Методическое пособие- Английский 1 курс. Методические рекомендации для студентов по дисциплине Иностранный язык
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Тема: « MY FUTURE PROFESSION». Тематика занятия
I. Вопросы для обсуждения: 1) Образование существительного с помощью суффикса - age. 2) Образование Participle I (Present Participle). 3) Функции Participle I и способы его перевода на русский язык. 4) Способ образования времени Present Continuous. 5) Наречия времени в Present Continuous. 6) Образование отрицательных и вопросительных предложений в Present Continuous. 7) Способ образования времени Past Continuous. 8) Наречия времени в Past Continuous. 9) Способ образования Future Continuous. 10) Наречия времени в Past Continuous. 11) Глаголы, не употребляющиеся во временах группы Continuous. II. Выполнение заданий по теме: Словообразование: суффикс –age. Participle I (Present Participle). Временагруппы Continuous Active. 1.Прочтите и письменно переведите следующие слова. Village, cartilage, haemorrhage, bandage, language, usage, damage 2. Напишите Present Participle от следующих глаголов и переведите их: 1. to perform, to get, to treat, to enter, to die, to study, to read, to sit, to carry, to lie, to take. 3. Письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на Participle I. 1. The examining teacher is in Room 203. 2. The man examining a patient is our doctor. 3. A person taking a sunbath must be very careful. 4. Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text. 5. A teacher seeing a mistake in a student’s dictation always corrects it. 6. The students speaking good English must help their classmates. 4. Перепишите предложения, ставя изменяемую часть сказуемого в соответствующей форме. 1. “What (to be) you doing now?” “I (to be) preparing for my credit test in Physics.” 2. Yesterday from 2 till 6 o’clock we (to be) working at our scientific laboratory. 3. When I was at my sister’s at 4 p.m. yesterday she (to be) learning Latin. 4. Tomorrow at 5 p.m. I (to be) preparing a lecture. 5. Перепишите предложения, ставя глаголы в Present Simple или Present Continuous в зависимости от смысла. 1. I (to do) this practice at the moment. It (to consist) of both Present Simple and Present Continuous tenses. 2. I (to think) about the verbs in this grammar practice right now. I (to think) all of my answers are correct. 6. Перепишите предложения, ставя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Continuous в зависимости от смысла. 1. I (to sit) in class at this exact same time yesterday. 2. My friends (to do) their homework at seven o’clock yesterday. 3. I (to play) the computer games, when they (to come). 4. I (to call) Roger at 9 last night, but he (to be) at the theatre. 7. Напишите следующие предложения в отрицательной форме. 1. They are reading at present. 2. He is preparing English now. 3. They will be carrying out an experiment at 10 o’clock tomorrow. 4. 8. Напишите все виды вопросов к данному предложению. They were taking the examination at ten o’clock yesterday. 9. Письменно переведите следующие предложения на английский язык. 1. Они читают сейчас очень интересную статью. 2. Преподаватель сейчас экзаменует студента. 3. Они сейчас не проводят опыт. 4. Готовит ли он сейчас латынь? 5. “Что ты будешь делать завтра в 3 часа?” - “Учить анатомию”. 6. Вчера в 4 часа я учил химию. 7. Было 11 часов утра, когда я вошел в поликлинику. 8. Когда он пришел, мы обсуждали очень интересные вопросы. III. Лексический минимум по теме « MY FUTURE PROFESSION». on Earth [WT] - на земле century [‘senCqri] - век to try [trQi] - пытаться, пробовать snake - змея to mean (meant [ment], meant) - означать, иметь в виду wisdom [‘wizdqm] - мудрость healing - излечение enough [I’nAf] - достаточный to cure [kjuq]- лечить, вылечивать to do one’s best - делать все возможное to gain one’s confidence [‘kOnfidqns] - завоевать доверие to be associated [q,souSi’eitid] - быть связанным excellent [e’ksilqnt] - отличный motto [‘mOtou] - девиз IV. Базовый текст.
