Н. Г. Веселовская английский язык для специальностей землеустройство Иземельный кадастр
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Заполните пропуски предлогами :1. Spatial planning may encompass a very wide range ... potential interventions. 2. Planning process is based ... improved access ... information. 3. The market is ... reduce the costs ... simplifying the legal procedure. 4. There are several key requirements ... a property functioning market. 5. The value ... interests ... land is closely related ... the level of risk.
1. Provides, system, guarantee, the, appropriate, an. 2. Of, markets, made up, constantly, portfolio, a, developing, land, are. 3. Transaction, these, registrable, types, are. 4. Of, important, commodification, is, factor, land, an. 5. Requirements, are, key, several, there.
1. Land use and land ownership have influenced different assets of society's economic and non-economic interests. 2. With the established fact of capital markets globalization, the capacity of land commodification is an important factor. 3. The most basic key requirement includes an appropriate legal framework aimed at minimizing risk of ownership. 4. The provision of related information underpins the more official operation of the land market by 2 main mechanisms. 5. Simplifying the legal procedures could be expected to increase the value of registered land. 6. Contributing factors were grouped into locational, physical and sales characteristics associated with specific properties in the area. 7. Land markets are made up of a constantly developing portfolio of legal interests and transaction types.
1. What does land market provide? 2. Is there a need for environmental, social, cultural and political relations? 3. What are land markets made up of? 4. What does the portfolio of transaction types include? 5. Are transactions in land typically related to the economy? 6. Are lands marketable commodities? 7. What key requirements for a property functioning market do you know?
Text 13В The "Commodification" of Land The range of transaction types and interests in land is typically related to the level of sophistication of the related functions in the economy, particularly in the context of the financial services and related professional sectors. It is driven by the capacity of the economy to add value by treating an increasing number of rights in land as marketable commodities (the "commodification" of land). With the established and accelerating fact of globalization of capital markets, the capacity for commodification of land is an increasingly important factor driving the land market, potentially contributing to national economic performance and increasing land asset values. Globalisation is forcing the pace of change in this area, with increasing demands for harmonization or stardardisation to enable more effective comparisons by investors and more accurate assessments of relative risks between competing investments. International valuation standards have been developing as a result of this over the past 20 years. For investment opportunities to compete on an equal footing in the future, this is likely to spread to the features of national land registration, information and legal systems.
Text 13С Key Requirements for Market There are several key requirements for a property functioning market. In the majority cases they include an appropriate legal framework aimed at minimizing risk and uncertainty of land ownership and use. The value of interests in land is closely related to the level of risks and attached to any given interest. Common and important areas of the legal framework include both registration of interests in land and spatial land use planning. Land registration and the provision of related information as the basis of land transactions underpin the more efficient operation of the land market by two main mechanisms. Particularly where the system provides an appropriate guarantee, land registration and similar ownership information systems will provide greater security for those interested in transaction on that property. This will reduce the risk and would be expected as a result to increase the value relative to unregistered land. The other mechanism that registration provides for transactions in the market is to reduce the costs in both time and money by simplifying the legal and other procedures. Again this could be expected to increase the value of registered land by reducing the friction in the market. A land market should always try to move lands towards the mostly onomically efficient ownership and use. Spatial planning may encompass a very wide range of activities and of potential interventions. In some jurisdictions it may be linked to land taxation systems to encourage certain uses in appropriate areas. There are sound arguments supporting the move towards greater local responsibility in this field, and the development of more effective planning processes based on improved access to information and application of the principles of good governance.
