердечная сумка (перикард) apex [‘eipeks] – верхушка interspace [‘intэ’speis] – промежуток costal [ ‘kostl] – реберный septum [‘septэm] –перегородка atrium [‘æitriэm] – предсердие ventricle [‘ventrikl] – желудочек valve [‘vælv] – клапан fibrous ['faibrэs] – волокнистый systemic [sis’temik] – системный pulmonary [‘p^lmэn(э)ri] – легочный portal[‘po:tl] – воротной, относящийся к воротной вене (портальный) inner [‘inэ] – внутренний within [wi’ðin] – внутри; внутрь include [in'klu:d] – заключать, содержать в себе, включать male [meil] –мужчина female [‘fi:meil] – женщина separate [‘seprit] – отдельный ; [‘sepэreit] – отделять(ся) chamber [‘t∫eimbэ] – камера thick [θik] – толстый, большой толщины; плотный; густой layer [‘leiэ] – слой; листок (плевры) locate [lou’keit] – расположить; определять местонахождение carry [‘kæri] – нести, носить; переносить ( о болезни) lung [l^η] – легкое liver[‘livэ] – печень coat[kout] – оболочка, налет dilate [dai’leit] – расширять(ся); увеличить(ся); растягивать(ся) contract [kэn’trækt] – сокращать(ся) IV. Базовый текст.
The Heart and the Vascular System. The heart is an inner hollow muscular organ placed within the chest and included in the pericardium. The base of the heart is against the third rib. Its apex is against the interspace between the fifth and sixth costal cartilages. The weight of the heart is about 300 grams (gr) in the male and about 220 gr. In the female. The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by the septum. Each of the chambers has two connected parts: the atrium and the ventricle. The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles. The right atrium is larger than the left one, but the walls of the left atrium are thicker than those of the right one. The right ventricle is triangular in form and has thick walls. The right ventricle is in the anterior part of the heart. The left ventricle is longer and more conical than the right one. The walls of the left ventricle are three times as thick as the walls of the right one. The valves are located at the entrance and exit of each ventricle. The muscular structure of the heart consists of two parts – the muscular layers of the atria and the muscular layers of the ventricles. The vascular system consists of three groups of vessels – arteries, veins, and capillaries. The vessels carrying blood to and, from the tissues of the body compose the general circulation. They are called the systemic vessels. The pulmonary circulation is formed by the vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs. The portal system is formed by the veins passing to the liver. Most of the arteries are composed of three coats. The arteries dilate and contract simultaneously with the action of the heart. 2. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями. 1. The base of the heart is against the fifth rib. 2. The weight of the heart is over 300 grams in the female. 3. The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by the septum. 4. The left atrium is larger than the right one. 5. The right ventricle has thick walls. 6. The walls of the left ventricle are two times as thick as the walls of the right one. 7. The muscular structure of the heart consists of the muscular layers of the atria and the muscular layers of the ventricles. 8. The vascular system consists of three groups of vessels. 9. The systemic vessels carrying blood to and, from the tissues of the body compose the general circulation. 10. The portal system is formed by the veins passing to the lungs. 11. The arteries contract and dilate simultaneously with the action of the heart. ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. Professional English in Use. Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2009 Практическоезанятие № 13. Местоимений some, any, no, every и их производные. Указательные местоимения. Тема: « THELUNGS ». Тематика занятия
I. Вопросы для обсуждения: 1) Перевод префикса inter-. 2) Перевод префикса sub-. 3) Перевод местоимения some в утвердительных предложениях. 4) Употребление местоимения any в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях. 5) Употребление местоимения no в отрицательных предложениях. 6)Функции указательных местоимений в предложении. 7) Форма указательных местоимений во множественном числе. II. Выполнение заданий по теме: Словообразование: префиксы inter-, sub-. Местоимений some, any, no, every и их производные. Указательные местоимения. 1.Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык: a) interaction, intercostals, interspace, international b) subdivision, subacute, subtropical, subcostal, subcutaneous, subclass, subserous 2. Устно переведите следующие словосочетания. That person, this nurse, those articles, this hostel, these fields, that department, those adults, these marks 3.