Методические указания для студентов первого курса всех технических специальностей новосибирск 2008 ббк 81. 432. 1923 а 647
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Министерство образования и науки Российской ФедерацииНОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ 81.2Англ № 3458 А 647АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫКБАЗОВЫЙ КУРСBeginnerS (A1)часть 1Методические указания для студентов первого курсавсех технических специальностейновосибирск2008ББК 81.432.1-923 А 647 Составители: ст. препод. О.С. Атаманова, В.Д. Терентьева, препод. О.В. Иванова, А.А. Ни, Е.В. Каминская, Ю.С. Кудинова, В.В. Курникова Рецензент канд. пед. наук, доц. Т.П. Маковская Работа выполнена на кафедре иностранных языков ТФ НГТУ Настоящие методические указания предназначены для студентов I курса всех технических специальностей НГТУ, изучающих английский язык (уровень владения языком А1 – Beginners). Цель пособия – формирование навыков устной монологической и диалогической речи в сфере бытовой и профессиональной коммуникации в рамках изучаемых тем. Методические указания включают в себя три модуля: «Высшее образование в России и за рубежом», «Жизнь в большом городе и экологические проблемы», «Наука, техника и выдающиеся ученые». Каждый модуль содержит обширный лексико-грамматический материал, представленный упражнениями на развитие всех видов речевой деятельности – чтения, письма, аудирования и говорения. Предлагаемые виды упражнений могут выполняться в парах, группах или индивидуально в зависимости от целей, поставленных преподавателем. Каждый модуль сопровождается приложениями, которые включают в себя дополнительные тексты, предназначенные как для самостоятельной, так и для аудиторной работы студентов. © Новосибирский государственный технический университет, 2008 ContentsI. Introductory Phonetic Course 4 Unit 1. Основные правила чтения букв и буквосочетаний 4 Unit 2. Ударение и интонация, основные модели предложений 8 Appendix 1. Tapescripts 11 II. Module I. Higher Education in Russia and Abroad 12
III. Module II. Problems of Big Cities 48
IV. Module III. Science, Technology and Outstanding People in the Field 84
V. References 104 Introductory Phonetic Course Unit 1 Основные правила чтения букв и буквосочетаний1. Прослушайте кассету и повторите название букв английского алфавита (Tapescript 1, Appendix 1).
2. Ознакомьтесь с правилами чтения гласных букв. Таблица 1
2.1. Прочитайте следующие слова, используя правила таблицы 1.
2.2. Прочитайте следующие слова, используя правила таблицы 1. date, June, me, nice, bon, plus, hike, dust, sun, drill, got, ban, tone, state, stone, Peter, lute, sat, rod, ode, egg, name, bus, fed, July, amuse, lot, fat, fame, fuse, rob, hat, fit, prune, sky, by, made, mad, vane, van, dim, fun, duty, lune, Tom, abuse, note, hot, fuss, hose, rune, on, hone, met, jute, be, venous, go, tune, run, pet, skip, odd, bite, fume, cedar, nylon, system, mole, mule, gym, flute, not, type, sin, dry, hit, fry, dime, dyke, myth, mat, mate, cedar, rule 2.3. Ознакомьтесь с основными правилами чтения следующих буквосочетаний. Таблица 2
2.4. Прочитайте следующие слова, используя правила таблицы 2.
2.5. Прочитайте следующие слова, используя правила таблицы 2. far, form, too, star, hay, pork, stir, boot, pool, turn, shirt, moon, bean, day, adorn, her, feed, morn, smart, heel, took, look, may, meat, dart, dorm, were, surname, purr, nook, serpent, lay, seen, bay, meet, ray, mean, start, way, mood, nurse, deed, green, cook, torn, stay, meal, dirty, fir, farm, shirt, day, room, lark, fern, fork, car, play, sharp, per, neat, wool, born, hurt 2.6. Прочитайте следующие слова, используя правила таблиц 1 и 2. date, stay, me, meal, nice, shirt, moon, plus, hike, dust, sun, day, room, lark, drill, got, ban, tone, state, stone, bay, meet, Peter, sat, rod, ode, egg, wool, name, may, meat, bus, fed, neat, pork, amuse, lot, sky, fat, fame, fuse, rob, hat, fit, sky, ray, mood, by, day, adorn, made, mad, vane, seen, van, dim, fun, duty, Tom, sharp, abuse, note, cook, torn, hot, form, fuss, hose, on, hone, meet, met, mean, heel, dart, nurse, be, venous, go, tune, per, run, floor, pet, nook, skip, odd, bite, fume, cedar, nylon, system, mole, far, too, pool, turn, surname, purr, deed, green, mule, boot, stir, born, star, hay, gym, morn, took, lay, look, smart, not, type, bean, sin, dry, hit, fry, dime, dyke, fork, myth, mat, mate, were, skip, start, way, her, serpent, feed, dorm, dirty, farm, hurt 3. Ознакомьтесь с основными правилами чтения согласных букв и их сочетаний. Таблица 3
3.1. Прочитайте следующие слова, используя правила таблицы 3.