MY FUTURE PROFESSION There are many professions on Earth but profession of a doctor is the most ancient. Many centuries ago people tried to treat different diseases. Every year many young people who really care for medicine enter medical universities and become doctors. Everybody knows the symbol of medicine is the snake giving its poison into the cup. It means wisdom and healing – the aim of medicine. To achieve this aim medical students must study well at the institute. Deep knowledge of medicine will be necessary to them in their future work. They study numerous theoretical and special subjects. They have practical training working as nurses and assistant doctors. This course of studies helps them to gain much knowledge of medicine which will give them the possibility to diagnose different diseases and treat people. But professional knowledge is not enough to become a good doctor. A good doctor must have not only deep knowledge of a particular field of medicine such as surgery or therapy. He must love people and have a kind heart. Medical students must understand well all the difficulties of their future profession. They must remember that often it will be difficult to diagnose a disease but it will be more difficult to cure it. But a good doctor will always do his best to gain the patient’s confidence. The development of medicine is associated with the names of Hippocrates, Avicenna, Asculepiades. Hippocrates lived in Greece B.C. He was an excellent practitioner and a teacher of medicine. He knew how to use many medicines and remedies and was a good surgeon. Hippocrates wrote more than 100 books known as Hippocratic Collection. This Collection begins with the famous oath “I shall enter any house for the good of the patient. I shall not do my patient any harm.” All medical students must know Hippocratic Oath. It must become the motto of their life. Вопросы для обсуждения. 1. What is the most ancient profession on Earth and why? 2. What do young people who really care for medicine do? 3. What is the symbol of medicine? 4. What does it mean? 5. What do medical students do during the course of studies? 6. What possibility does this course of studies give them? 7. What must medical students understand well? 8. What must good doctors do to gain the patient’s confidence. 9. What is the development of medicine associated with? 10. What do you know about Hippocrates? ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
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Практическоезанятие № 10 Participle II. Passive Voice. Тема: «THE SKELETON» Тематика занятия
I. Вопросы для обсуждения: 1) Отрицательные префиксы in, im, il, ir, un. 2) Образование Participle II (Past Participle). 3) Функции Participle II и способы его перевода на русский язык. 4) Употребление страдательного залога (Passive Voice). 5) Формула образования Simple Passive. 6) Изменяемая и неизменяемая часть формулы. 7) Перевод предложений в Simple Passive на русский язык. II. Выполнение заданий по теме: Словообразование: префиксы in, im, il, ir, un. Participle II. Passive Voice. 1.Прочтите и письменно переведите следующие слова. Impossible, indefinite, irregular, undone, unhappy, illegal, unwritten, ineffective 2. Выпишите из словаря инфинитивы от следующих причастий и письменно переведите их на русский язык. Formed, located, published, called, connected, found, made, said, seen, chosen, taken, kept, spent. 3. Напишите три формы неправильных глаголов. Leave, be, begin, come, do, give, go, get, have, hear, know, make, meet, read, see, take, teach, tell, think, write, become, lose, feel, lie, hold, mean. 4. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующие предложения. 1. These operations are performed by me. 2. Anatomy is taught in practical class. 3. The lecture in Biology is delivered on Monday. 5. Найдите предложения, которые стоят в страдательном залоге, и устно переведите их на русский язык. 1. This textbook is experimental. 2. Many experiments are carried out by students. 3. He is happy because he studies at the Medical University. 4. Interesting lectures are delivered by Prof. Lukin. 5. Physiology is taught at the Medical University. 6. Запишите данные предложения, поставив глаголы в Present Simple Passive. 1. Several cervical vertebrae compose the cervical part of the spine. 2. Cranial and facial bones form the skull. 3. The pelvis connects the lower extremity with the trunk. 7. Письменно переведите предложения на английский язык. 1. Нам дают книги. 2. Мне часто задают много вопросов. 3. Операции производятся хирургом. 4. Учебники пишутся для студентов. 5. Нас часто видят в библиотеке. 