Употребите следующие словосочетания во множественном числе и прочитайте их вслух. This book, this beautiful city, that useful test, this job, that hospital, that plan, that man’s name, this nurse. 4.Сделайте высказывания отрицательными, употребляя местоимение ‘any’ и запишите их. 1. He has some mistakes in his notes. 2. I can give some example. 3. She has some books on anatomy. 5.Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски местоимениями ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘no’. 1. Will you deliver … lecture tomorrow? 2. He has … experience in the field of medicine because he is a student now. 3. Our assistant doctor knows … foreign languages. 4. The student will gain … knowledge of Surgery in the third year. 6. Письменно переведите на английский язык следующие предложения. 1. У вас есть книги по анатомии?- Да, у меня есть несколько очень интересных книг. 2. Вы можете привести нам какие – нибудь примеры? 3. У нее нет ошибок в контрольной. 4. У меня нет никаких экзаменов в мае. 5. Это – медицинская статья. 6. Это – необходимые предметы. 7. То – студенческое общежитие. III. Лексический минимум по теме «THE LUNGS». respiratory [ris’pairэtэri] –дыхательный, респираторный mediastinum [,mi:diэs’tainэm] – средостение pleura [‘pluэrэ] – плевра lobe [loub] – доля external [eks’tэ:nl] - наружный serous [‘siэrэs] – серозный, сывороточный lateral [‘lætэrэl] – боковой visceral [‘visэrэl] – внутренний subserous [s^b’siэrэs] – подсерозный cover [‘k^vэ] – покрывать, закрывать shape [∫eip] – форма, очертание; вид; образ border [‘bo:dэ] – граница, край extend [iks’tend] – простирать(ся); увеличивать(ся); расширять; продлевать upward [‘^pwэd] - вверх above [э’b^v] – над; свыше level [‘levl] – уровень; количество thin [θin] – тонкий;худой vary [‘veэri] – менять(ся), изменять(ся); разнообразить heavy [‘hevi] – тяжелый; плотный left [left] - левый capacity [kэ’pæsity] – емкость; объем; vital capacity of the lungs жизненная емкость легких infant [‘infэnt] – младенец, ребенок до 2-х лет pale [peil] - бледный colour [‘k^lэ] – цвет; окрашивать proper [‘propэ] – собственный; правильный; соответствующий; надлежащий IV. Базовый текст.
The Lungs. The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered with the pleura. They are conical in shape. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders, and three surfaces. The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the level of the first rib. The base of the lung is located in the convex surface of the diaphragm. The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The anterior borders thin and overlap the pericardium. The weight of the lungs varies according to many conditions. In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1,350 gr. The right lung is about 15 % heavier than the left one. The vital capacity of the lungs is 3.5-4 liters in the male and it is 3-3.5 liters in the female. The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one because the latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than the upper one. In infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour, but later they become darker. The lung is coveres with an external serous coat, i.e. with visceral layer of the pleura. The parenchyma or proper substance of the lungs consists of the bronchial tree with elastic tissue and vessels. 2. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями. 1. The chest contains the organs of respiration. 2. The lungs are separated from each other by the diaphragm. 3. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders, and three surfaces. 4. The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 cm above the level of the second rib. 5. The base of the lung is located in the convex surface of the pleura. 6. The vital capacity of the lungs is about 3-4 liters. 7. The left lung is divided into three lobes, and the right into two. 8. The parenchyma of the lungs consists of the bronchial tree with elastic tissue and vessels. ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1.Professional English in Use. Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2009 Практическоезанятие №14 Временагруппы Perfect Active. Тема: «THE ALIMENTARY TRACT». Тематика занятия