Text 13D Objectives and Methods of Land Market Dothan, Alabama, has experienced urbanization pressures during the past 20 years, developing from a primarily agricultural economy to one of the fastest industrializing cities of its size in the South-east. This developing economic centre for the Wiregrass area has attracted an influx of individuals and industry which has resulted in substantial population growth, from 36 733 in 1980 to 53 589 in 2003. Migration of commercial and industrial organizations into this area has also created a stronger economy and has promoted higher incomes for residents. Increases in population and incomes have influenced the value of agricultural land surrounding the city. An analysis of agricultural land markets and values in a transitional area can contribute to an enhanced understanding of the development process for small to mid-sized municipalities. Shifting patterns of land use and the relative importance of factors affecting land values can be evaluated and compared in the transitional area. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the transitional nature of the agricultural land market in a rural-urban fringe and estimate the impact of selected factors affecting the price for agricultural land contiguous to a moderately sized city such as Dothan. Various demand-related factors were expected to be the primary determinants of agricultural land value in the rural-urban fringe, with development/ urbanization factors being a component of this set. Contributing factors were grouped into locational, physical, and sales characteristics associated with specific properties in the study area. Attempts were made to include only "bona fide" sales (market transactions in which the price is derived in free and open negotiations between a well-informed seller who is able, willing, and under no compulsion to dispose of the property and a well-informed buyer who is also able, willing, and under no compulsion to buy the property in question) of agricultural land. Other transactions, such as foreclosure sales, tax sales, and sales between relatives, were excluded from the data base. The size of the tract and its location and primary uses were other key considerations for determining eligibility for the data base. The primary focus of this study centered around the conversion of agricultural land in transitional areas. Thus, the land already used for non-agricultural purposes at the time of the sale was considered ineligible and, therefore, was not included in the sample. Tracts which were less than 4 acres in size were omitted because there is relatively no agricultural demand for such a small acreage in this area. The 4-acre size limit was based on the smallest tract purchased for agricultural uses, as verified from responses provided in returned questionnaires. Undeveloped property located in a residential subdivision or industrial park at the time of sale was also considered ineligible for inclusion because there would be little rational demand from the agricultural sector for such property. The rationale for this specific criterion is based on the fact that once these undeveloped tracts are classified as predominately residential or commercial, they are technically no longer considered feasible for agricultural production due to high values initiated by the urban demand. Analyses were conducted for the Dothan fringe land market and the rural and urban components of this area. The rural market, which included 101 observations located more than 8 miles from the central business district, was highly agriculturally oriented. This area is not included in the Dothan city limits and has undergone the same degree of urbanization. Lesson 14. LEGAL REGULATION OF REAL ESTATE MARKET
Participation, background, majorants, contravention, scarcity, patterns, unique, existence, irretrievability, regulation, encumbrances, improvement, stipulate, restrict, disproportionate, injury, assigning, uninhabited.
То overcome the contravention, historical background, the relations of landownership, mankind's existence, property agreements, acting encumbrances, a part of the income, by virtue of, plants of investments, without disproportionate injury, usual business turnover, legislative de- terminacy, installation of rules, civil rights.
Text 14А Basic Compound of Any Real Estate In historical background of the relation to property, as majorants of economic type of the society, it has undergone repeated modifications stipulated by the desire to overcome the contravention between scarcity of resources, involved in production, and increasing human needs. In searching paths of maximizing productive forces effectiveness the society has periodically transformed patterns of ownership on factors of production and mechanism of a state participation in the government of economy. The relations of landownership have always been the central part of social and economic relations. The Earth represents the unique natural resource. It is a unique place of mankind's existence, main factor of creation of its productive forces which help to create all other products and goods. Scarcity and the irretrievability of this resource results in objective necessity of public regulating of the laws and conditions of land use. At the same time, in market economy the land acquires the form of goods and can be a subject to the property agreements, the result of which can restrain interests of other people and societies as a whole. Therefore introduction of the market relations shows heightened demands to a system of the state registration of land lots, control over their legal status and acting encumbrances, turnover of land and its rational usage. It means, that a part of the income, which is capable to generate the land lot by virtue of the location, natural properties and possible improvements which are not stipulated by economic activity of the holder itself, can serve as a source of public needs sufficing and be deducted as rental paying. It in turn requires the monitoring of cost characteristics of land lots as factors of production and plants of investment. And, at last, land is a basic compound of any real estate. According to article 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation we refer to real things (real property, real estate), land lots, sites of subsoil, isolated aquatic plants and everything, that is strongly linked to ground, i.e. plants, which can not be removed without disproportionate injury to their assigning, including forests, long-term green plants, buildings.