6. Курсовые собрания обычно проводятся в конце семестра. III. Лексический минимум по теме « THESKELETON ». cranial [ ‘kreiniэl] - черепной facial [ ‘fei∫эl] - лицевой spinal column [ ‘spainэl ‘kolom ] - позвоночный столб cervical [ ‘sэ: vikэl ] - шейный thoracic [ θo:’ ræ sik] - грудной lumbar [ l^mbэ] - поясничный sacral [ ‘seikrэl] - крестцовый vertebra [ ‘vэ: tibrэ] - позвонок (pl. (ae) [ i:]) coccyx [ ‘koksiks] - копчик arch [ art∫ ] - дуга thorax [‘θo:ræks] - грудная клетка basic [ ‘ beisik] - основной cartilage [ ‘kα:tilidj] - хрящ pelvis [ ‘pelvis] - таз ligament [ ‘ligэ mэnt] - связка substance [ ‘s ^bstэns] – вещество, субстанция bone [ ‘boun] - кость (pl. bones) skull [ ‘s k^l] – череп, черепная коробка consist (of) [kэn’sist] – состоять из part [ ‘pα: t] - часть; take part in smth. –принимать участие в чем-либо trunk [ tr^ηk] - туловище spine [ spain] - позвоночник chest [ t∫est] - грудная клетка rib [ rib] - ребро breastbone [ ‘brestboun] - грудина side [ said ] – сторона, бок; in the side – в боку; on each side – с каждой стороны compose of [ kэm’pouz] - составлять ; be composed of – состоять из connect [ kэ’nekt] – соединять, связывать free [ fri:] - свободный; бесплатный neck [ nek] – шея, шейка lower extremity [ ‘louэ(r)iks’tremiti] – нижняя конечность upper extremity [ ‘^pэ(r)iks’tremiti] – верхняя конечность thigh [θai] – бедро, бедренная кость forearm [‘fo:ra:m] - предплечье shoulder [‘∫ouldэ] – плечо, плечевой сустав joint [‘dgoint] – сустав; совместный, объединенный IV. Базовый текст.
THE SKELETON. The skeleton is composed of bones. In the adult the skeleton has over 200 bones. The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts. ¹ There are 26 bones in the skull. The bones of the trunk are the spinal column or the spine and the chest (ribs and the breastbone). The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx. The vertebra is a small bone, which is formed by the body and the arches. ² All the vertebrae compose the spinal column or the spine. There are 32 or 34 vertebrae in the spine of the adult. In the spinal column there are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumber, five sacral vertebrae and from one to five vertebrae which form the coccyx. The cervical part of the spine is formed by seven cervical vertebrae. Twelve thoracic vertebrae have large bodies. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. They have oval bodies. The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs. The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest. It is composed of three main parts. The basic part of the chest is formed by the ribs. On each side of the chest seven ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages. The cartilages of three other ribs are connected with each other and with the seventh rib. But the cartilages of these ribs are not connected with the breastbone. The eleventh and the twelfth ribs are not connected with the breastbone either. They are not connected with other ribs, they are free. Each rib is composed of a head, neck and body. The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg and foot. It is connected with the trunk by the pelvis. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and hand. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle. The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substance. Notes:
2. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями. 1. Cranial and facial bones compose the skull. 2. In the adult the skeleton has about 200 bones. 3. There are twenty six bones in the skull. 4. The chest consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx. 5. All the vertebrae compose the spinal column or the spine. 6. In the spinal column there are seventeen cervical vertebrae, twenty thoracic vertebrae, five lumber, three sacral vertebrae and from one to five vertebrae which form the coccyx. 7. Twelve thoracic vertebrae have small bodies. 8. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. 9. The thorax is composed of twenty thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and twenty pairs of ribs. 10. The breastbone is a short bone in the middle of the chest. 11. The basic part of the chest is formed by the ribs. 12. On each side of the chest seven ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages. 13. The cartilages of three other ribs are connected with each other and with the breastbone. 14. The eleventh and the twelfth ribs are not connected with other ribs, they are free. 15. A rib is composed of a head, neck and body. 16. The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg and foot. 17. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and hand. 18. Some bones of the skeleton are connected by the joints. ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
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Практическое занятие № 11 PassiveVoice. Тема: «MUSCLES» Тематика занятия
I. Вопросы для обсуждения: 1) Образование прилагательного с помощью суффикса - ive. 2) Употребление предлогов местонахождения at, in, on. 3) Употребление страдательного залога (Passive Voice). 4) Образование отрицательных предложений в Passive Voice. 5) Образование вопросительных предложений в Passive Voice. II. Выполнение заданий по теме: Словообразование: суффикс -ive. Предлоги местонахождения at, in, on. Passive Voice. 1.Прочтите и письменно переведите следующие слова. Attentive, constructive, collective, active, illustrative, relative, effective, decisive, protective 2. Перепишите предложения, заполнив пропуски предлогами at, in, on. 1. I opened the door and went … the dissecting room. 2 The third – year students had practice … the therapeutic department last month. 3. The students were writing these words … their exercise books. 4. There were some books on therapy … the professor’s table. 5. The student went up to the blackboard, took the chalk and began writing … the blackboard. 3. Перепишите предложения, раскрывая скобки и употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple Passive.