I. Вопросы для обсуждения: 1) – ate- суффикс глаголов. 2) Способы образования времен группы Perfect. 3) Особенности употребления вспомогательного глагола to have во временах группы Perfect. 4) Употребление основного смыслового глагола во временах группы Perfect. 5) Особенности перевода сказуемого в Present Perfect на русский язык. 6) Употребление наречий в Present Perfect. 7) Особенности перевода сказуемого в Past и Future Perfect на русский язык. 8) Употребление наречий в Past и Future Perfect. 9) Способы образования отрицательных и вопросительных предложений во временах группы Perfect. II. Выполнение заданий по теме: Словообразование: суффикс - ate. Времена группы Perfect Active. 1.Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие слова. Calculate, radiate, operate, regulate, estimate, circulate 2. Устно переведите на русский язык данные предложения, обращая внимание на наречия. 1. I have never been to London. 2. The patient has already restored his health and he can walk. 3. Have you ever performed any operation? 4. Professor Nikitin has just published his new book on the functions of the pancreas. 5. We haven’t yet sent for the doctor, do it now, please. 3. Письменно переведите на русский язык данные предложения, обращая внимание на ‘since’. 1. The students haven’t attended the lectures in Physiology since the professor went to New-York. 2. My parents have lived in Moscow since last year. 3. My sister’s health hasn’t changed since she was discharged from the hospital. 4. The patient hasn’t slept since early morning. 4. Перепишите предложения, раскрывая скобки и употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple. 1. She (to live) there last year. 2. Last night I (to feel) tired and (to go) to bed very early. 3. He (to be) abroad five years ago. 4. They (to live) England when he (to be) still a child. 5. His health (to improve) greatly since I (to see) him last. 6. He is not at the University today, he (to fall) ill. – When he (to fall) ill? – He (to fall) yesterday. 7. He just (to come) home. 8. He (to come) home a minute ago. 5. Составьте предложения, раскрывая скобки и употребляя глаголы в Past Perfect. 1. Tom wasn’t at home when I arrived. (he/just/ go/out). 2. They weren’t eating when I went to see them. (they/ just/ finish/ their dinner). 3. I invited Ann to dinner last night but she couldn’t come. (she / already / arrange / to do something else). 4. I was very pleased to see Nora again after such a long time. (I/ not / see / her for five years). 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык и запишите их. 1. Я часто посылаю сообщения своим родителям по электронной почте. 2. Я только что отправил сообщение своим родителям по электронной почте. 3. Вчера я отправил сообщение своим родителям по электронной почте, до того, как пошел на лекцию. 4. Я отправлю сообщение своим родителям по электронной почте в следующий понедельник. 5. Я отправлю сообщение своим родителям по электронной почте к концу этой недели. III. Лексический минимум по теме «THE ALIMENTARY TRACT». membraneous [mem’breiniэs] – перепончатый anus [‘einэs] – задний проход pharynx [‘færiηks] – глотка esophagus [I:sofэgэs] – пищевод pancreas [‘pæηkriэs] – поджелудочная железа gland [glænd] – железа salivary [‘sælivэri] – слюнный duodenum[,dju:ou’di:nэm] – двенадцатиперстная кишка jejunum [dji’dju:nэm] – тощая кишка ileum [‘iliэm] – подвздошная кишка (илеум) caecum [‘si:kэm] – слепая кишка colon [‘koulэm] – ободочная кишка, толстая кишка rectum [‘rektэm] – прямая кишка alimentary [,æli’mentэri] – пищеварительный mouth [mauθ] –рот stomach [‘st^mэk] – желудок intestine [in’testin] - кишечник, кишка; small intestine тонкий кишечник; large intestine толстый кишечник gallbladder [‘go:l,blædэ] – желчный пузырь important [im’po:tэnt] – важный, значительный tongue [l^η] - язык ; coated tongue обложенный язык palate [‘pælit] – нёбо ; soft palate мягкое нёбо; hard palate твердое нёбо also [‘o:lsou] – тоже, также food [fu:d] – пища, питание; пищевые продукты through [θru:] – через, сквозь, по, в portion [‘po:∫(э)n] – часть; отдел; доля, порция measure [‘mejэ] – мера; измерять tube [tju:b] – труба, трубка; тюбик IV. Базовый текст.
The Alimentary Tract. The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8 1/2m (metres)in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract. The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste. The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity. From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach. The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21 – 25 cm. in length, 8 – 9 cm. in its greatest diameter. It has a capacity of from 2.14 to 4.28 l. (litres). The small intestine is a thin – walled muscular tube about 6.5 metres long. It is located in the middle portion of the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The large intestine is about 1.5 metres long. It is divided into caecum, colon, sigm anorectum. The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The weight of the liver is 1,500 g. The gallbladder is a hollow sac lying on the lower surface of the liver. The pancreas is a long thin gland lying behind the stomach. 2. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями. 1. The alimentary tract extends from the oral cavity to the anus. 2. The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are parts of the alimentary tract. 3. The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the stomach. 4. The shape of the stomach doesn’t change when it dilates. 5. The large intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. 6. The large intestine is divided into caecum, colon, sigm anorectum. 7. The liver is in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. 8. The pancreas is a gland lying behind the stomach. ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. R Murphy. English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, 2012 2. Professional English in Use. Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2009 Практическое занятие №16 Конференция - презентация по теме: «Англоязычные страны». GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND Common Nouns The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The English Channel The Strait of Dover England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Europe London Cardiff Edinburgh Belfast Birmingham Glasgow Sheffield Liverpool Manchester Bristol Official name: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Status: A sovereign state. Flag.: National flag of the UK, known as Union Jack, is made up of three crosses. The upright red cross is the cross of St.George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red diagonal cross is the cross of St.Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. Coat of arms: On the crest there is a golden lion, royally crowned and standing on a royal crown. The supporters of the shield are a golden English lion and a silver Scottish unicorn. The plant badges of the UK ( rose, thistle and shamrock) are often displayed beneath the shield. National colors: The colors of National flag are blue, red and white. Area: 94,060 sq. ml. (243,610 sq. km.) Population: 62,262,000 (2010). Nationality: British. Capital: London (8,278,251).It is one of the largest financial centers alongside New York City. London is one of the three “command centers” of the global economy (alongside New York City and Tokyo). It is the world’s largest financial centers alongside New York. London has the most international visitors of any city in the world. Location: Great Britain is an island that lies off west the north west of Europe. It is the largest island in Europe. There is the Atlantic Ocean on the north of it and the North Sea on the east. The English Channel (about 21 miles) separates the UK from the continent in the south. The Strait of Dover, 18 miles wide, divides it from France The channel Tunnel links France and England. There are four countries in the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England, Scotland and Wales are three main parts of Great Britain. Scotland is to the north. Edinburgh is Scotland’s capital, it is one of the most beautiful cities in Britain, Wales is in the west. The capital city of Wales is Cardiff. Ireland, which is also an island, lies off the west coast of Great Britain. Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic ( Eire) are on the island. Belfast is the largest city in Northern Ireland and its capital. Great Britain together with Northern Ireland constitutes the United Kingdom (U.K.). The capital of Great Britain is London which is situated in the south-east of England. London is more than 2 thousand years old. Climate: The climate is generally mild and temperate due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The southwestern winds carry the warmth and moisture into Britain. The climate in Britain is usually described as cool, temperate and humid. The weather is so changeable that English often say that they have no climate but only weather. The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long. The average temperature (from winter to summer) is from 5 to 23 degrees above zero. It seldom snows heavily in winter, frost is rare. January and February are usually the coldest months. July and August are the warmest. Nature: The humid and mild climate of Great Britain is good for plants and flowers. The UK was originally a land of vast forests. Today only about six per cent of the total land area remains wooded. Oak, elm, ash and beech are the commonest trees in England, while Scotland has pine and birch. The fauna or animal life of the UK is much like that of