Методическое пособие- Английский 1 курс. Методические рекомендации для студентов по дисциплине Иностранный язык
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Canada. Common Nouns Ottawa Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec and Saskatchewan Yukon The Northern Territories Nunavut Official name: Canada Status: a constitutional monarchy, independent federal state and parliamentary democracy Flag: the Maple Leaf. The maple leaf was used as a symbol of Canada as early as 1700. Since February 15, 1965, a red maple leaf has been on the national flag of Canada. It has become the most well-known and important symbol. National colours: red and white Population: 30.000.000 Capital: Ottawa Location: The country is situated in North America. It is bordered in the north by the Arctic Ocean, in the east by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south by the United States, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean and Alaska. In the center there is a great plain the Canadian Shield. Climate: Climate, while generally temperate, varies from freezing winter cold to blistering summer heat. Nature: Canada’s natural vegetation can be best described as falling into five areas: the boreal forest, the forests of the southeast and the southwest, the grasslands, and the tundra. History: The story of Canada goes back over 400 years. The French were the first settlers to this country. In 1759 Canada became a part of the British Empire. In 1931 became independent from Britain. Government: Canada is a federative state consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Canadian provinces are: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. There are three large northern territories — Yukon, the Northern Territories, and Nunavut, which mainly lie north of the 60th parallel. Head of State is Queen of Britain, represented by Governor General. Head of Government is Prime Minister. The roots of Canada’s parliamentary system lie in Britain. The Canadian Parliament consists of the Senate (the Upper House) and the House of Commons. The Senate is patterned after the British House of Lords. Its 104 members are appointed, not elected, and are divided essentially among Canada’s four main regions of Ontario, Quebec, the West and the Atlantic Provinces. The Senate has the same powers as the House of Commons, with a few exceptions. The House of Commons is the major law-making body. It has 301 members, one from each of the 301 electoral districts. The representatives are elected every five years. But the real executive power is in the hands of the Cabinet under the Prime Minister. Strictly speaking, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet are the advisers of the monarch. However, the real power belongs to the Cabinet, and the Governor General acts on its advice. The Cabinet develops government policy and is responsible to the House of Commons. Ethnic composition: in the 1996 census, about 19% of the population reported "Canadian" as their single ethnic origin, with 17% reporting British Isles-only ancestry and 9% French-only ancestry. About 10% reported a combination of British Isles, French, or Canadian origin, with another 16% reporting an ancestry of either British Isles, French or Canadian in combination with some other origin. Some 28% reported origins other than the British Isles, French or Canadian. Language: The two official languages are English and French. But many other languages are spoken: Italian, Chinese, German, Polish and Greek. Currency: Canadian Dollar Economy: Canada’s economy is made up of many different industries. There are three main types of industries in Canada: natural resources, manufacturing and services. 1. Natural resource industries include forestry, fishing, agriculture, mining and energy. These industries have played an important part in the country’s history and development. Today, the economy of many areas of the country still depends on developing natural resources. 2. Manufacturing industries make products to sell in Canada and around the world. Manufactured products include paper, technological equipment, automobiles, food, clothing and many other goods. Our largest international trading partner is the United States. 