4. Сделайте высказывания отрицательными и запишите их. 1. The lectures in Physiology are attended by all the students. 2. The book on chemistry will be brought tomorrow. 3. She will be introduced to his friend. 4. He is often spoken about. 5. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной (общие вопросы) форме.
6. Запишите следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
7. Письменно переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
III. Лексический минимум по теме «MUSCLES». universal [,ju:ni’vэ:sэl]-универсальный, общий fiber[‘faibэ]-волокно cell[sel]-клетка agent [‘eidjэnt]-агент; фактор; возбудитель muscle [‘m^sl] - мышца; radiated muscle -веерообразная мышца establish [is’tæbli∫]-устанавливать introduce [,intrэ’djus] -вводить change [t∫eindj] -изменять(ся),менять(ся); изменение weight [weit]-вес divide [di’vaid]-делить, разделять wide [waid]-широкий direction [di’rek∫n]-направление; указание (на выполнение чего-л.) tissue [‘tisju:]-ткань ; connective tissue-соединительная ткань vessel [‘vesl]- сосуд blood [bl^d]-кровь find [faind] (found, found)-находить; find out-обнаруживать determine [di’tэ:min]-определить, определять; устанавливать contraction [kэn’træk∫n]- сокращение IV. Базовый текст.
THE LECTURE ON MUSCLES. Yesterday the students of our group came to the University to listen to a lecture on muscles. The lecture was attended by all of us. The lecture was delivered by Prof. Smirnov. To listen to it was very interesting. Prof. Smirnov was the first to tell us about the anatomical terms. The names of all the muscles in the body and all other anatomical terms were established at three Congresses in Basel [‘ba:zэl], Jena [‘jeina:] and Paris. In 1895 the Basel Nomina Anatomica ¹ was introduced; in 1935 it was greatly changed at the Congress of Anatomists in Jena. But the anatomical terms which were established at that Congress were not used in the USSR. In 1955 the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists in Paris established new universal anatomical terms, the so-called Paris Nomina Anatomica. In his lecture Prof. Smirnov said that the body was composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. The students learned that in the adult about 35%- 40% (per cent) of the body weight was formed by the muscles. According to the basic parts of the skeleton all the muscles were divided into the muscles of the trunk, head, and extremities. When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the form of the muscles he said that all the muscles were divided into three basic groups: long, short and wide muscles; the free extremities were formed by the long muscles; wide muscles lay on the trunk; the walls of the body cavities were formed by wide muscles. Some muscles were called according to the structure of their fibers, for example radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example extensors (разгибающие мышцы) or according to their direction, for example oblique (косая). When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the structure of the muscles he said that the muscles were formed by a mass of muscle cell, the muscular fiber were connected together by connective tissue, the blood vessels and the nerves were in the muscles. Great research work was carried out by many scientists to determine the functions of the muscles. Three basic methods of study were used: experimental work on animals, the study of the muscles on a living human body and on the corpse. Their work helped to establish that the muscles were the active agents of motion (движение) and contraction. Notes: The Basel Nomina Anatomica – Базельская анатомическая терминология 2. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями. 1. The students of our group attended the lecture on muscles some weeks ago. 2. The names of all the muscles in the body were established at three Congresses in Europe. 3. The anatomical terms which were established at the Congress of Anatomists in Jena were not used in the USSR. 4. The new universal anatomical terms which are now used all over the world were established at the Congress of Anatomists in Basel in 1955. 5. Prof. Smirnov said that the body was composed of about seven hundred skeletal muscles. 6. All the muscles were divided into three basic groups: long, short and wide muscles. 7. Some muscles were called according to the structure of their fibers, others according to their uses or according to their direction. 8. The muscular fibers which are connected together by connective tissue and a mass of muscle cells compose the muscle. 9. Great research work was carried out by many scientists to determine the structure of the muscles. 10. The muscles were the active agents of contraction and motion. ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
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Практическое занятие № 12. One – ones, that – those как заменители существительных. Местоимение it в функции подлежащего. |