northwestern Europe. Many larger mammals such as bear and wolf have been hunted to extinction, others are now protected by law. About 50 land mammals are still found in the UK. There are many foxes. Otters are common along rivers and streams, and seals live along parts of the coast. Hedgehogs, hares, rabbits, rats and mice are numerous. Deer live in some of the forests in the Highlands of Scotland and in England. Some 230 kinds of birds live in the UK, another 200 are regular visitors, and many are songbirds. Robin Redbreast is the national bird of the UK. History:. Britain was part of the continent of Europe before it became an island but migration of peoples across the English Channel continued long afterwards. Britain has many centuries in making. Celts arrived 2,500 to 3,000 years ago. Their language survived in Welsh, Cornish and Gaelic enclaves. England was added to the Roman Empire in 43A.D. The Romans conquered most part of Britain, but were unable to subdue the independent tribes in the West and in the North. Further waves of invaders followed: Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings and Normans. All these contributed to the mixture we call the English. For many centuries this country was known simply as England. It had a strong army and Navy. It waged numerous colonial wars. England, once “the workshop of the world”, was the first to become a highly developed industrial country. Government: Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Head of state is monarch. Now this is Queen Elisabeth II. The head of government is Prime Minister ( David Cameron MP ). Parliament is the legislative governing body for the United Kingdom. It consists of 2 houses: The House of Lords and the House of Commons who are elected by direct ballot and divided as follows: England 516; Wales 36; Scotland 71; Northern Ireland 12.They are known as MPs or Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, is also a MP, usually the leader the political party with the majority in the House of Commons. Member of the House of Lords (peers) are not elected. About 70 per cent of them are “hereditary peers” because their fathers were peers before them. The other 30 per cent are “life peers” who are officially appointed by the Queen. Local divisions: England and Wales: 53 counties, Greater London; Scotland: 9 regions, 3 island areas; Northern Ireland: 26 districts. Ethnic composition: The UK is inhabited by the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish who constitute the British nation. The British are the descendants of different people who settled in the British Isles at different times. Now there are many people of all colors and races in the UK. These are mostly former inhabitants of the former British colonies. These people, called “the coloreds”, came to the UK in search of better living standards. So ethnic groups in the UK include white British (85.7%), Indian (1.8%), Pakistani (1.6%), white Irish (1.2%), mixed race (1.2%), black Caribbean (1.0%), black African (0.8%), Bangladeshi (0.5%), Chinese (0.4%) and some other. . Languages: Official language is English. Recognized regional languages are Irish, Scottish. Gaelic, Scots and Ulster Scots, Welsh, Cornish. Currency: Pound sterling. Economy: The UK is highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. The chief crops are grains, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables. The UK is not rich in mineral resources. It has some deposits of coal and iron ore. Great Britain’s major occupations are manufacturing and trade. Metals and metal-using industries contribute more than 50% of the exports. Of about 60 million acres of land in England, Wales and Scotland, 46 million are farmed, of which 17 million are arable, the rest pastures. Large oil and gas fields have been found in the North Sea. Commercial oil production began in 1975. There are large deposits of coal. Britain imports all of its cotton, rubber, sulphur, 80% of its wool, half of its food and iron ore, also certain amounts of paper, tobacco, chemicals. Manufactured goods made from these basic materials have been exported since the industrial age began. Main exports are machinery, chemicals, woollen and synthetic textiles, clothing, autos and trucks, iron and steel, locomotives, ships, jet aircraft, farm machinery, drugs, radio, TV, radar and navigation equipment, scientific instruments, arms, whisky. Largest cities: London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh, Bristol. London is political, economic and cultural capital of the United Kingdom. London is a city of commerce, finance, and trade. London is the insurance centre of the world. The Bank