Н. Г. Веселовская английский язык для специальностей землеустройство Иземельный кадастр
 Скачать 2.15 Mb.
|
|
Прочитайте текст 4C и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем: Text 4С Core of Land Use Planning The core element in land use planning is the dialogue amongst all participants to reach decisions based on consensus. A major task of land use planning is to accompany and motivate the participants and those affected in order to attain a conciliation of interests concerning land resources, types and extent of land use. The land use planning process covers all steps extending from the collection of data and information through its processing, analysis, discussion and evaluation right up to the negotiation for a consensus concerning the form of land use to be practiced. This includes the prerequisites for preparing, initiating and implementing the plan. Land use planning is first and foremost a process of clarification and understanding between people who together wish to change something and prepare future actions systematically. In the process, the elements of a plan are worked out cooperatively. The core part of a planning process is therefore a commonly desired objective to be achieved by implementing the plan. Time planning is linked to the physical/geographic/ecological planning of areas, and the two are mutually dependent. Land use is considered to be sustainable when it is both socially and environmentally compatible desired by the society, technically viable and when it makes economic sense. This means social justice, long- term sustainability of natural resources, acceptance and social compatibility, economic efficiency, viability. Land use planning creates the prerequisites required to achieve a type of land use, which is sustainable, environmentally compatible, socially desirable and economically sound.
Text 4D Matching Land Use Requirements with Land QualitiesA kind of land use should be described in terms of its products and management practices. The description must be sufficiently detailed to assess its land use requirements and to plan the necessary inputs. It must include the description of conditions which are potential constraints for production. The physical requirements of a specific land use type are water, nutrients, temperature regime, salt tolerance. Based on the identification of limiting values which are critical for yield levels, we divide yield levels into classes according to growth requirements and potential changes in external inputs in the land use system. Land use requirements should be identified according to the following criteria:
To meet land suitability a land use planner is to be able to separate suitable land from unsuitable according to sustainability and profitability. Trials and experience of land users must be used choosing the plot of land. Land suitability classes reflect degrees of suitability. Lands are subdivided into classes according to their degree of suitability and magnitude of changes required to achieve a satisfying level of productivity. Land suitability subclasses reflect kinds of limitations, or main kind of improvement measures required within classes. A land use planner is to identify limitations which may be reduced by specific improvements. E.g. land unit evaluated as subclass S2e means erosion hazard and land unit evaluated as subclass S2w means inadequate water availability. After matching land qualities and land use requirements, we can prepare options for development in the form of land use system, which include descriptions of biophysical requirements and the socio-eco- nomic characteristics of different land use types. Land use system includes the combination of a land unit and a land use type. Outputs are presented to land users and decision makers as land suitability maps and descriptions of land use types .Unit II LAND CADASTRE Lesson 5. STATEMENT ON LAND CADASTRE
Parcel, data, management, right, purposes, assist, up-to-date, improvement, legal, establishment, location, responsibilities, mortgage, jurisdiction, satellite, implementation, description, supervise.
Different forms, land parcel, equitable taxation, legal purposes, coordinate system, geometric description, land registry, cadastral data, land redistribution, different role, better access, private interests, land disputes, to maintain the equipment.
Text 5А What Is Land Cadastre A Cadastre is normally a parcel based and up-to-date land information system. It contains a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, and ownership or control of those interests. The Cadastre often describes the value of the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for fiscal purposes (e.g. valuation and equitable taxation), legal purposes (conveyancing), to assist in the management of land and land use for planning and other administrative purposes. The Cadastre enables sustainable development and environmental protection. Cadastral reform is concerned with the improvement of cadastral systems. The Land Cadastre encompasses such information as land resource capacity, land tenure, land ownership and different land uses. The Cadastre provides: - information identifying those people who have interests in parcels of land;
Land tenure is concerned with the rights, restrictions and responsibilities that people have with respect to the land. The Cadastre may record different forms of land tenure such as ownership, leasehold, easements, mortgages and different types of common, communal or customary land tenure. The Surveyor undertakes different roles in different countries in relation to the establishment and maintenance of the Cadastre. The Surveyor may be responsible for:
Modern technology, such as up-to-date survey instruments, satellite position fixing (Global Positioning System — GPS), aerial photography and photogrammetry can offer new possibilities to increase the speed and lower the costs for cadastral reform. Computer technology can usually provide better access to information, better manipulation of cadastral data, better quality, and better legal and physical security. To fully utilize modern technology it is important to have trained personnel and facilities to maintain the equipment. Unfortunately this infrastructure is not found in many countries, thereby limiting the use of modern technology.
Costs, deal, dispute, immediately, exact, transaction, sporadically, modern, ground, accurate, up-to-date, discussion, land, expenses.
Informal, start, unfortunately, finish, partner, enemy, formal, fortunately.
Разные страны, правительственные органы, обмен информацией, правовые вопросы, земельная регистрация, различные обстоятельства, организационные структуры, свободно доступный, лучшие манипуляции, новые возможности, систематический подход, перераспределение земли, надежная информация, рынок земли.
1. Регистрация земли — это часть кадастровой системы. 2. Кадастр — это основное средство обеспечения информации о земле.
То control, to establish, to improve, to assist, to use, to undertake, to find, to connect, to consider, to make, to promote, to increase, to protect, to allocate, to rely.
1. All European countries are working today on the problem of automating land records. 2. This is what is now happening in the most countries. 3. Utilities such as water, sewerage, electricity and telecommunication are becoming more complex. 4. Starting with the most highly urbanized area, the cadastral maps are increasingly being digitized. 5. Soil damaging utilities must not be used. 6. Demands for efficient maintenance and management are increasing. 7. The Cadastre provides information identifying those people who have interests in parcels of land.
