Н. Г. Веселовская английский язык для специальностей землеустройство Иземельный кадастр
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Заполните пропуски предлогами: 1. The redevelopment ... vacant and abandoned properties consists ... five strategies. 2. Tax lien foreclosure process is greatly influenced ... a tax collection system. 3. Vacant land problems are constantly being decided ... local authorities. 4. Land redevelopment will be decided ... new approaches. 5. Land surveyors are concerned ... problems ... vacant lands.
1. Legislative reforms have already been implemented to support urban land redevelopment. 2.The current set of tools remains deficient. 3. Productive use requires legislative powers. 4. States can be divided into three categories. 5. Eminent domain has been used to establish public parts, preserve places of historic interest.
1. Vacant land problems (to view) as a serious concern. 2. The vacant land label (to give) to many different types of used or unused parcels. 3. Legislative power (to require) to overcome the problems associated with vacant properties. 4. To support urban redevelopment legislative reforms already (to undertake). 5. Urban land development will (to promote) by the legislative reforms and approaches.
1. Do vacant land and abandoned structures impose economic and social costs on cities? 2. What does vacant land represent? 3. Does vacant land hold out any opportunities? 4. What kind of opportunities does vacant land hold out? 5. What can vacant land development generate? 6. How can vacant land help city? 7. How many per cent of a city's land remains vacant? 8. Why have any states successfully undertaken legislation reforms?
Text 10В Necessity of an Official Definition The lack of an official definition or survey of vacant and abandoned land and properties complicates efforts to understand the extent of the problem. The vacant land label is given to many different types of utilized or underutilized parcels — perimeter agricultural or uncultivated land; recently razed land; derelict land; land with abandoned buildings and structures; brownfields; greenfields. Vacant land within cities may even include small or irregular greenfield parcels remaining from earlier development, or parcels of land on which it is difficult to build, such as those on steep grades or flood plains. No uniform standard exists for how long a property must remain unoccupied to be considered abandoned. A 1998 survey of cities finds a range from 60 days to 120 days or longer. The US General Accounting Office applies the term to "a building or lot that has been vacant for two years or more". What do we know about the amount of vacant urban land and abandoned structures in many cities, meanwhile, clearly indicates that the current set of tools being applied at the local level remains deficient. And yet, addressing the issue of vacant and abandoned land and structures is not only the responsibility of localities. State governments play an important role as well. In many cases, the ability to overcome the problems associated with vacant properties and convert them to productive use requires legislative powers that are found only at the state level. These include, for example, the use of eminent domain power, the implementation of financing tools. Fortunately, some states have successfully undertaken legislative reforms to support urban vacant land redevelopment. The law provides a model state agenda for urban land reform that, if pursued, would provide cities the resources they need to turn problem properties into tax- generating assets. The legislative reforms and approaches that have been pioneered by the most proactive states, will promote urban land development across the nation by helping all states become aware of the best practices available. 16. Прочитайте текст ЮС и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем: Text ЮС Property-Specific Approaches Three strategies, to start with, contribute directly to the redevelopment of vacant or abandoned properties. These tools focus on the acquisition and disposal of property. These include: (1) tax lien foreclosure; (2) eminent domain powers and condemnation or acquisition of blighted properties; and (3) land banks and community land trusts .A key first area of state support of redevelopment involves a state's framework for the enforcement of property tax collection. Properties that become tax delinquent reduce public revenues and contribute to neighbourhood deterioration. The failure to pay property taxes typically results from one of three causes: (1) property owner's inability to Pay their annual tax during depressed economic conditions; (2) public Protest over property tax rates that are perceived to be too high; and (3) owner's efforts to maximize the income they receive from their property by neglecting tax payments. The third cause is more typical of property owners who are investors and plan to eventually abandon their property, and more common in major urban areas. Tax delinquency can be viewed as an "early warning system to municipalities that there are market problems with particular properties". The tax lien foreclosure process allows cities to return tax delinquent vacant land and abandoned structures to productive use. Their ability to do so is greatly influenced at the state level by the particular property tax collection enforcement system that has been legally authorized. These systems vary from state to state because, historically, states retain great autonomy to determine their individual methods of property tax collection and enforcement. State laws set the parameters for how local governments deal with their tax delinquent properties, either helping or hindering the process. Massachusetts, for example, has no specific deadlines for notifying owners or responding to foreclosure, and the foreclosure process can take years. Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, and Texas, by contrast, have all adopted legislative reforms in recent years that improve cities' ability to expedite foreclosure on properties and convert them back into productive use. Michigan's legislation shortens the foreclosure process from what could take five years to one-half years, and create insurable property titles through judicial action. States can also be divided into three categories according to whether they: (1) allow lien enforcement and property sale without a judicial process; (2) require judicial involvement at the sale or termination of the redemption period; or (3) permit enforcement of property tax liens through a judicial or non-judicial process. A judicial tax enforcement proceeding — a proceeding that relies on the court system — is superior for several reasons. Such a proceeding provides a permanent public record and provides an opportunity for a hearing, an opportunity currently unavailable under most tax lien enforcement system. In other words, the process produces a marketable property title that a title insurance company would be willing to insure. In this way, the proceeding resolves one of the major problems to transferring and financing properties that cities seek to redevelop. 17. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст 10D: Text 10D Eminent Domain Powers Eminent domain, in which the owner of the condemned property is provided "just compensation" for its taking is a police power for the public good. With that power, government takes private property through condemnation proceedings. Throughout the proceedings, the property owner has the right of due process. Every state has a statute, or statutes, establishing how the eminent domain power may be exercised at the local level. State procedures vary widely, however, in some states, the government is required to negotiate with the property owner before instituting eminent domain proceedings. In other states, the government may institute proceedings without prior notice. The power of eminent domain is not limited to states, cities, and political bodies. In many states, public utilities and even pipeline companies have the power to expropriate private property. Traditionally, eminent domain has been used to facilitate transportation and the provision of water and other utilities; however, it has been used to establish public parks, preserve places of historic interest, and promote beautification. Municipalities — often through their economic development or redevelopment entities — can also employ eminent domain to "retake" blighted property for urban revitaliza- tion. Eminent domain has been critical to municipalities' revitalization efforts, but these efforts have also generated some of its most vehement criticism. Property owners protest the taking of their land for many reasons. Some of them complain about insufficient compensation. Others protest that condemned parcels may not actually be blighted, or that a taking was not for economic development but simply a transfer of property rights between private landholders for the sole purpose of benefiting the new landholder. In reviewing recent eminent domain court cases, it is found that it remains unclear whether the cases reflect new resistance to the process or simply the need for legal clarification. All sides must keep in mind that a public purpose must be demonstrated. It should be noted that the use of eminent domain in property condemnation remains a widely practiced and viable means of land acquisition for a number of public-use purposes. Lesson 11. URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Unfortunately, careful, amount, individuality, pleasures, handiwork, turmoil, circumferential, curvilinear, wantonly, vista, show, congestion, desirous, carriageway, inconvenience, pedestrian, pave.
The majority of cases, attractive amenities, it invariably happens, gross handiwork, the purest of human pleasures, dwelling removed from the turmoil and discomfort, well planted and finely laid out, undulation of the site, heavily trafficked streets, to prevent the congestion, approximately the same height, wide grass margins, creation of fitting civic centre. 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст 11А: Text ПА Town Planning Aristotle is said to have defined a City as a "place where men live a common life for a noble end" which implies an end of the life or an implementation of the aim. Unfortunately in the majority of cases the aim has been an unconscious one with the result that cities have grown in a haphazard manner, and many beautiful spots turned into an ugly accumulation of bricks and mortar. A careful study of what wise town planning, the liberal provision of attractive amenities can do, and has already done for some of the cities of Europe will convince the greatest anti-town-planner of the wisdom of looking well ahead. It invariably happens that town planning is not thought of or put into operation until a certain amount of development has taken place. A city attractive by its beauty, by its artistic symmetry and design and by the amenities and conveniences which it offers will gain a reputation and an individuality which not only its Council and its landowners, but also its citizens, may be proud. What then should be the aim of every City? And to answer that question we are at once thrown back upon the question of what should be the individuality by which the City should be marked and known. Bacon says in his Essay of Gardens, that "God Almighty first planted a garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures, it is the greatest refreshment to the spirit of men without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiwork". Surely then the aim should be the one implied by the term "Garden City", beautiful, well planted and finely laid out, known and characterized by the charm and amenities which it can offer to those who seek a residence or dwelling removed from the turmoil, stress and discomforts of a manufacturing district. The various system of planning which have been adopted in the past are rectangular, radial and circumferential; but the latest schemes for town planning are generally a combination of all three, which allows for the best fulfillment of town planning ideals. The problem then for the town planner is to consider his scheme in respect to the configuration and undulations of the site; direction of main radial and circumferential avenues and boulevards; the layout and construction of avenues and boulevards; open spaces, parks and recreation grounds; tramways; civic centre. The limitation of the number of houses per acre and height and identical character should be provided. Factories and works must also be placed in the special areas.