3.2. Прочитайте следующие слова, используя правила таблицы 3. Neck, debt, doubt, stack, debtor, watch, bench, match, champ, much, cash, shame, Cinderella, back, cynic, custom, the, know, making, scratch, cent, cat, tick, chemistry, cane, that, what, knapsack, phantom, path, architecture, cinnamon, why, school, wheat, breathe, girl, character, whose, technology, cedar, phonology, whale, kitchen, anarchy, knap, knot, kneel, cot, thinking, carry, knit, curriculum, knight, gipsy, knee, thing, can, shoot, this, drinking, shop, shave, Cuba, gym, sheet, three, those, thane, bathe, bath, show, where, cut, these, when, game, whole, gum, giraffe, gun, giggle, breath, go Unit 2 Ударение и интонация, основные модели предложений 1.1. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слова, обращая внимание на ударение.
1.2. Прочитайте следующие предложения, обращая внимание на интонацию. Сделайте эти предложения отрицательными и прочитайте их. Сделайте эти предложения вопросительными и прочитайте их. 1. 'This is his ۱pen. 2. 'This is her ۱book. 3. 'These are their ۱books. 4. 'This is their ۱flat.5. 'These are my ۱books.6. 'This is our ۱book. 7. 'These are our ۱bags. 8. 'This is my ۱cooker. 9. 'This is your۱pencil. 1.3. Составьте общие вопросы и ответьте на них по нижеследующему образцу. Употребите слова, данные ниже. – 'Are those ('blue) ﺭcups? – 'Yes, they ۱are. ('No, they ۱aren't.) a fork, a glass, a large classroom, a lamp, a red hat, a hard day, a green wall, a white shelf, a large factory, a silver spoon, a big dog, a nice day, a sharp knife 1.4. Скажите, что говорящий ошибается. – These 'coats are ۱pink. (black) – Oh, 'no. They aren't ۱pink. They are ۱black. 1. These hats are green (black). 2. Those textbooks are new (old). 3. These notebooks are thick (thin). 4. Those matches are bad (good). 5. Those shelves are white (green). 6. These maps are old (new). 7. Those children are bad (nice). 8. Those plates are green (grey). 9. Those blackboards are yellow (brown). 1.5. Составьте вопросы по следующему образцу, используя данные ниже слова. – 'What are ۱these? 'These ('they) are ۱pencils. – 'What are ۱those? 'Those ('they) are ۱pencils too. cups, plates, knives, forks, pictures, desks, spoons, shelves, matches 1.6. Прослушайте и повторите предложения, записанные на кассете (Tapescript 2, Appendix 1). 'What's his ۱job? 'He's a ۱teacher. 'What's her ۱job? 'She's a ۱doctor. 1.7. Опишите иллюстрации, используя слова в рамочке по образцу из упражнения 1.6. a police officer a nurse a student a teacher a shop assistant a taxi driver a businessman a doctor  1.8. Прослушайте и повторите предложения, записанные на кассете (Tapescript 3, Appendix 1). He 'isn't a ۱student. 'He's a ۱teacher. She 'isn't a ۱nurse. 'She's a ۱doctor. 1.9. Используя иллюстрации из упр. 1.7., составьте отрицательные предложения. 1.10. Прослушайте кассету и повторите следующие предложения (Tapescript 4, Appendix 1).