1. A land use planner undertakes different roles ... different countries. 2. Modern technology can offer new possibilities ... lower the costs ... cadastral reforms. 3. A parcel can be an area ... land with a particular type ... land use. 4. Land registration is the official recording ... legally recognized interests ... land. 5. Cadastre helps ... avoid duplication.
1. A land use planner plays different roles in different countries. 2. A surveyor is responsible for recording cadastral information. 3.Computer technology offers better access to information. 4. Limit of trained personnel restricts the use of modern technology. 5. Aerial photography and photogrammetry offer new possibilities to lower the costs for cadastral reforms.
1. A land use planner ... different roles in different countries (to undertake). 2. Modern survey instruments ... new possibilities (to offer).
1. What is a Cadastre? 2. What role does a land use planner play in different countries? 3. What is a land use planner responsible for? 4. Can computer technology provide better access to information? 5. Is it necessary to make careful investigation for cadastral reforms? 6. What kind of modern technology do you know? 7. Why should the Cadastre be managed by the government? 8. Is Cadastral Reform concerned with the improvement of cadastral systems?
Text 5В Different Cadastral Issues There are a number of legal, technical, and operational cadastral issues that must be resolved according to the needs and constraints of each country or jurisdiction. Some of these are: Documentation of informal or customary rights is sometimes connected to the establishment of land markets. In other cases the aim can be a document of a customary tenure system for land management purposes without changing the nature of the system or tenure relationships. In both cases it is essential that such reforms are only started after careful investigations of the need for and the consequences of the reform. Land registration is the official recording of legally recognized interests in land and it is usually a part of a cadastral system. From a legal perspective a distinction can be made between deeds registration, where the documents filed in the registry are the evidence of title, and registration of title, in which the register itself serves as the primary evidence. Title registration is usually considered as more advanced registration system, which requires more investment for introduction, but provides in principle greater security of tenure and more reliable information. Title registration usually results in lower transaction costs than deed registration systems thereby promoting a more efficient land market. Land registration (land titling) can be undertaken sporadically at the time of each legal transaction or systematically, area by area. While the sporadic approach gives more immediate benefits to individual land holders, the systematic approach provides a wider range of benefits more quickly, especially if the land registry is a part of a more comprehensive land information system. The basic unit in a Cadastre is known as a parcel. A parcel can be an area of land with a particular type of land use, or an area exclusively controlled by an individual or a group. A property may consist of several parcels. The flexibility of the definition of a parcel makes it possible to adapt the cadastral system to various circumstances, for instance to include large parcels to represent the interests of land use in traditional tenure systems.
Text 5С Role of the Government in Land Cadastre The Cadastre is a public land information system and should therefore be managed or supervised by the Government. In some countries, new organizational arrangements for the implementation of systems are being investigated, such as joint ventures or partnership between government and the private sector, or contracting out specific activities to the private sector. In other countries, the cadastral organization has become more independent in terms of management and financing from government budgets. In both cases, a more direct financing of cadastral operations is sought through cost recovery or even to generate government revenue. However this can replace basic governmental investments in spatial infrastructure such as a national coordinate system. The Cadastre is a land information system, usually managed by one or more government agencies. Since information about land parcels is often needed by many different users, a unified Cadastre helps to avoid duplication and assists in the efficient exchange of information. A Cadastre must be demand driven; that means fulfill the demands of its clients and that it needs to be coordinated with other land information system. The Cadastre supports the public administration of land. The information in the Cadastre can be used for the formulation, implementation and monitoring of land policies, such as those concerning land redistribution, land consolidation, land acquisition and allocation, and land markets. Cadastral data should be accessible to the general public. However the cadastral system must include measures to protect individual and private interests from misuse of the information provided. A successful Cadastre should provide security of tenure, be simple and clear, be easily accessible, and provide current and reliable information at low cost.
Text 5D Problem of Automating Land Records Practically all European countries are today working on the problem of automating relevant land records — first and foremost cadastres and land register. The main reason is not to achieve integration, but rather to make very important by-product. No country has yet achieved the complete automation of its cadastral/land registration systems. But this is merely a question of time. Sweden is probably the country which has come further in constructing an automated, on-line, integrated system of cadastral, land registry, land taxation and population records. Most European countries are definitely on their way in the same direction. Another clear trend is the conversion of land-related information into spatial systems. The information must be precisely located in order to be of greatest use. One method is made by geocoding. If the land unit is assigned coordinates in the natural grid, all land-related information can be spatially defined. The system used by Sweden, for example, introduces the coordinate of the central point of the land unit as well as the coordinate of the principle building — graphically determined — into the cadastral records. If in future all boundary points wefe determined graphically or numerically by coordinated, and the coordinates were inserted into the cadastral database, this would, of course, make possible a similar spatial determination of information. This is what is now happening in the most European countries. Starting with the most highly urbanized areas, the cadastral maps are increasingly being digitized. This is motivated mainly by the great opportunities it creates for using the same database for producing maps in different scales in a flexible way. At the same time the manual production methods can be automated. This is a natural step in the age of automatic data processing. Digitization also renders a solution to the need, common to all European countries, of integrating cadastral data with data on utilities. Utilities such as water, sewerage, electricity and telecommunication are becoming increasingly complex; demands for efficient maintenance and management are increasing; and there is always danger that utilities will be damaged during different kinds of excavation. For these reasons, there is an obvious need for a total approach to the surveying and recording of utilities. Utilities will be a natural element in the system of digitized, automated land information. |