Crowd, wanton, irresponsible, intersect, congestion, horizon, cross, turmoil, noise, pavement, skyline, sidewalk.
Helpful, invariably, unconscious, horizon, ugly, helpless, variably, beautiful, wanton, skyline, responsible, conscious.
Великий Архитектор Вселенной, привлекательные удобства, цель каждого города, ручная работа в чистом виде, вдали от суматохи, стресса и дискомфорта, сочетания лучших идей, неровности места (под застройку), кольцевые бульвары, план и строительство авеню, парки и места для отдыха, общественный центр, салон красоты, сильно загруженные улицы, устранить перенаселенность.
1. Необходимо учитывать направление основных кольцевых бульваров. 2. Город привлекателен своей красотой. 3. Всемогущий Бог первым долгом посадил сад. 4. Город должен быть хорошо спланирован. 5. В крупных городах существуют прямоугольная, радиальная и кольцевая системы планирования. 6. Место для отдыха и парков должно учитываться при планировании города. 7. Фабрики и заводы должны размещаться в особых зонах. 8. В центре старинных городов необходимо предотвращать скопление машин.
Vary, thank, wonder, beauty, power, help, use, situation, type, finance.
1. It is difficult to estimate future demands. 2. Each route should be linked up one with the other to form easy and suitable means of transit from every part of the city. 3. By carefully planning it can generally be arranged to place a church, a public building, or artistically designed residence to break the monotony of long streets. 4. In order to obviate overcrowding it is essential to limit a number of houses per acre. 5. Land use planner must study all subjects to know his speciality well. 6. To become a good specialist is very important. 7. These are the land use planners to place new parks and recreational grounds.
65 1. People's Parks are universally provided ... the Continent. 2. The secondary business avenues should have sidewalks ... a minimum width ■■■ 10 feet. 3. All sewer, water, electric and other mains are made ... 3 вессловская underground conduits. 4. A city is attractive ... its beauty. 5. ... planning the future growth ... existing and new cities one can avoid the enormous expense occasioned ... the lack ... planning.
1. People's Parks are universally provided on the Continent. 2. The traffic is inconvenienced by opening for repairs. 3. Factories and works should be placed in special areas. 4. The whole system of public utilities will ultimately become parts of a completed whole. 5.The circumferential routes connect the various parks and open spaces, streets and avenues, squares and boulevards.
1. The regulation respects the most important parts of a town planning system. 2. Centres fix shops, schools, churches, etc. 3. A land use planner makes different schemes for proper use of land. 4. God Almighty first planted a garden. 5. The circumferential route connects the various parks and open spaces, streets and avenues.
1. How did Aristotle define a City? 2. Have cities grown up in a haphazard manner in the majority of cases? 3. What is a city attractive by? 4. What is the aim of every city? 5. What systems of city planning can you name? 6. Should the town planner consider direction of main radial and circumferential avenues? 7. Must the limitation of the number of houses per acre be provided? 8. Where should factories and works be placed?