of England, created in 1694 and nationalized in 1946, remains a symbol of finance. London is a leading international auction mart for works of art through the sales at Christie’s and Sotheby’s. Piccadilly Circus, the “Times Square” of London, the focal point for every tourist; the approaches and environs of St. Paul’s Cathedral; the shopping and office areas of the West End; the south bank of the river; north by the Tate Gallery: all are parts of the newly created London. The Houses of Parliament, seat of the Mother of Parliaments, at Westminster are not ancient, having been started in 1837. When Parliament sits, a flag flies from the Victoria Tower by day and at night a light shines in the clock tower above Big Ben, the famous clock named after Sir Benjamin Hall. Across Parliament Square is one of the masterpieces of the Middle Ages, Westminster Abbey. The early history of the abbey is unknown though the site was used by the Romans. London has a number of royal palaces, but only one, St. James, was actually built as a palace, the others being originally private houses of the nobility. Buckingham Palace was built by the Duke of Buckingham, later it was bought by George III, who moved there from St. James’s. Halfway along Whitehall is Downing Street, where at No.10 is the traditional residence of prime ministers. Close by is the Monument, built by Wren to commemorate the Great Fire. On the waterfront is the famous Tower. In its time it has been fortress, mint, armoury, prison, and museum. London has many parks, among them Hyde Park with its Speakers’ Corner. From all over the world students come to the University of London (1836), with 20,000 students it is the largest in England. London is also a home of cu1ture. There are some 40 theatres in the West End. Theatres range from the Royal Shakespearean Theatre Company to the English Stage Company’s presentations of experimental works at the Royal Court Theatre. Musically London attracts major orchestras, soloists, and conductors. Its Royal Festival Hall was opened on the south bank for the 1951 Festival of Britain. The Royal Albert Hall, opened in 1871, has been the scene of the celebrated Promenade concerts. Opera and ballet performances are given at the Royal Opera’ House, which is set amid the Covent Garden flower market. The most important of the art galleries are the National Gallery, and the Tate, established in 1897. BIRMINGHAM is the second largest city of England, and one of the principal industrial centres of the British Isles. Today the brass, jewelry, and gun trades still cling to the inner part of the city, but automobile, motorcycle, tire, electric parts, aircraft, machinery, and miscellaneous metalware plants are concentrated in the middle and outer rings. The great Austin Motor Works, for example, is in the southwest suburbs. Heavily bombed during World War II, the city’s centre has been considerably replanned and rebuilt with new roads and buildings. The Town Hall is now a meeting and concert hall. The old Council House is still the main administrative centre, but imposing new buildings such as the Civic Centre have been added nearby. The University of Birmingham was founded in 1900, and the Schools of King Edward VI received their royal charter in 1552. Like most great cities Birmingham has many colleges, spacious parks, a well-stocked reference library, and a famous museum and art gallery. GLASGOW is the largest city of Scotland (47 ml. northwest of Edinburgh).Its manufacturing is dominated by heavy industries, primarily shipbuilding, locomotives, and heavy machinery. Glasgow University (estab. 1451) is one of the largest universities in Great Britain. The municipal Mitchell Library, the largest reference library in Scotland, has many rare works, including an important collection of the works of the poet Robert Burns, and the city also has an excellent art gallery and museum. Glasgow has few historic buildings, but the Cathedral of St. Mungo, primarily of the XIII century, is a fine example of Scottish medieval architecture. The Royal Exchange, now a municipal reference library, is an excellent example of Early Greek Revival architecture, and many of the streets and squares built in the XIX century are of well-proportioned classical style. LEEDS, industrial and educational city of Yorkshire. Leeds ranks with Sheffield as one of the largest communities in Yorkshire and the fifth or sixth largest in England. It has many varied industries, the most important of which are wholesale clothing, woollens and worsted, engineering, coal mining, and leather, furniture, building, transport and distributive trades. Woollen manufacture was introduced