Н. Г. Веселовская английский язык для специальностей землеустройство Иземельный кадастр
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Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания: Systematic assessment, without degrading, social aspect, implementation and monitoring of plans, assistance to decision makers, most beneficial, the most satisfying results, the planning cycles, erosion hazard, local targets, popular awareness, agricultural land use planning, wider framework, both advantages and disadvatages, higher level sup- Port.
Text 2А Rural and Agricultural Land Use Planning Land use planning can be defined as the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternative systems of land use and other physical, social and economic conditions. The purpose is to select and adopt land use options which are the most beneficial to land users without degrading the resources or the environment, together with the selection of measures most likely to encourage such land uses. In the broadest meaning of the term, land use planning deals with planning for all types of land use (rural, urban, industrial, recreational, etc.). Land use planning involves many aspects of planning such as designing planning options, evaluation of feasibility (economic, environmental, social impact assessment), providing assistance to decision maker, implementation and monitoring of plans. Rural land use planning is concerned with all (economic) activities in rural areas, such as agriculture, pastoralism, forestry, wildlife conservation and tourism. Besides evaluation of the potential of different activities, rural land use planning assists in resolving conflicts of interests between groups of land users. Some of the key aspects of agricultural land use planning are physical and socio-economic ones. Physical aspects involve land evaluation (mapping, analysis, suitability matching), identification of opportunities For change (improve existing land use system, suggest new land use systems), natural resources management (sustainable land use systems). The objectives of socio-economic aspects include identification of target groups, weighting options and connection with other administration/planning. Such land legislation as access to land, ownership of resources, land reforms are also included in socio-economic aspects as well as training technical staff, farmers and financial framework like credit schemes and products marketing. Land is a limited resource and the misuse of land can lead to such problem as non-sustainable land use: processes of overexploitation (overgrazing, deforestation, erosion hazard). We need to conserve land resources for future use through sustainable land uses. For successful land use planning it is important to determine the best use of the land. It is necessary to take into consideration efficiency, equity, acceptability and sustainability of the land. At the same time conflicts of interests between land users should be resolved.
Local, start, benefit, advantage, option, vantage, choice, begin, regional, income .Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов: Satisfied, find, high, popular, encourage, low, unpopular, lose, narrow, wide, discourage, unsatisfied.
Человек, принимающий решение, сельскохозяйственное землеустройство, оценка возможности, сохранять земельные ресурсы, опасность эрозии, ограниченный ресурс, «нисходящее» землеустройство (инициатива сверху), «восходящее» землеустройство (инициатива снизу), стратегия планирования, большие преимущества, региональный уровень, вариант землеустройства, большие площади, полагаться только на одну стратегию, окружающая среда.
1. Землеустроители никогда не должны полагаться только на одну стратегию. 2. Мы нуждаемся в консервации земельных ресурсов. 3. Землеустройство осуществляется на государственном, региональном и местном уровнях. 4. Процесс планирования основан на кадастровой съемке земельных ресурсов. 5. Водоснабжение является одной из основных проблем человека. 6. Существуют разные стратегии планирования.
1. Land is a limited resource. 2. There are different land use issues. 3. Misuse of land leads to several problems. 4. The advantage includes people's benefit. 5. Bottom-up planning means active participation of land users. 6. Land use policy depends upon the competing demands for land. 7. Physical aspects involve natural resource management.
1. Option, best, which, the, is? 2. Are, legislations, many, there, land, for, planning, use. 3. Highest, there, year, crop, last, was, the. 4. Now, working, are, we. 5. Is, limited, land, resource, a. 6. Need, conserve, resources, we, to, land. 7. Are, strategies, there, different, two, planning.
1. Different types ... land use planning are usually described. 2 traditional society, people use up-to-date methods ... crop production. 3- The methods and types ... planting and harvesting are always based ■•• traditions. 4. Year ... year, little is changed. 5. ... Britain equal pay ... women did not obtain legal sanctions ... the 1970s.
1- / am a land use planning engineer. 2.Land is a limited resource. •>■ The land legislation decided financial problems last month. 4. The and use planners will discuss the best options tomorrow. 5. Bottom-up and use planning includes both advantages and disadvantages.
1. Each planning strategy ... its own advantages. 2. We ... many friends. 3. Bottom-up land use planning ... some disadvantages. 4. Next year this student will ... a diploma of a land use planner. 5. Last year students ... many interesting subjects.
1. How can land use planning be defined? What is the purpose of land use planning? 3. What does land use planning deal with? 4. Does land use planning include many aspects? 5. What are the key aspects of agricultural land use planning? 6. Is land a limited resource? 7. Do we need to conserve land resources for future use? 8. What is important for successful land use planning?