1.11. Прослушайте кассету и повторите предложения, обращая внимание на интонацию (Tapescript 5, Appendix 1). 1.12. Вставьте пропущенные слова по памяти.
1.13. Ответьте на вопросы.
1.14. Прослушайте кассету и вставьте пропущенные слова по памяти (Tapescript 6, Appendix 1). A: Is your name Jeff? J: Yes, it is. A: ………….. …………. from England, Jeff? J: No. I’m not from England. I 'm from Houston, Texas. A: …… ….. a police officer? J: Yes, I am. A: …….. ………. 23? J: No, I am 25. A: ………. ………… married? J: Yes, …… ……. 1.15. Составьте диалоги, используя образец из упражнения 1.14. Appendix 1 Tapescripts Tapescript 1
Tapescript 2 What's his job? 'He's a teacher. What's her job? She's a doctor. Tapescript 3 He isn't a student. He's a teacher. She isn't a nurse. She's a doctor. Tapescript 4
Tapescript 5
Tapescript 6 A: Is your name Jeff? J: Yes, it is. A: Are you from England, Jeff? J: No, I’m not from England. I 'm from Houston, Texas. A: Are you a police officer? J: Yes, I am. A: Are you 23? J: No, I am 25. A: Are you married? J: Yes, I am. Module I Higher Education in Russia and Abroad Unit I Personal Information 1.1. Прочитайте и изучите слова и словосочетания. introduce oneself представлять(ся) Let me introduce myself. be born in родиться I was born in 1988. members/persons/people of a family члены семьи be a friendly family. быть дружной семьёй All the members of our family are very friendly. elder brother/sister старший брат/сестра younger brother/sister младший брат/сестра My elder brother studies at university and my younger sister goes to kindergarten. like= enjoy(v) нравиться, любить что-то He likes speaking English. He enjoys playing chess. do well in преуспевать в чём-либо, хорошо учиться My sister does well in Literature. favourite subject любимый предмет Their favourite subject is Physics. spend free time проводить свободное время Our family spends free time together. meet with friends встречаться с друзьями Usually I meet with my friends on Sundays. work in/at работать где-то My uncle works at the factory. work as a... работать кем-то Her mother works as a teacher. finish school =leave school закончить школу A lot of pupils finish school every year in our country. graduate from закончить (к-либо высшее учебное заведение) Last year my brother graduated from the university. 1.2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. 1. What is your name (first name, second name, full name)? 2. When were you born? 3. Where are you from? 4. Where do you live? 5. How many people are there in your family? 6. Do you have any brothers or sisters? 7. What are your father and mother? 8. Do you live in a house or a flat? 9. What school did you finish? 10. What was your favourite subject at school? 11. What books do you like to read? 12. What music do you like to listen to? 13. What things don’t you like? 14. Do you go in for sports? 1.3. Заполните пропуски глаголом to be в соответствующей форме: а) Present Simple - am, is, are b) Past Simple - was, were c) Future Simple - shall be, will be a) 1. My name ___ Shirley Frank. 2. My phone number ___ 718-1930. 3. I ___ from New York. 4. My brother ___ a worker. 5. They ___ at home. b) 1. My father ___ a teacher. 2. He ___ a pupil twenty years ago. 3. Last month they ___ in the Hermitage. 4. I ___ ill last week. 5. Yesterday we ___ at the theatre. c) 1. I ___ a doctor, when I grow up. 2. She ___ at school tomorrow. 3. When I come home tomorrow, all my family ___ at home. 4. My sister ___ not ___ at the university tomorrow. 5. They ___ in the Russian Museum next week. 1.4. Прочитайте вопросительные предложения с глаголом to be. Укажите время глагола to be. 1. What is your telephone number? 2. Where were you born? 3. Is your brother/sister at school now? 4. Are there any students in the classroom? 5. Was your sister at school last week? 6. Where were you yesterday? 7. Who from your group was at university yesterday? 8. Will he be at home tomorrow? 9. Where will you be next Sunday? 1.5. Вставьте глагол to be в Present Simple, Past Simple или Future Simple.