in the XIV century. After 1800 Leeds developed rapidly as an engineering town. Buildings of historic interest are Kirkstall Abbey, the Cistercian monastery (founded c. 1152); the Church of St. John; the Norman church at Adel; and the Jacobean-styled mansion of Temple Newsam (now an art gallery and museum). Leeds has three theatres, an art gallery, and two museums, including one of folklore. The University of Leeds was founded in 1904. SHEFFIELD, industrial city of southern Yorkshire, on the Don River. Sheffield, the sixth largest city in England, is known throughout the world for the manufacture of cutlery, silverware, electroplated goods, and steel products. It produces alloys for automobiles, aircraft, railways, and atomic energy plants. Other industries include the manufacture of glass, confectionery, and optical instruments. Sheffield has been an industrial town since the XVI century, and has long been associated with the manufacture of cutlery. It has always led in the iron and steel industries. It was here that Henry Bessemer established in 1858 his factory to develop the manufacture of steel, and it was here that stainless steel was invented in 1914. The University of Sheffield and colleges of commerce, technology and art are here. There are also research institutes concerned with metallurgy, mining, fuel, glass technology and radiotherapy. There are two theatres, an observatory, and the Ruskin Museum. The Sheffield Philharmonic Society stages orchestral and choral concerts. Within the city are the Church of St. Peter (XIV—XV centuries), and Castle Hill, site of the Norman castle (now demolished) in which Mary, Queen of Scots was imprisoned for 15 years. Other buildings of historical and architectural interest are mainly post 1800. These include Cutler’s Hall (1832), and the town hall (1897). LIVERPOOL. The modern rise of Liverpool was due largely to improvements in transport. Reconstruction of old docks and the building of new ones has given Liverpool 7 ml. of docks, and many industries developed beside them including sugar refining, oil-seed crushing, tanning, and cattle-feed manufacture. . The old Georgian residential quarter, on a sandstone ridge 200 ft. high, now has the university and two cathedrals, as well as many crowded tenements. Suburbs extend for several miles along the coast and the estuary, giving the city greater length than breadth. MANCHESTER is a great commercial centre, with the headquarters of banking firms and insurance offices, and a wide range of industry, especially in textiles and engineering. In the early XIX century it became the main trade centre of cotton goods for the world market. By the 1840s a large area in the centre of the city was used for warehouses and offices and Manchester grew around its central core of shops, offices, warehouses, and railway stations. Many eighteenth-century buildings were pulled down, but some Tudor streets survived until the air raids of 1940. Since then the city has acquired buildings of modern design, which contrast with its Victorian Gothic town hall. Around the central core there is an industrial collar of factories and slum houses, while extensive new housing areas have developed on the outskirts of the city. Manchester’s Halle orchestra is widely known. Victoria University (estab. 1851) is here, the “Guardian” is one of the most famous daily newspapers. EDINBURGH is the capital and second largest city of Scotland. Situated on the southern shore, the city is overlooked by Salisbury Crags and the hill Arthur’s Seat. It is built on rocky hills, one of which rises westward to a precipitous rock, Castle Hill. Here since pre-Christian times, a castle has stood dominating the Lothian region. Besides the castle and palace one finds here Parliament House, the Royal Exchange, and many XVI and XVII century dwellings, some carefully restored as museums. Seen from the southernmost street of the New Town, Princess Street, the ridge descending from Castle Hill to the old Town, presents such a magnificent vista that Edinburgh is often called the “Athens of the North”. More familiarly, it is nicknamed “Auld Reekie” because of the low-lying smoke and fog. Much of the city’s industry is related to its metropolitan and cultural functions. Printing, publishing are the most important commercial industries. Baking, confectionery and chocolate manufacturing, brewing, distilling and bottling are also important. New industries include the production of rubber and electrical and marine engineering. BRISTOL is a city and port of southwestern England, within its own small county, 6 ml. inland from the Severn estuary. Established as a Saxon settlement