3. Service industries provide thousands of different jobs in areas like transportation, education, health care, construction, banking, communications and government. More than 70 percent of working Canadians now have jobs in service industries. Canada is a country with very high standards of living. This country is particularly advanced in the areas of health, education, social protection and human rights. The largest cities: Ottawa It is the capital of Canada. Ottawa is a great example of a metropolitan city It has lots of banks, big skyscrapers and embassies. The symbol of Ottawa is its Parliament buildings. It’ s really worth seeing. The buildings are home to the House of Commons, the Library of Parliament, the Hall of Honour, the Senate, and the impressive Peace Tower. In summer you can watch the Changing of the Guard Ceremony on the hill. You won’ t see much difference between this ceremony and equivalent one in England. In Ottawa you can take the Amphibus — the bus that not only rides on the streets, but also can float on water like a boat. In the city one can see the residence of the Canada’ s Governor General. It’ s a big beautiful building. There are a lot of other interesting places in Ottawa. They include the National Museum of Canada, which has collections representing Indian and Eskimo culture; the Public Archives of Canada; Royal Canadian War Museum; the Design center; Royal Canadian Mint and others. You can see Ottawa University with classes for English- and French-speaking students. Montreal It is situated in Quebec — the French part of Canada. It really looks like France: lots of narrow, small streets, cafes, and other tilings typical for France. It combines modern skyscrapers and XEX century mansions in a unique mixture. It’ s usually called ’ Paris of the Western Hemisphere’. The most interesting part of the city is the Notre-Dame de Montreal that is known as the most beautiful church in North America. The Basilica of Mary Queen is nearly half-size replica of St. Peter’ s in Rome. The Royal Place is the oldest place in Montreal. In the eastern part of Montreal you can see Olympic Park with its famous tower that close resembles the one that is in Pisa, Italy (the leaning one). One can take an elevator and go up this tower. Near the leaning tower there is a special place, where different animals and plants survive in their natural conditions. The city’ s first subway, called the Metro was opened in 1966. Montreal is Canada’ s most important port. It is the chief manufacturing centre of Canada. It has a number of large libraries and several theatres. It is the seat of McGill University (English- speaking), the University of Montreal (French-speaking) and several colleges. There are many museums in the city and among them are the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the Museum of Archaeology and History, Wax Museum and others.
Literature, Art and Science Сanada has a lot of outstanding personalities. Many famous writers, athletes, singers, actors and scientists are among them. For example: Dan Aykroyd (movie actor; Elwood of "The Blues Brothers") Bryan Adams (musician and songwriter; Grammy award winner; writer of international hit "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You") Pamela Anderson (actress on "Baywatch") Paul Anka (singer and songwriter; writer of song "My Way") Arcade Fire (rock band; won 2011 Grammy for album of the year) Margaret Atwood (writer; author of "The Handmaid's Tale") Donovan Bailey (sprinter; 100m Olympic Gold Medalist, 1996) Frederick Banting and Charles Best (discoverers of diabetes drug insulin, 1921) Kurt Browning (figure skater; four-time world champion) Raymond Burr (actor; star of "Perry Mason" television show) James Cameron (director of movie "The Titanic") Jim Carrey (actor; star of such movies as "Ace Ventura: Pet Detective") Test 1. Canada is a)Constitutional monarchy b) Parliamentary republic c)Capitalist democracy 2.Canada’s flag is a).birch leaf b). oak leaf c). maple leaf 3.Canada’s national colours are: a). red and white b). white and blue c). red and gree 4.Population of Canada is a). 15 mln. b). 30 mln. c). 35 mln. 5.Canada is situated in a). South America b). Europe c). North America 6. The story of Canada goes back over a). 400 years b). 500 years c).600 years 7. Canada consists of a). 9 provinces and 2 territories. b). 10 provinces and 3 territories c). 8 provinces and 1 territory 8. Head of State is a). Queen of Britain b). Governor General c). Prime Minister 9. The two official languages of Canada are a). French and German b). English and Spanish c). English and French 10. The Senate has the same powers as a). the House of Commons b). the House of Lords c). the Queen Glossary. 1.Monarchy- монархия 2.Maple- клён 3.Plain-равнина 4.Temperate- умеренный 5.Vegetation- растительность 6.Boreal- северный 7.Grassland- луг 8.Settler- поселенец 9.Governor General- генерал-губернатор 10.To pattern- копировать, брать пример 11.Essentially- существенно, по существу 12.Exсeption- исключение 13.Law- закон 14.Ancestry- происхождение, родословная 15.Hill- холм 16.Float- плавать, плыть 17.Survive- выживать 18.Shore- берег 19.Retain- удерживать, сохранять 20.Castle- замок 21.Shield- щит. AUSTRALIA Common Nouns Australia [Os’treiljq] Canberra [‘kqenbqrq] New South Wales [weilz] Victoria [vik’tOriq] Queensland [‘kwJnzlqnd] Tasmania [tqez’meiniq] Sydney [‘sidni] Melbourne [‘melbqn] Brisbane [‘brizbqn] Adelaide [‘qedqleid] Perth [pWT] Hobart [‘houbRt] Darwin [‘dRwin] Official name: Commonwealth of Australia. Status: independent federative state within the Commonwealth headed by the British Queen. Flag: retains in addition to the Southern Cross a miniature Union Jack in the top left-hand corner. Coat of arms: kangaroo and ostrich. National colors: gold, white and bright green. Population: 19,000,000. Capital: Canberra. Location: Australia is an island continent located in the Southern Hemisphere south of Asia washed by three oceans and four seas. Climate: about 40% of the continent is in the tropics. The climate is tropical in the north with heavy rain in summer (December to February); the southeast coast and the southwest area of Queensland have a Mediterranean climate with moderate rain. The rest of the continent is dry. Much of the west is semi-desert or desert. Nature: Australia has animals and plants found nowhere else. The native animals include some of the strangest mammals on earth such as the kangaroo, koala, wombat which carry their young in stomach pouches. There are also ant-eating echidna, the Dingo or wild dog and many others. Australia must also be the bird lover’s paradise. Bird life includes a great variety of parrots, lyrebird and brush turkey. You can also find fish in its waters that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. History: Australia was discovered by the Portuguese in the XVI century. The land was unattractive and the continent remained undisturbed until 1770 when the English navigator Captain James Cook chartered almost the entire eastern coast, named region around it New South Wales and claimed it for Great Britain. Eighteen years later the first settlement was established at Port Jackson, the site of the present city of Sydney. The years 1820-1850 were a period of consolidation and expansion. Gradually the interior was explored and settlements were started up. Wheat growing was introduced. Still more important was the rapid expansion of the sheep industry because of the increasing demand for raw wool for the English textile mills. The 1830-1840s were the great age of squatters, migratory pastoralists. The gold rush of 1850-1851 encouraged many settlers to come. Gold enticed adventurers from all parts of the world. Six colonies were founded: New South Wales, Tasmania, Western Australia, South Australia. Victoria and Queensland. Government: the head of the state is Queen of Britain. The Queen is represented by Governor General. The head of the government is the Prime Minister. Federal Parliament consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives. There are 60 Senators elected for a 6-year term and 125 members of the House of Representatives elected every three years. There are 6 states and 2 territories. Each state is headed by a governor. Ethnic composition: the population is mainly of British origin. But the arrival of more than two million immigrants since World War II most of them from Greece and Italy has altered the character of the population. The normally free immigration, however, is administered so that only white people are allowed to enter the country and the immigration policy is based on the “White Australia” concept. The Australian Aborigines are an ancient people with a rich cultural inheritance. But the are a dying race. Alcohol is one of the biggest killers. They suffer from the highest rate of leprosy attack in the world. Language: English, Aboriginal languages. Currency: dollar Economy: Australia is one of the ten foremost countries in terms of its level of economic development. The two pillars are agriculture and mining industry. Sheep farming was the first form of agriculture developed in Australia, now it has 15% of the world’s sheep and produces 25% of the world’s wool. It is followed by coal. meat and wheat. Major mineral deposits include coal, copper, iron ore, gold, silver, tin and uranium. The largest cities: while Australia is one of the most sparsely populated countries of the world two of its cities Sydney and Melbourne rank among the 40 largest in the world. The other big cities are Canberra, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Hobart, Darwin. Canberra is the capital of Australia. It is situated in the northwest part of the Australian Capital Territory on the Molongo River. It is the seat of Parliament and the other branches of government. Canberra is often called the Garden City of Australia. Sydney: “The Queen City of the South”. It is the largest city and port of Australia, capital of New South Wales on the Pacific ocean at the mouth of the Parramatta River. Sydney is the chief commercial and industrial center of all Australia. In addition to being the commercial focus of Australia and New South Wales, Sydney is a principal center of government and culture. The seat of the state government is located there. Taronga Park zoo and aquarium has birds and animals from all continents. Sydney also