Text 11В The Configuration and Undulation of the Town Site and Direction of Main Radial and Circumferential Avenues and Boulevards The beautiful sites which the Great Architect of the Universe has provided for many of our cities have been wantonly spoilt by the worst form of vandalism and the lack of a proper planning system instead of providing a setting and vista by which the beauty of monumental and public buildings may be shown. The first essential preparatory to the drawing up of a town planning scheme is to make a contour map of the site with contours showing the rise or fall of the ground every five to ten feet. In addition the map should show existing trees, places of historic or local interest, railways, existing public and industrial buildings, waterways, etc. This map will enable the town planner to lay down the main avenues with the easiest possible grades, to preserve places of beauty; to establish the sites of the most important buildings so as to be in commanding position; to design his storm and sanitary sewers so as to obtain the maximum amount of gravity flow, and to arrange his water supply in the most suitable zones so that the whole system of public utilities can be built up of units which will ultimately become parts of a completed whole. Directions of main radial and circumferential avenues and boulevards should be taken into account by all means. It is necessary therefore in the planning of a city to exercise the greatest care and judgment in fixing the position and direction of main avenues. If possible, they should radiate from the centre towards the principal outlying districts north, south, east and west of the city, and be connected and linked up with inner and outer circumferential avenues. By this means traffic desirous of crossing from one side of the City to the other can avoid the centre and more heavily trafficked streets, and in so doing prevent the congestion which so often occurs in the centre of old cities. These circumferential routes which connect up the various parks and open spaces are largely used by residents, motorists and cyclists as circular drives. 16. Прочитайте текст 11C и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем: Text ПС The Layout and Construction of Avenues and Boulevards It must be borne in mind that all objects in the street, utilitarian or otherwise are things to be seen, part of an organic whole, each having its respective part or place. Long straights avenues, with buildings of approximately the same height and no object to break the horizon should be avoided. If natural scenic effect cannot be obtained, then provision should be made for some architectural feature to break the skyline. By careful planning it can generally be arranged to place a church, a public building, or artistically designed residence to break the monotony of long streets. In planning out the width of main roads it is difficult to estimate what the future will demand, but in any case it will be better to err on the wide side rather than the narrow. The main avenues should be laid out with 12 feet sidewalks, slow traffic carriageways next sidewalks and boulevards on either side of a centre carriageway for fast traffic and tramways. The secondary business avenues should have sidewalks of a minimum width of 10 feet with a centre boulevard with wide grass margins, so that the actual paved carriageway can be widened as the business of the city extends. In main and secondary business thoroughfares provision should be made for laying all sewer, water, electric and other mains in underground conduits of sufficient size to allow of proper inspection at all times. The residential avenues can be so formed that the sidewalks have a boulevard on either side, which will provide space for pedestrians in the hot weather. Railways, usually an ugly feature of every city, should be made less objectionable by boulevarding. 17. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст 11D. Задайте к нему 5 вопросов: Text 1 ID Open Spaces, Parks and Recreation Grounds In locating open spaces, and parks, special consideration should be given to the preservation of places of natural beauty, such as woods, waterways, etc. With the check board system of planning, a large amount of valuable ground is often wasted in the unnecessary provision of paved streets and passages. By carefully planning the main and secondary avenues, through traffic can be avoided and residential districts can be laid out in a far less costly manner, part of the space occupied by paved streets being utilized for open spaces, tennis courts, and children's playgrounds. Where individual gardens are not wanted, part of the land between the houses might be laid out as allotment gardens, or as gravel playgrounds, or as paved playgrounds, to prevent a lot of derelict gardens being attached to the houses. People's Parks are universally provided on the continent within or close to the city's gates. There are a lot of woodland gardens or forests intersected by drives and walks and interspersed with spinnies and glades typical as far as possible of rural country. The creation of a fitting civic centre is one of the most important matter which should be considered. It should be dignified, impressive, whilst at the same time in harmony with the characteristics of the town itself and in keeping with the resource of the public. It should be as near to the centre of the city as it is possible, so planned that its architectural features and beauty can be seen from many points of vantage. The buildings usually comprised in such a centre are the town and public halls, offices, session courts, museum and art galleries, which, suitably designed and arranged in relation to each other, can and should form a civic centre worthy of the community. The regulations with respect to buildings will be one of the most important parts of a town planning scheme and will need very careful thought on the part of local authorities. In order to obviate overcrowding it is essential that a maximum number of houses per acre should be adopted for different grades of property. It would seem desirable in planning an area, that certain centres should be fixed where shops, schools, churches, institutions and such like buildings should be grouped together. Lesson 12. LAWS ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT. RUSSIAN AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Urban, bureaucratic, engage, assume, permit, accommodate, buying out, relocating, subordinate, transfer, consistently, envision, guide, insure, relationship, inconsistent, self-government, borrow.