Text 2В Methods of Land Use Planning The planning process should be based on the cadastral survey of land resources. The present situation must be taken into consideration. The land use planner is to decide what needs should be changed and how the changes can be made. He is also to find out which is the best option and how far is the plan succeeded. This progression of questions has led to the formulation of a guide to land use planning — the planning cycle. Land use planning is implemented at the national, regional or local level. At the national level land use policy is balanced upon the competing demands for land among different sectors of the economy — food production, export crops, wildlife conservation, housing and public amenities, roads, industry. National development plans and budget must be also taken into consideration as well as project identification and the allocation of resources for development. Sectoral agencies involved in land use must be coordinated. Legislation on such subjects as land tenure, forest clearance and water rights should be worked out by all means. Regional level includes such siting of new developments as settlements, forest plantations and irrigation schemes. The need for improved infrastructure such as water supply, roads and marketing facilities is one of the main problems of this cycle. The development of management guidelines for improved kinds of land use on each type of land is also necessary. Land use planning is oriented to local conditions in terms of both method and content. Planning approaches often fail because global models and implementation strategies are applied and taken over automatically and uncritically. But land use planning is not a standardized procedure which is uniform in its application world-wide. Its content is based on an initial regional or local situation analysis. Local level provides the layout of drainage, irrigation and soil conservation work as well as the siting of specific crops on suitable lands. 16. Прочитайте текст 2C и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем: Text 2С Bottom-Up and Top-Down Planning There are two different planning strategies. Bottom-up land use planning asumes a concept which understands rural development to be a process based on self-help and self-responsibility. The population should actively participate in the process of land use planning. The result of planning and the implementation of measures can only be sustainable if plans are made with and by the people, not behind them or even against them. Planning is therefore not just a matter for experts, but should be carried out together with those affected by it. To ensure a feeling of ownership concerning self-help activities, people who are affected have to be involved in the planning process from the early beginning. Starting at the local level, bottom-up planning means active participation of the land users who will eventually implement the land use plan already at the identification of the land use problem. The other stages of the planning cycle, help to identify and prioritize between different options. In some cases, especially in situations involving large areas or large investments it might be more efficient to focus land use planning at higher administrative level. It is called top-down land use planning. It allows to get results of planning which will be integrated with existing planning administration and legislation. The two planning strategies each have their own advantages and disadvantages and care should be taken not to rely upon only one strategy. Sometimes there are such actual planning situations when one should choose the most appropriate strategy to follow and often mix both of them to get the most satisfying result. There are some of the advantages of bottom-up land use planning. They include local targets, management and benefits: people will be more enthusiastic about a plan seen as their own. More popular awareness of land use problems and opportunities are available. Plans can pay close attention to local constraints: natural resources or socio-economic problems. Better information is fed upwards for higher levels of planning. But there are also different disadvantages. Local interests sometimes] can conflict with regional or national interests. Difficulties occur ire integrating local plans within a wider framework. There is limited technical knowledge at the local level. Technical agencies need to make a! big investment in widely scattered places. Local efforts may collapse because of a lack of higher-level support. 17. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст 2D. Text 2D Implementing Land Use Planning in Development Cooperation Land use planning is implemented in order to make decision for present problems (e.g. soil erosion, insufficient agricultural production and low income in rural households) with the planning towards long- term conservation and sustainable use of land resources. Therefore such planning is based on precautions and is future-oriented based on the interests, viewpoints and problem solving potential of the participants. Land use planning has an integrated character because experience has shown that problems in the field of land resources management can't be solved by sectoral measures only. It is necessary to find appropriate combinations of different measures in technical, economic and social fields and to define them in harmony with each other. This can be achieved through wise land use planning. Land use planning is used in order to find solutions of conflicts among various groups of the population, among different villages, between villages and authorities or large companies, between farmers and pastoralists, etc. In this process rules of using the land are negotiated between the parties involved in the conflict. The different approaches reflect the spectrum of contributions to solutions expected from a process in land use planning. The examples show, participation-oriented land use planning has already a notable success in projects of the technical cooperation. Integrated land use planning should be applied when the biophysical dimension has to be combined with social, political, cultural, economic and legal aspects. In other words, land use planning is applied when social conflicts whose origins often lie in the nature of the current land use or in the form of access to resources must be settled. Various obstacles are placed in the path which may hamper the achievements of the objectives. Creative, realistic, and professional handling of the tools in land use planning are required to cope with all obstacles. Land use planning only makes sense if the contributions to the solutions in the development cooperation can be anchored in a sustainable way, and there is a prospect of applying the approach not only locally but also at larger scales. Lesson 3. THE ESSENCE OF LAND USE PLANNING
Border, elimination, soil, protection, waste, establishment, researching. connect, pollution, certificate, restoration, boundary, site, substances, conduction, estimation, carry out, researchers.
Technical registration, wind erosion, waste products, tilled soils, radioactive substances, projects for reclaiming the soils, country boundaries, elimination of inconveniences, arrangement of land, irrationally used, publicly discussed, interfarm land use planning, number of interconnected elements, land property.
Text ЗА Land Use Planning Activity The basic directions of land use planning in Russia include:
Land use planning activity is carried out in all areas irrespective о their special-purpose designation and forms of ownership according tc scientifically proved, publicly discussed and in accordance with established order authorized by land use planning documentation (includinj forecasts, programmes, schemes and projects, materials of inspections and researches).
Activity, regulation, particular, demarcation, work, special, order, define, arrangement, organizing, delimitation, determine.
Misunderstanding, natural, irregular, legal, understanding, unnatural, regular, respective, illegal, irrespective.
Защита почвы от эрозии, установление границ, материалы проверок и исследований, целевое назначение, улучшение с/х земель, этнические группы, публично обсужденные проблемы, опись (инвентаризация) земли, основные средства, земельные площади, в соответствии с, равные права, компьютерная наука, детальные топографические исследования.
1. В России существуют основные направления землеустроительных работ. 2. Разработка землеустроительных документов связана с оценкой земли. 3. Этнические группы используют и сохраняют свою землю. 4. Землеустройство — это правильная организация земельных ресурсов. 5. Компьютеры широко используются в землеустройстве. 6. Землеустроители решают топографические и картографические вопросы каждый день. 7. Законодательные и правовые акты определяют правильное использование земель. 8. Пользователи земли и собственники участвуют в землеустроительной работе.
Arrangement, proprietor, management, worker, specialist, user, government, legislation, administration, citizenship, designation.
Depend, improve, operate, direct, measure, consider, compose, arrange, participate, manage. |