at a bridge crossing of the Avon (its early name, Brycgstowe, meant “place of the bridge”), Bristol soon developed trade with Ireland. By the XV century venturesome Bristol seamen were trading with Iceland, and it was from Bristol that John Cabot sailed in 1497 and 1498 for discoveries in North America. In addition to shipbuilding, the principal industries include the manufacture of aircraft, brushes, cranes, electric motors, ventilation machinery, cocoa, chocolate, cigarettes, and tobacco. Heavily bombed during World War II, the city has been considerably rebuilt. Old buildings of note include the cathedral, the Church of St. John the Baptist, and the Corn Exchange. The Colonnade at Hotwells recalls Bristol’s heyday as a spa during the XVIII century. Clifton College and the Bristol University are the main educational establishments. Typical of modern Bristol is the new Council House (1956) at College Green. Literature and Art: The UK has many outstanding writers, poets, and painters. Among them the most popular are: Writers–Geoffrey Chaucer (14 cent., Sir Thomas More (16 cent.), Daniel Defoe ( author of Robison Crusoe), children’s writer Lewis Carroll, the Bronte sisters, Charles Dickens, science-fiction novelist H.G.Wells, Rudyard Kipling, A.A.Milne ( the creator of Winnie-the-Pooh), the popular novelists W.Somerset Maugham and Graham Green, the crime writer Agatha Christie ( the best-selling novelist of all time), Ian Fleming ( the creator of James Bond) and the fantasy writers J.R.R.Tolkien, C.S.Lewis and J.K.Rowling. Poets – William Shakespeare, William Blake, William Wordsworth, T.S.Eliot, Philip Larkin, Robert Burns, Dylan Thomas. Painters – John Constable, Samuel Palmer, J.M.W.Turner, Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough, William Morris, Francis Bacon, Peter Blake, Richard Hamilton. GLOSSARY
19. metal-ware - металлические изделия 20. manufacturing – производство 21. vista – вид, перспектива 22. heyday – расцвет, лучшая пора TEST 1. The UK is a) Parliamentary republic. b) Constitutional monarchy. c) Federal state. 2. The UK’s flag is called a) Union Commonwealth. b) Union Nations. c) Union Jack. 3. The UK national colors are a) red, white and green. b) red, blue and green. c) red, blue and white. 4. Population of the UK is a) more than 62,000,000. b) more than 52,000,000. c) more than 58,000,000. 5. Great Britain is situated off a) the west coast of Europe. b) the south coast of Europe. c) the north of Europe. 6. The UK consists of a) 2 parts. b) 3 parts. c) 4 parts. 7. The head of the state is a) Prime Minister. b) Queen. c) Parliament. 8. Official language of the UK is a) British. b) English. c) Gaelic. 9. The head of the government is a) Parliament. b) Queen. c) Prime Minister. 10. The currency of the UK is a) dollar. b) pound. c) euro. 11. London is more than a) 1,000 years old. b) 2,000 years old. c) 3,000 years old. 12. The national bird of the UK is a) Robin Redbreast. b) Blackbird. c) Bullfinch. 13. When flag flies from Victoria Tower a) Parliament sits. b) Queen is at home. c) Prime Minister speaks. 14. Cardiff is the capital of a) Scotland b) Wales c) Northern Ireland 15. The best- selling novelist of all time is a) J.R.R.Tolkien. b) C.S. Lewis. c) Agatha Christie. The United States of America Geography The USA is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. It occupies the Southern part of the North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. In 1959 Alaska became 49th state of the USA. Alaska is America’s largest state, but very few people live there. The largest island, and the the most recent state to join the USA was Hawaii. Hawaii lies at the South-Eastern End of the chain and is almost twice at large as all other islands combined. Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.He was a seaman and made many sea voyages to the New World. He was born in Italy but lived in Spain for a long time. There is a nice poem about him. The title of the poem is “Lets Remember Columbus”. In fourteen hundred and ninety two Columbus sailed the ocean blue… Lets sing together this old song About the voyage that took him long, About the sailors, those strong brave men. Lets sing and remember them all again. The total area of the USA is about 9 and a half million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the North and on Mexico in the South. It also has a sea-border with Russia. The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area, where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is more than 270 million. If we look at the map of the USA , we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley which is located in Alaska. |