Russian Code, technical process, bureaucratic organization, mandatory "expertization", issues to be treated in sub-legislation, the spatial plan, density of settlement, land relation, a great variety of ways, broad principles of public participation, soil contamination, immovable and movable items, mortgage financing system, criminal violations.
Text 12А Planning Process Description in the Laws The Russian Code spends most of its details on the technical processes of creating plans and urban development documentation. Detail is included which is intended to guide the bureaucratic organizations and the planning institutes and professionals in the ways in which they should go about creating plans. This includes descriptions of the content of the mandatory section plans, interrelation of the urban development plans with other actions of governmental authorities as well as the processes of mandatory "expertization". Similarly, there are great details in describing the tasks and powers of bureaucratic units. In contrast the "western" laws contain very little detail about the technical methods by which plans are to be compiled and the specific authority of bureaucratic units to engage in tasks related to the planning work. It is assumed that these are technical and managerial issues to be treated in sub-legislation and worked out by the senior managers of the governmental administration. A strong example of these differences can be seen in the way the laws describe the municipal general plan. This is a common feature of all the laws and, in general terms the plans all have the same purpose. They link a spatial plan with a plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs. The spatial plan describes the best pattern of land uses from the standpoint of land capacity, density of settlement and good urban design. But the plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs is based on an estimation of economic calculations and efficient system design and functioning. Despite the differences, however, the planning and urban development laws of the "western" countries reflect similar concepts of law- drafting and the structure of legislation. These can be characterized in the following ways:
Responsibilities, hinder, accumulate, income, revenue, pertinent, worth, available, obligations, discourage, dignity, collateral, secondary, compile.
in-\ expensive, convenience, consistent, accessible;dis-: agree, comfort, vantage, agreement; un-: changeable, questioned, repeatable, seasonable, satisfactorily, shadowed, transportable, touchable.
Описанный в Российских законах процесс, взаимосвязь планов городского развития, технические и управленческие вопросы, правительственная администрация, правовые и финансовые трудности, разрабатывать крупномасштабные территориальные планы, последующий ущерб, технический и государственный обзор.
1. Чтобы регулировать городское развитие, Соединенные Штаты Америки приняли соответствующие законы. 2. Французский Кодекс опубликован в трех частях. 3. Говорят, земля является частью окружающей среды. 4. Законы Российской Федерации и западных стран сильно отличаются. 5. Необходимо страховать недвижимость. 6. Пространственные планы показывают лучшие модели землепользования. 7. Подзаконные акты только что разработаны Думой. 8. Документация по городскому развитию постоянно регулируется Российским кодексом.
1. We expect them to do this work. 2. I want you to work hard. 3. We saw them work at urban development plan. 4. I know these laws to be applied the next year by all means.
Local, different, constant, independent, confident, competent, evident, permanent, reliable, desirable, descriptive, valuable.
The United States ... America have adopted laws ... regulate urban development. 2. It's important ... coordinate the expansion ... urban territories. 3. Government administration elaborates schemes ... major transport systems. 4. ... contrast the "western" laws contain very little detail ... the technical methods. 5. Generally ... the "western" countries the systems ... private ownership and other civil law rights ... land and real property have been functioning ... over a century.
1. The City general plan is defined by the law. 2. The Russian Code spends most of its detail on urban development documentation. 3. In the "western" countries the systems of private ownership have been functioning for over a century. 4. The structure is done deliberately. 5.In order to make them work in reality, the law also must deal with the financial aspects of planning and urban development.
1. Aristotle is said to have defined a City "as a place where men live a common life for a noble end". 2. It's difficult to prognose which laws is likely to prove the most efficient. 3. Systems of planning and regulation definition is said to be necessary for urban development purposes. 4. Every green plant is considered to be a "factory". 5. The legislation proved to be useful. 6. He is said to work at the Ministry. 7. This problem is unlikely to be decided quickly. 8. He is Supposed to have gore to virgin lands. 9. The work proved to be useful. 10. This plan is considered to be successfull.