*Family s. ------------------ is; e.g. My family is large pl.------------------ are; e.g. Our family are at the table now. А так же: group, team, company, government etc. 1.6. Прочитайте и поймите основное содержание текста. Text I About myself Hello, friends. Let me introduce myself. My name is Tanya Bobrova. I am 17. I was born on the 2nd of October, 1990, in Novosibirsk. Now some words about my family. My family is not very large. There are five people in my family. I live with my parents, my younger sister and my grandmother. My father’s name is Vladimir Ivanovich. He is 40 and he is a doctor. He works at the hospital. My mother’s name is Olga Petrovna. She is 35 years old. She is a housewife. My younger sister Natasha is a pupil. She is in the fifth form. My grandmother lives with us. She doesn’t work. She is a pensioner. Our family is friendly and we have many friends. We live in a big flat. There are 5 rooms in our flat: a living room, a study, 3 bedrooms. There is also a bathroom and a kitchen there. Last year I finished school № 5. I did well in all the subjects, but my favourite subjects at school were Physics and Mathematics. I also enjoyed English lessons. Now I am a first-year student at NSTU. In five years I’ll be an engineer. I like reading detective stories, listening to music, watching TV. Also I like meeting with my friends. We spend much time together. We go for a walk or to a disco party and discuss our problems. 1.7. Прочитайте предложения и скажите, соответствуют ли они тексту (true V) или не соответствуют (false X ). Подтвердите ваш ответ текстом. Отвечая, используйте следующие образцы: Yes, it’s true. or No, it’s not true. X a) Tanya Bobrova is 20 years old. No, it’s not true. She is 17. b) She lives in Sochi. c) There are five people in her family. d) Her father is an engineer. e) She lives with her parents. f) Her sister’s name is Olga. g) She likes English lessons. h) Her grandmother lives in the village. i) The family lives in the cottage. j) Tanya doesn’t like to listen to music. 1.8. Подберите к слову из колонки А слово из колонки В в соответствии с содержанием текста. A B 1  . grandmother a. an engineer2. sister b. a housewife 3. Tanya c. a doctor 4. father d. a pensioner 5. mother e. a student 1.8.1. Составьте предложения со словосочетаниями из упражнения 1.8. 1.8.2. Составьте 5 вопросов к тексту с глаголом to be. 1.9. Заполните пропуски, используя глаголы из рамки (Present Simple).
1.9.1. Напишите предложения из упражнения 1.9 в отрицательной форме. 1.9.2. Напишите предложения из упражнения 1.9 в вопросительной форме. 1.10. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Past Simple. 1. Yesterday I (get) up at 9 o’clock. 2. I (have) breakfast with my family. 3. Then my brother (come) to see me. 4. We (listen) to music together. 5. At 3 o’clock we (go) to the cinema. 6. The film (be) very interesting. 7. We (like) it very much. 8. Then we (play) football. 9. I (sleep) well last night. 1.10.1. Напишите предложения из упражнения 1.10 в отрицательной форме. 1.10.2. Напишите предложения из упражнения 1.10 в вопросительной форме. 1.11. Закончите предложения из колонки А, выбрав правильный вариант из колонки В по образцу. A B 1  . I was born in a. my parents and grandmother.2. I finished school b. at university is Physics. 3. At present I c. when I was 16. 4. I did well in d. Novosibirsk in 1988. 5. My favourite subject e. Mathematics at school. 6. I live with f. study at the university. 1.12. Составьте рассказ о себе, заполнив пропуски. Расскажите о себе. My name is... . I am... years old. I was born on... in... . We have... people in our family. I live with... . My father’s name is... . He is... years old. He is a... and he works... . My mother’s name is... . She is... years old. She is a... . I have a (younger/elder sister/brother) He/she is a... . We live in a... . There are... rooms in our flat:...,...,..., and a... . I finished school number... . My favourite subjects at school were...,..., and.... I like reading... . I like listening to... . I like to watch... . My favourite programmes are... . I don’t like going to the night clubs. I enjoy travelling. Now I am a student of... .We have many subjects at... . My favourite subjects are... . 