has the Art Gallery, the State Conservatorium, a symphony orchestra, an opera House and several theatres. The University of Sydney is Australia’s oldest university. The Sydney area is famous for its sandy beaches attracting tourists for swimming and surf-boarding. Melbourne: it is the second largest city of Australia and the capital and the chief port of Victoria on the north bank of the Yarra River. As the financial center of Victoria, Melbourne has numerous banks and insurance companies. Melbourne’s rich agricultural and pastoral hinterland supplies wool, meat, dairy products, fruit and wheat for shipment to world ports and wool auctions are regular features of the city commerce. The cultural focus of Victoria, Melbourne has long been a leading center for scientific research and has often been a base for Antarctic exploration. Brisbane: the capital and the largest city of Queensland. It is the leading port in Queensland and serves a large agricultural and pastoral hinterland which produces beef cattle, sheep, dairy products, wheat, sugar cane, and tropical fruit. Adelaide: the capital and the largest city of the state of South Australia. It is the trade and financial center for a rich agricultural and grazing hinterland. Wool, meat, citrus fruit, wines, olives and vegetables are produced in the region. The city is an industrial center of increasing importance with factories for automobile assembly and the manufacture of cotton and woolen textiles, agricultural machinery, furniture and chemicals. Perth: the capital and the largest city of Western Australia. With the port it is the financial and trade center for a vast hinterland producing gold, wool, meat, wheat, and fruit. Hobart: the capital of Tasmania. A nonferrous metal factory supplies most of Australia with copper, brass, bronze, and nickel-silver products. Fruit and vegetables are processed and chocolate is manufactured. In 1890 the University of Tasmania was established in the city. Darwin: is the capital and the chief port of Northern Territory. It was named after the famous English naturalist Charles Darwin. Its climate is tropical. Darwin is famous for its export of beef, rice, peanuts, and mineral ores and concentrates. Prawn fishing is an important local industry. Literature and Art: Australia has many outstanding writers, poets and painters. Among them the most popular are: writers - A. Gordon, Tom Kollins, B.O’Daud, K. Prichard, K. Tennant, F. Hardy poets - W. Wentwort, Ch. Garpur, G. Louson, painters - S. T. Hill, T Roberts, D. Davis, J.Lambert GLOSSARY commonwealth - союз independent - независимый Southern Cross - Южный Крест (созвездие) top left-hand corner - верхний левый угол coat of arms [kout qv Rmz] - герб ostrich [‘OstritS] - страус island [‘Qilqnd] - остров coast - побережье Mediterranean - средиземноморский desert [‘dezqt] - пустыня mammals млекопитающиеся wombat [‘wOmbqt] - вомбат (животное) stomach pouch [‘stAmqk pLtS] - сумка на животе ant-eating echidna [q’kidnq] - муравьед paradise - рай parrot - попугай lyrebird [‘lQiqbWd] - лирохвост (птица) turkey [‘tWki] - индюшка settlement - поселение consolidation - укрепление expansion - расширение wheat growing [wJt] - выращивание пшеницы sheep industry - овцеводство wool - шерсть squatter [‘skwLtq] - овцевод pastoralist [,pqestq’rRlist] - пастух gold rush - золотая лихорадка adventurer [qd’ventSqrq] - искатель приключений government - правительство governor - губернатор House of Representatives - Палата Представителей alter [‘Lltq] - (из)менять allow [q’lQu] позволять, разрешать dying race - вымирающая раса leprosy - лепра, проказа currency - валюта pillar - столп mining industry - горнодобывающая промышленность coal [koul] уголь meat - мясо copper - медь iron ore [‘Qiqn L] - железная руда tin - олово sparsely populated [‘spRsli] - редко-населенный sandy beaches - песчаные пляжи insurance company [in’Suqrqns] - страховая компания hinterland - район вглубь от прибрежной полосы dairy products - молочные продукты scientific research - научные исследования trade - торговля cotton - хлопок nonferrous metals [nOn’ferqs] - цветные металлы brass [brRs] - латунь beef - говядина peanut - арахис prawn fishing [prLn] - добыча креветок TEST 1. Назовите государственный строй Австралии: a. a British Colony b. a Federal Republic c. an Independent Federative State d. a Sovereign State 2. Главой государства является … a. the Prime Minister b. the Queen of Britain c. the President d. the Governor 3. Австралийский парламент состоит из … a. a Senate and House of Representatives b. a Senate and House of Commons c. A Senate and House of Assembly d. a Senate and House of Lords 4. В австралийском национальном флаге отсутствует … цвет. a. white b. blue c. yellow d. red 5. Национальным гербом Австралии является … a. kangaroo and wild dog b. koala and kangaroo c. kangaroo and ostrich d. kangaroo and parrot 6. В состав