Scarcity, suffice, satisfy, encumbrances, by virtue of, through, proportion, discourages, part, increase, enhance, deficit.
Retrievable, easy, different, useless, irretrievable, difficult, helpful, the same, appropriate, inhabited, directly, inappropriate, indirectly, uninhabited.
То pay, to agree, to distribute, to establish, to invest, to reduce, to improve, to perform, to employ, to produce, to relate, to exist, to use, to legislate.
Гражданское право, законодательное определение правил, вторичные объекты недвижимости, историческое обоснование, невосстанавливаемость ресурсов, действующие препятствия, оплата ренты, непропорциональное нанесение вреда, многолетние зеленые насаждения.
1. Экономическая деятельность человека стимулируется законом. 2. Необходимо исследовать пути максимизации производственных сил. 3. Земля представляет собой уникальный природный ресурс. 4. Закон должен регулировать рациональное использование ресурсов. 5. Земля — уникальное место для существования человека.
1. Resources, regulated, of, rational, must, use, be, the, by, law. 2. Represents, the, natural, the, unique, Earth, resource. 3. Is, a, land, estate, basic, real, any, of, compound. 4. Underwent, to, the, modifications, repeated, property, relation. 5. Registration, to, rights, the, belong, state.
1. Different elements describe concept ... landownership. 2. The real estate is defined ... forms ... the landownership. 3. According ... world practice the concept ... the landownership should be considered as a complex ... the land and property rights. 4. The land is a substance ... the real estate. 5. ... the foreign practice the list ... authorities concerning land includes 8 elements.
1. Rental paying requires the monitoring cost characteristics. 2. Real estates are strongly fallen into different groups. 3. A possibility of selection depends upon its assigning. 4. Legislative determinacy allows to make conclusion of relation between different objects. 5. The relation of property underwent repeated modifications.
1. A new legislation has been enforced, specialists must take it into consideration. 2. My parents living in the village, I sent them a great amount of books and magazines. 3. Living far, I seldom see him. 4. The building material having come, they began to build a new cottage. 5. Real estates being of great importance, people buy them.
Text 14В The Concept "Plant of the Real Estate" The legislatively established definition of the real estate has common character. It does not contain rules and features which can help to distinguish certain plants of the real estate in the real property in general. That is the reason that now it is impossible to isolate such plants of the real estate, as forest and long-term green plants. Obviously therefore the operating real estate market is restricted to plants of the real estate, isolation of which is possible on the basis of a usual business turnover. To such plants of the real estate refer: land lots, buildings (primary plants of the real estate), apartments, residential and uninhabited premises (secondary plants of the real estate). This situation is indirectly legislated by the law "On state registration of the rights on real property and transactions with it". The practical significance for the operating real estate market of such plants of the real estate, as land lots, buildings and premises (flats), and legislative determinacy of rules of state registration of the rights on them allows to make a conclusion that problems of regulating the relations between the owners of these types of plants of the real estate should be first of all solved. That's why there is a necessity of rules installation, on the basis of which land lots, buildings and premises (flats) can be isolated as the plants of civil rights. The law establishes that the rights on the real things belong to state registration. Thus plants of the real estate have the dual nature: on the one hand they are legal objects, and on the other they are the physical plants, strongly linked to land. To define concept "plant of the real estate", it is necessary to define, whether any land lot or plant, strongly linked to land, should be considered as plant of the real estate. In all these cases a possibility of plant selection of the real estate depends on its assigning. As the land is a substance of the real estate, property legal relations linked to the real estate, are defined first of all by forms of the landown- ership. It is not by chance that the problem of the right of landowner- ship during the twentieth century was and for the present remains in our country an object of bitter confrontation of different political forces in desire to influence on social and economic system of future Russia. In the foreign practice the list of authorities concerning land includes 8 elements:
Abovementioned and other elements describing concept of land- ownership, in combination with the rights of possession, use, disposal suppose existence of about 1500 variants of the property rights. Therefore, according to world practice the concept of the landownership should be considered as a complex of the land and property rights regulating particular conditions of land use. |