1. Does the Russian Code spend most of its details on urban development documentation? 2. What does the spatial plan describe? 3. Is the plan of infrastructure based on an estimation of economic calculations? 4. Can French five-year moratorium work unless the municipality is able to borrow the capital funds? 5. What requires consideration of the economic impact on private owners? 6. Have private property rights fully defined in the law? 7. Is it necessary to elaborate large area territorial plans and schemes? 8. Is there need for the Russian Federation to copy the "western" laws on urban development?
Text 12В Urban Development in the USA By the beginning of the XXIst century the states of North America have adopted laws to regulate urban development in response to decide three common needs:
To accomplish these urban development purposes, the "western" countries (or their constituent states and provinces), adopted laws that define systems of planning and regulation with three levels:
The subject matter of these planning and urban development laws is similar, but there are different ways by which these laws are written and in which they fit into the overall system of legislation governing land relations. 16. Прочитайте текст 12C и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем: Text 12С Urban Development in "Western" Countries In Western Europe, most of the countries have laws that envisage national-level or large-scale regional plans to guide the national ministries in making major investments in infrastructure, transport and public facilities and to insure protection of environmental and rural areas. These large-scale plans provide policy guidance for smaller-scale plans at the regional and municipal levels, for regulation by "zoning" and by review and permitting of projects. There is a great variety in the ways the laws are written. For example, Italy regulates urban planning and construction under a law first adopted in 1942, which is not detailed and requires subordinate ministerial decrees and municipal laws to define the methodologies, procedures and subject-matter regulation. In contrast, France compiled all of its laws relating to planning, urban development, urban finance and construction regulation into a comprehensive Urban Development Code long ago. This code covers hundreds of pages of text and is published in three parts: (1) the legislative acts, (2) the sub-legislative acts, and (3) the orders, resolutions and instructions issued by the national and regional agencies. Great Britain has changed its laws "On Town and Country Planning" three times since 1945.Generally in the "western" countries the systems of private ownership and other civil law rights in land and real property have been functioning for over a century and land parcels were surveyed many decades ago. Urban land parcels regularly are bought, sold and leased as private parties make decisions to invest and reinvest in them. The fundamental structure of the laws, governing land relations reflects this situation. The laws are not integrated into Land Codes but remain separate for different aspects of land relations. With respect to property and contractual relationship involving land, the provisions of the Civil Codes (or the unwritten common law in the US and Britain) apply to land as to all other immovable and movable items. Special laws create the "support systems" — land registry, cadastre, mortgage financing system — that allow the property rights to be protected and transactions to take place efficiently. With respect to the land as part of the environment and as a factor in social relationships the laws of the "western" countries provide various systems of regulation (including civil and criminal violations). They are a part of the "public (administrative) law" in the civil law countries and most often the laws address particular problems — soil contamination, illegal construction, protection of plant and animal resources, fraudulent advertising in the sale of land for housing. These regulatory laws are imposed on all persons (entities) that are using land regardless of the form of ownership or control, or their particular status. This structure of "property" rights separation from regulatory obligations and restrictions reflects an important fundamental principle in the "western" law. It is done deliberately in order to insure "security" of ownership and rights of possession in land and real estate over time. Therefore, the "western" countries do not make use of land codes, which are intended to integrate the property aspects of land relations with environmental and social aspects of land use. In particular, the concept that land constitutes a "fund" of national resource, subject to a system of state management is inconsistent with the fundamental structure and assumptions of the "western" legal systems. 17. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст 12D: Text 12D Comparison of the Laws of the Russian Federation An important part of the planning and urban development laws of the "western" countries are provisions, which address the legal status of the plans in relation to governmental actions and private property owners. There are very different fundamental aspects of both land relations and the concepts of planning and urban development in the Russian Federation laws. Some of the differences are the result of the situation of economic and legal transition — in particular the fact that private property rights have not yet been fully defined in the civil law and the "ownership" rights to most urban land parcels continue to remain in the state. The most important difference, however, appears to lie in the fundamental concept of land law and in the principles and structure of the Land Code. Urban development laws and the land laws require consideration of the economic impacts on private owners of the planning procedures. In order to make them work in reality, the laws must deal also with the financial aspects of planning and urban development. In particular, these involve the problem of public finance. The planning and urban development laws must be linked to the laws on Municipal Self-Gov- ernment, Budgets or Government Finance. The urban development laws will require the addition of certain "extra" procedures , appropriate for the proper definition of urban uses. Such a law would have to pay closer attention to the problems of disagreement among experts and bureaucratic units, which are inevitable and necessary. Stronger mechanisms of coordination, stronger public participation and accountability and the most important, a more clear responsibility for specific public officials — heads of administration — are needed to make decisions when their subordinate units disagree. The existing urban development law is also silent on all the questions related to the power and procedures for buying out (expropriating) sites necessary for new transport routes, infrastructure and public facility sites. As a land reform progresses and more urban land parcels become fixed with ownership, leasehold and other land rights, the planning issues impact on value and use of lands will increase and questions about when and whether compensation is required will arise. There is no need for the Russian Federation to copy the "western" laws on Urban Development and planning, which relate to significantly different current situations of landholding, development and economic relations in urban areas. However, to be successful, the laws of the Russian Federation need to deal, in a practical way, with the problems presented by their unique fundamental system of integrated land rights and obligations .Unit IV MARKETS, TAXES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Lesson 13. INTERACTION BETWEEN MARKETS, LAND REGISTRATION, SPATIAL PLANNING
Single, frequently, adversely, commodity, social, allocation, portfolio, sharecropping, rationale, sophistication, particularly, globalization, performance, commodification, harmonization, accounting, expect, reduce.
Wide range of activities, to encourage certain uses, potential interventions, land taxation system, sound arguments, access to information, the general trend, a constantly developing portfolio, transaction types, formal registration institutions, third party interest, the general rationale, level of sophistication, increasing demands for harmonization.
Text 13А Land Market Land markets provide a mechanism for the allocation of ownership and use rights that is typically for the most valuable single class of asset in an economy. At the same time land use and sometimes land ownership have influences on other aspects of society's economic and non- economic interests. The general trend towards market economies, for example, often adversely affects men who do not get equal opportunities to use land and property as a commodity. There is therefore a need for regulations based on environment, social, cultural and political considerations that provide a framework for the activities of the land market. Land markets are made up of a constantly developing portfolio of legal interests and transaction types. This portfolio of transaction types includes sale, rental, sharecropping, and licenses, together with associated derivative transactions including mortgages and mortgage markets, and other real estate interests. Some of these transaction types are typically registrable in those jurisdictions that have formal registration institutions, including sales, mortgages, some leases, and some third party interests. Many are not, including particularly those "less" formal interests such as shorter term of leases or rental agreements, sharecrop- ping agreements and licenses, derivative interests operating "upstream" of the registrable interests such as secondary mortgage market, and some customary rights. The general rationale for land markets is that, under appropriate institutional frameworks, they will tend systematically to move land towards the most economically efficient ownership and use. This is broadly accepted as a desirable function, particularly given that land is typically the most valuable single class of asset in an economy.
Enhance, assistance, commodity, goods, community, construct, build, increase, help, society, adverse, harmful.
Ineligible, cheap, faulty, hinder, eligible, expensive, true, encourage, beneficiaries, disadvantages.
Increase, centralized, pleasure, moralize, tie, told, published, translatable, true, shadowed, trained.
Ключевые требования, более точная оценка, финансовый сервис, уровень фальсификации, рыночные товары, отоваривание земли, повышающаяся стоимость земельного имущества, возможности вложения.
1. Существует несколько ключевых требований для правильного функционирования рынка. 2. Земельная регистрация подводит фундамент к более эффективным операциям земельного рынка. 3. Земельный рынок регулируется двумя основными механизмами. 4. Земельные рынки состоят из постоянно развивающихся пакетов документов по законным интересам людей. 5. Землепользование оказывает влияние на разные аспекты экономических и неэкономических интересов общества.
То experience, to associate, to come, to omit, to purchase, to undergo, to tend, to add, to make, to drive, to contribute, to give, to attach, to reduce, to provide, to encourage. |