государства входит … штатов. a. 6 b. 8 c.12 d. 16 7. Столицей Австралии является … a. Sydney b. Melbourne c. Canberra d. Adelaide 8. Австралию открыл … a. Christopher Columbus b. James Cook c. Amerigo Vispucci d. Vasco da Gama 9. Первые поселенцы осваивали на территории Австралии … a. sheep farming b. fruit growing c. wheat growing d. nonferrous metals mining 10. Крупнейшим городом Австралии является … a. Melbourne b. Canberra c. Adelaide d. Sydney 11. Столица одного из штатов носит имя известного английского ученого: a. Gerald Darrel b. Edward Jenner c. Charles Darwin d. Alexander Flemming 12. … -австралийский писатель. a. W. Scott b. O’Henry K. Tennant d. J. London New Zealand Common Nouns New Zealand Polynesia the North Island the South Island Southwest Pacific Ocean Egmont Tongariro Mount Cook Auckland Christchurch City the Chatham Islands Maori Official name: New Zealand Location and nature: New Zealand /nju zilənd/ is an island country in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. It lies about 1 600 km southeast of Australia and about 10 500 km southwest of California. New Zealand belongs to a large island group called Polynesia. The country is situated on two main islands — the North Island and the South Island — and several dozen smaller islands. Most of the smaller islands are hundreds of kilometers from the main ones. Most of its people live in North Island, and that is where you find big volcanoes like Egmont and Tongariro and the boiling pools and geysers and lakes of bubbling mud. South Island is larger than North Island and has the highest mountains. There you can find the snow-capped Southern Alps, rising 3.764 metres to the tip of Mount Cook (named after Captain Cook, of course, because he visited the islands before sailing on westwards and discovering the eastern coast of Australia). South Island is very beautiful with its Alps and lakes and its glaciers. New Zealand was called the Land of the Long White Cloud by the Maoris. Forests of exotic pines near the centre of New Zealand's North Island, cover an area of more than 160000 hectares. This is the largest single continuous area of planted forest in the world. New Zealand has more than four hundred thousand hectares of planted forests. The climate is pleasant at all seasons, without much difference between winter and summer. New Zealand does not have the terrible heat of Australian summers; the oceans temper its climate and the mountains bring down quite a lot of rain. Flag: The flag of New Zealand is with the Union Flag in the canton, and four red stars with white borders to the right. Symbol: The kiwi is rather an unusual bird found only in New Zealand. It has no tail, almost no wings, and it lays an egg so large in proportion to its size. Its egg is about one fifth of its own weight. This is a tremendous size. In many countries New Zealanders too, are known as Kiwis, for the bird is also the symbol of people of the two islands. The capital of New Zealand since 1865, and one of its busiest ports, Wellington is at southern end of North Island, lying among hills on the western side of a natural harbour. It has a population of about 393,000. The city is home of Parliament, the head offices of all Government Ministries and Departments. It is also home of Te Papa (the ground-breaking interactive Museum of New Zealand) and the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra The largest cities: Auckland is the largest city in New Zealand. The city is built around 2 large harbours, and has many world famous attractions including the Sky Tower. The Auckland Region has a population of about 1.3 million people, and enjoys a warm, temperate climate. There are many parks, gardens, historic houses, museums and other places of interest in and around Auckland. Christchurch City. With a population of approximately 370,000, Christchurch City is the third largest city in the South Island of New Zealand. Christchurch City is known as the "Garden City" because of its many beautiful parks, gardens and tree-lined streets. Christchurch City was named after Christ Church, a college at the University of Oxford and was originally known as Christ Church. Languages: English is the official language of New Zealand and is spoken throughout the country. Many native people speak their own language, Maori, in addition to English. Status: The country once belonged to the British empire. Today it is an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations, an association of Britain and a number of its former colonies. New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. The British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, is the monarch of New Zealand. She appoints a governor general to represent her, but the governor general has little power. The legislation, prime minister, and Cabinet run the national government. Britain gave New Zealand a