1.13. Прочитайте диалоги по ролям. 1. A: – Hello! My name is Alex. What is your name? B: – Hi! My name is Olga. Nice to meet you! A: – Nice to meet you too. Where are you from? B: – I’m from Irkutsk. But now I am a student and going to live in Novosibirsk with my grandparents. B: – As for me, I live with my family all my life in Novosibirsk. A: – And how old are you? B: – I’m 17. This year I’m also going to study at university. A: – What university? B: – NSTU. A: – Really?! And what faculty do you study at? B: – Power Engineering. A: – That’s great! The same university and the same faculty that I am at. B: – So, I hope we’ll be group-mates*. 2. A: – Hello! My name is Helen. What is your name? B: – Hi! My name is Sveta. A: – Where are you from, Sveta? B: – I’m from Moscow. I’ve come to visit my relatives. A: – What do you like to do? What is your hobby? B: – Most of all I like to read different books. A: – So do I. What books do you like to read? B: – I like detective stories. My favourite author is Agatha Christy. A: – As for me, I like to read novels. Would you like to go to the café just now? B: – Why not? Let’s go. *group mates – одногруппники 1.14. Вставьте недостающие фразы и прочитайте диалоги по ролям. 1. – ………………..? – My name is John. – ………………..? – I am 17 years old. – ………………..? – I live with my parents. – ………………..? – I like to listen to music when I have free time. – ………………..? – Most of all I like pop music. – ………………..? – Yes, I want to go to the disco now. Let’s go. 2. – Well, you are our new group mate. What is your name? – ……………. – My name is Victor. Nice to meet you. – …………… too. – And where are you from? – ……………. – Is it far from here? – ……………. – Do you study at school? – …………… in June. – Did you enter the university in August? – Yes, ………….. – As for me, I’m a second-year student. Will you go with me? I can show you our university. – …………….. 1.15. Составьте подобные диалоги на следующие ситуации: a) вы спрашиваете об увлечениях и интересах своего нового друга; b) вы поступили в институт и знакомитесь с одним из ваших одногруппников, распросите его о школе и любимых занятиях; c) ваша подруга знакомит вас со своей сестрой, распросите откуда она и о её семье. 1.16. Напишите мини-рассказ о своём друге, используя модель упражнения 1.12. ( 80-100 слов). Unit 2 Higher Education in Russia 2.1. Прочитайте и изучите слова и словосочетания. play an important part/role играть важную роль Higher education plays an important part in the development of any country. enter a university поступать в университет Last year we entered the university. take an exam сдавать экзамен At the university all students take exams. pass an exam сдать экзамен I passed my final exams well. fail an exam провалить экзамен Nobody wants to fail exams. graduate from university закончить университет My friend graduated from the university last year. graduate (n) выпускник University graduates receive their degrees. continue education продолжить образование As a rule, all school leavers continue their education. an academic year учебный год At the end of an academic year we take exams. get knowledge получать знания I study at the university in order to get knowledge. basic (adj) базовый, основной basis (n) основа I study on a full-time basis. fundamental/basic subject базовый предмет Mathematics and Physics are fundamental subjects at our Faculty. get a degree получать степень Our first degree is a Bachelor of Science. get a grant получать стипендию Every month students get grants. award a degree= give a degree присуждать степень = давать степень The special committee awards degrees. study=to learn (v) изучать, учить We study English to know Russian better. teach(v) ( give knowledge) обучать Students study at the university. Students learn their lessons. Tutors teach students. live in a hostel жить в общежитии Students from other cities may live in a university hostel. 2.2. Прочитайте предложения и закончите их, выбрав один из данных вариантов.