constitution in 1852, when it was a British colony. But through the years the New Zealand legislature has changed almost all its provisions. Today, the nation has no written constitution. Government: New Zealand is governed under The Consitution Act of 1986, adopted in 1987, as well as other legal documents. The monarch of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, represented by the governor-general, is the head of state. The government is headed by the prime minister, who is appointed by the governor-general following legislative elections. Members of the 120-seat parliament (the House of Representatives) are elected by popular vote for three-year terms. Administratively, the country is divided into 16 regions and one territory (the Chatham Islands). New Zealand is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Population: The first people who settled in New Zealand were a brownskinned people called Maoris. They came from Polynesian islands located northeast of New Zealand. The country was discovered by Europeans in 1642, but they did not start to settle in the islands until the late 1700's. Today, most New Zealanders are descendants of the early European settlers. Maoris make up about 12% of the country's population. The population of New Zealand rose undramatically at first. By the 1990s it was more than 400, 000. The total population of New Zealand in 1907 was still less than 1 million, grew slowly in the 1920s, partly as a result of high wartime casualties, and had risen to 1.7 million by 1945. After that it rose quickly, reaching more than 3 million by 1975. According to New Zealand statistics by June 2012 it reached 4,433,100. Economy: New Zealand has one of the highest standard of living in the world. For many years, the economy of the country depended largely on agriculture. It has traditionally been the mainstay of the economy, although it now employs only 10% of the population, while services and industry make up a much greater percentage of the gross domestic product. Wheat, barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, and vegetables are grown; wool, beef, lamb, mutton, and fish are additional agricultural products. The mining sector produces coal, gold, iron, and natural gas. There is extensive food processing and wood and paper products, textiles, machinery, and transportation equipment are manufactured. Banking, insurance, and tourism are also important. The principal exports are dairy products, meat, wood and wood products, fish, and machinery. Imports include machinery and equipment, vehicles, aircraft, petroleum, electronics, textiles, and plastic. The main trading partners are Australia, the United States, Japan, and China. Currency: The New Zealand dollar. Glossary. to lie — находиться is situated — расположена the North Island — Северный остров the South Island — Южный остров dozen — дюжина glacier- ледник pine- сосна weight - вес harbour - гавань capital — столица ground-breaking - инновационный official language — государственный язык former colonies - бывшие колонии Maori — маорийский язык the Commonwealth of Nations — Содружество the United Kingdom. — Соединенное Королевство to appoint — назначать to adopt - принимать (документ) to vote - голосовать governor general — генерал-губернатор to represent — представлять legislation — законодательная власть prime minister — премьер-министр Cabinet — кабинет to run - управлять government — правительство provision — положение brown-skinned — с коричневой кожей to settle — селиться New Zealander — новозеландец descendant — потомок settler — поселенец to make up — составлять population — население standard of living — уровень жизни agriculture — сельское хозяйство mainstay - основа to depend on - зависеть от wheat - пшеница barley-ячмень pulses - бобы dairy products - молочные продукты manufacturing industry — обрабатывающая промышленность service industry — сфера услуг insurance - страхование trade — торговля Test 1. The capital of New Zealand is a) Auckland b) Wellington c) Queenstown 2. Population of New Zealand is a) about 4.4 mln b) 3 mln c) about 5 mln 3. New Zealand is located in a) the Indian Ocean b) the Pacific Ocean c) the Atlantic Ocean 4. New Zealand is a) Parliamentary republic b) Capitalist democracy c) Constitutional monarchy 5. The first people to live in New Zealand were a) Maoris b) Aboriginal Australians c) Aboriginal Tasmanians 6.The country was discovered by Europeans in a) 15th century b) 16th century c) 17th century 7. The head of state is a) Prime minister b) Queen of the United Kingdom c) Governor-general 8. The official language of New Zealand is a) Maori b) English c) French 9) The country is divided into a)16 regions and one territory b) 13 regions and 3 territories c) 17 regions and one province Практическое занятие № 17 Грамматическая тема:Past Simple, причастия в роли определения Лексическая |