2.The academic year usually lasts … a) 6 months. b) 12 months. c) 9 months. 3. Students usually get … a) grants. b) salary(money you get once a month for the work). c) presents. 4. Universities have their own (собственные) … a) hostels. b) cottages. c) flats. 2.3. Прочитайте и поймите основное содержание текста. Higher Education in Russia Higher education plays an important role in the development of any country. It provides the country with highly-qualified specialists. It trains people to become teachers, engineers, doctors and other professional workers. Today higher educational institutions of Russia include over 700 universities, academies, colleges and other educational institutions. University gives training on a full-time and part-time basis. Tuition is free only for Russian citizens who successfully pass entrance examinations. The academic year usually lasts 9 months and has 2 terms or semesters. Students take exams at the end of each semester. If the results of the examinations are good students get state grants. Twice a year students have vacations – two weeks (a fortnight) in winter and two months in summer. The first- and second-year students get knowledge in fundamental sciences such as mathematics, physics, chemistry and humanities, for example, foreign languages, history, philosophy and others. At the third year students get more advanced knowledge and begin to concentrate on their special interests, that is, their major subjects. After four years of study students get a Bachelor’s degree. Then students can continue their studies and in a year or two of further study they get a Master’s degree. After graduating from University they may go on with their study and research and get a higher degree. Universities have their own students hostels and some of them have large and excellent sport centres. 2.4. Подберите каждому русскому слову соответствующий английский эквивалент по образцу: 1-a. 1. более высокого уровня a) advanced b) excellent c) fundamental d) highly-qualified 2. включать a) to evolve b) to include c) to obtain d) to receive 3. обучение a) education b) training c) tuition d) studies 4. длиться a) to last b) to become c) to go d) to pass 5. успешный a) excellent b) highly-qualified d) good d) successful 6. предлагать a) to provide b) to offer c) to train d) to get 2.5. Подберите слова или словосочетания из двух колонок так, чтобы получить пары антонимов. А В 1  . to enter University a. to fail an exam2. part-time b. special 3. to receive c. final exams 4. to pass an exam d. to graduate from University 5. general e. to give 6. entrance exams f. full-time 2.6. Подберите слова из двух колонок так, чтобы получить пары синонимов. A B 1  . role a. to go on2. specialists b. semesters 3. training c. vacations 4. to continue d. part 5. to get e. experts 6. holidays f. tuition 7. terms g. to receive 2.7. Замените подчёркнутые слова синонимами из упражнения 2.6.
2.8. Составьте словосочетания, используя слова из колонок А, В. А В 1) to get a) training 2) to enter b) a part 3) to pass c) the requirements 4) to offer d) a degree 5) to play e) an exam 6) to meet f) a university 2.9. Прочитайте предложения и скажите, соответствуют ли они содержанию текста (true V ) или не соответствуют (false X ). Подтвердите ваш ответ примером из текста. Отвечая, используйте следующие образцы: Yes, it is true. No, it is not true.
6. Students may get physical training in the sport centres. 7. Students do not have vacations during the academic year. 2.10. Заполните пропуски словами из текста, подходящими по смыслу. 1. Higher education provides the country with _____ specialists. 2. The _____ year usually lasts 9 months. 3. At the first and second year of study students get ______ knowledge. 4. After four years of study students get a ______ degree. 5. If students pass their exams well they get state _____. 6. Students live in _____. 2.11. Сопоставите вопросы из колонки А с ответами из колонки В. А В 1. How long is a. They get special an academic year? knowledge. 2. What subjects do students study b. Universities provide students during the first year at the University? with living accommodation. 3. What do students get c. The academic year usually lasts at the third year of study? 9 months. 4  . When do students get d. Students learn fundamentala Bachelor’s degree? sciences. 5. When do students have e. They get it after four years of vacations? study. 6. What do universities f. They have two weeks in winter provide students with? and two months in summer. 2.12. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в соответствующее время (Present, Past, Future Simple). 1. Universities usually.....(provide) students with living accommodation. 2. My brother..... (graduate) from University last year. 3. All the students of our group..... (get) state grants. 4. He..... (take) exams twice( =two times ) a year. 5. Next year I..... (enter) University. 6. Higher education..... (play) a very important role for me. 2.13. Вставьте предлоги, где необходимо. My sister studies... NSTU. She entered... the University two years ago. She studies... a full-time basis. At the end of each semester she takes... her exams. My sister is a good student and she didn’t fail... her examinations and now she gets a state grant once...a month. She wants to graduate... the University successfully and become a good specialist. 2.14. Выберите глагол и поставьте его в соответствующее время. pass do get take teach study learn fail A maths teacher..... maths.Her students..... maths. After school students..... homework. At primary school children..... to read and write. At university students..... exams at the end of each semester. All students hope to..... exams. Nobody wants to..... their exams. If they pass their final exams at university, they..... a degree. 2.15. Прочитайте текст 2.3. ещё раз и цифрами укажите последовательность названий частей текста.
2.16. Расскажите об обучении в России, используя план упражне- ния 2.15. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||