Н. Г. Веселовская английский язык для специальностей землеустройство Иземельный кадастр
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Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов: Impact, link, lucky, purpose, successfully, accurate, influence, objective, connect, exact.
Large, successful, little, natural, appropriate, rural, use, expensive, weak, narrow.
Отражать всю картину, хорошо известная точка зрения, подушный налог, природа и цели кадастра, сложный феодальный налоговый кадастр, обязанности вассала, тщательно изучать, власть и богатство, пересчитать в точной пропорции, средневековая аристократия, количество крестьян, собирать данные по землепользованию, изданные переводы книг, косвенные доказательства.
1. Европейское влияние было огромным. 2. Православная вера популярна в России. 3. Государство выполняло самые важные экономические проекты. 4. Самые поздние описания кадастра XVII века демонстрировали сложный феодальный налоговый кадастр. 5. Раньше они описывали земельные угодья в две ступени. 6. Эти описания включали количество крестьян в каждой деревне, качество пахотной земли и лугов. 7. Этот текст сравнивает кадастр двух столетий. 8. Кадастр земли средневекового периода — налоговый кадастр.
16, 89, 154, 985, 2841, 3462, 5816, 99852, 186954, 1 861083; 1/8, 3/4, 2/3, 1/3; 0.05; 1.6; 0.007; 1942, 2001, 1957, 1992, 1996, 2004.
Good, big, important, beautiful, little, far, many, bad, easy, complicated, friendly, nice, fine, difficult, interesting, high.
1. A record in the cadastral book had usually been the (good) proof of property rights. 2. (Late) descriptions of the XVllth century demonstrate distinguished and complicated feudal tax cadastre. 3. The arable lands were measured in a very (accurate) way. 4. The (good) the service, the (easy) the life. 5. This is the (magnificent) project on the forest cadastre I have ever seen.
Manage, regular, collect, implement, work, operate, publish, change, press, satisfy.
Less, many, better, worst, more, interesting, more difficult, beautiful, the most different, farther, the most.
1. What is this text devoted to? 2. What kind of cadastres were the Russian medieval ones? 3. What did Pomestnyi Prikaz undertake at the end of the XVth century? 4. What did description of land include? 5. How were land taxes and vassal obligations serve? 6. Did the state carry out any important economic projects? 7. What did the Russian medieval cadastre deal to? 8. Is the similarity of the medieval Russian land cadastre and continental cadastral system proved by any documents of that time?
Text 7 В Changes in Russian Cadastre An epoch of Peter 1 is a turning point in the Russian history. But the character of the changes is more difficult to be defined. The well-known view of Peter's reign as westernization, the turn from Asian, stagnant, introspective Moscow Rus towards the Europe of the New Ages does not reflect the whole picture. The European influence was great indeed, but something in the nature of the Russian state the Great Reformer left does not allow considering it European in full sense of the word. The historical studies at the beginning of the XXlst century showed that there had been much in common between the social institutions of Middle Ages Moscow Rus and Western Europe, especially in the social organization of rural parish. Russian philosophers of the XlXth century stated that a totally original character of pre-Petrine Russian culture, society and state had greatly differed from the European ones. The reasons for it can be seen either in endless forestry plains of ancient Russia or in specific character of the Orthodox faith. The first Emperor of Russia had been responsible for the start of magnificent projects of state building, imperial ideology and merciless way of bringing all this into practice. Some authors tried to justify the cruel methods, which were too well known to him. Such interpretation of the history was more or less appreciated by the official ideology. One could understand the desire to reexamine the epoch of Peter the Great today, when the same facts could be seen as different in the mirror of current changes in Russia. Certainly, the historical facts of this period had been already carefully studied, though important archival documents and facts could be discovered yet. Comparing the Russian cadastral surveys of the XVI —XVllth centuries with those of the XVIllth century one can follow the changes in the nature and purposes of the cadastre. The XVI —XVllth centuries "pistsovye knigi" have changed into documents and maps of land and forest cadastres and few other geographical surveys of cadastral character in the XVIllth century. Land tax had been replaced with poll tax. Despite this old feudal system remained untouched and the Moscow government continued to collect statistical descriptions of its principality in order to check the fulfillment of vassals dues and for distribution of empty lands. The last important action of the Estate Administration of that period had been the Total Bordering (Valovoye Mezhevanye) which examined all administrative units of contemporary Moscow Tsardom. For the first time the aim was set of state bordering and not only of measuring. It was connected with transformation of fanning system with the stable borders of parcels and estates. At the same time this aim showed the new level of geographical knowledge and demand. 16. Прочитайте текст 7C и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем: Text1С Peter's Reforms Before Peter the Great land relations in the Moscow state did not lose its feudal nature. It means tight mutual dependence of central government, peasantry, aristocracy, nobility, dependence of Moscow from the economic development of the territories and prosperity of all estates, elements of self-governing of administrative units. A kind of legal treaty between the tsar and landlords formed the basement of the civil and military service and financial system. All this is an indirect evidence of classes representative system — a kind of feudal "democracy". This was the system replaced by the tsar-reformer. Peter's reforms meant the end of the old order. State building projects of Peter I, his political and economic projects, building of navy and reorganization of the army, mining and industry development, studying of the natural waterways and projects of channels — all this caused the centralization of power, unknown before. The old order of state and military service were unable to satisfy the growing demands for qualified and numerous authorities corresponding to the complexity of the aims of the reign. But one of the main things was the impossibility of feudal system to answer the increasing demand for civil and military staff due to the decreasing land resources, which served as the "payment" for state service earlier. Politically weak vassal and tax classes were unable to resist the energy of the tsar. The state economy, pressed by necessity of urgent changes, increased day by day. Practically all economic projects (including military) had been based on the rich resources belonging to the state or quasi-state Enterprises with forests, mines and slaves enclosed to them, such as baron Stroganov's tremendous estate in Siberia, or — some time later — Demidov's iron plants in Ural Mountains. The demand for natural resources was growing constantly. The forests were to satisfy the needs of navy and metallurgic industry, peasantry should also serve as a resource for magnificent state building. Peter's conception of modernization did not care about the majority of Russians. The rights of the classes had been strongly restricted, the basement of common rights regulating the relations between vassals and supreme power decreased. The development of serfdom and growing pressure of peasant commons against the individuals is often seen as the result of Peter's reform. It is obvious that Peter's reforms have raised from the urgent demands of state management during the war. Peter I had no definite concept of "westernization". One can hardly believe that this practi- cally-minded man could be interested in the largely abstract ideas of introducing the foreign culture, as well as different social, administrative and management methods. 17. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст 7D: Text 7D Forest Cadastre One can see on the example of the forest cadastre that foreign methods introduced in Russia developed not only in the different social and cultural context, but even in the administrative and management environment. Navy building had been one of the main priorities of Peter I reign. The regular forest surveys were ordered in 1703. Soon all the timber forests of European Russia — from the Baltic Sea to the Volga were managed by the Admiralty. It meant not only the forests of the crown but also private, common and clergy forests. It became illegal to the owners to cut their timber if not suitable for the navy. The historiographer of the Ministry of State Property Lev Zakharov considered it to be the nationalization of forest resources. Only at the reign of Ekaterina II liberalization of the forest status took place and in 1802 Forest Department became the body of the Ministry of Finances. All the timber forests were examined and mapped by the officers. All the oaks, lime-trees and pines were counted and measured. It was a forest doomsday indeed. Hundreds of large-scale maps and charts, accompanied with tabular statistics were prepared. Later these documents served as the source for general forest atlases such as well-known "General Atlas of various kinds of forests" from the Hermitage Collection of Manuscript Department of the National Library in Petersburg. These surveys were carried out even where forests were never used later. The fact that forest surveys were surprisingly detailed and exact so deserved special attention. Taking into consideration that large-scale mapping had been new in the practice of Russian state management, we could see the importance of forest surveys for Peter's administration. It makes clear the great shipbuilding plans of Admiralty and Peter himself, this "Sailor and carpenter", as he was called by Pushkin. The mapped resources of timber forests were much more than the real forest consumption, and shipbuilding had ever been at that time or later. The technology of the forest mapping is well-known. It was largely borrowed from the western mapmaking. The aim of Peter's cadastres — navy building — is similar to the one of Colbert's, who managed the French crown estates at the same way. But if the Colbert cadastres managed only forests of the crown, all the Russian forests in practice belonged to the crown for almost a century after implementation of Peter's cadastre. This nationalization seems to have nothing in common with European management of natural resources. Land cadastres could be opposed to the forest ones. Highly developed in the XVI —XVllth centuries, it degraded during Peter's reign. The reason for it was not the tax reform, but the transformation of feudal state into highly centralized bureaucratic system. Regular land surveys did not take place any more despite the fact that landed nobility remained the source for recruiting military and civil statesmen. The land property of nobility giving them independence was considered as an obstacle to their state service. The implementation of obligatory strict forms of state service for nobility is a confirmation of this statement. Despite the large map surveys of Peter's geodesists in the internal provinces of Russia, where most of land estates were situated, these maps do not reflect land property rights, as well as land use and evaluation. These documents are similar to the later surveys of Russian frontier and colonial territories of the Crimea, Siberia, Mid-Asia. The main aim of those is the use of maps for the effective state management and the search for additional natural resources. The emergence of "resource" paradigm in Russian geography and implementation of resource cadastres instead of tax ones is the result of Peter's modernization. For long time till now these traits of Russian geographical knowledge remained linked with the active reforms carried out by the central power. Though the scientific basis of forest cadastre of Peter I — the most remarkable of his cadastres — had been borrowed from the European science, this stresses the original way of natural resources management. Lesson 8. CADASTRAL AND LAND REGISTRATION SYSTEMS IN EUROPE
Methodically, colleagues, boundary, certain, majesty, zoom, announce, complete, widespread, digital, session, authority, Gazeteer, consequence, emerge, arrange, aforementioned, validity.
Within a certain country, use and implementation throughout Europe, to maximize the efficiency, Valuation Office Agency, complete digital database, e-Business strategy, relatively uniform cadastral surveys, unique definition, certificate of title, less pronounced, must be surveyed and demarcated, objects of taxation, greatest achievements, the cradle of the European cadastre, under the umbrella.
Text 8А The UK "Cadastre" The word cadastre is generally used to describe "a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning properties, within a certain country or district, based upon a survey of their boundaries". There are numerous models however for its use and implementation throughout Europe. Taking the land parcel as its foundation, the cadastre is used to record information about land rights, valuation, land use, etc. There is no UK Cadastre — the word cadastre is not one commonly used in the UK, where for historical reasons the development of land administration institutions has taken place in a different way from the rest of Europe. While mapping remains the basis for those activities considered as "cadastral", in the UK there is no single organization responsible for the cadastre. Ordnance Survey, as a national mapping agency, maintains large scale mapping for England, Scotland, and Wales. In Northern Ireland this is the responsibility of Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland. The detailed digital mapping maintained by these two Government Agencies provides the definitive framework upon which other organizations can "hook" and manage their data. Another difference with most mainland European countries is that the base mapping in UK is topographic — it shows features that exist on the ground but not the fixed boundary points and monuments usually associated with a cadastre. Ordnance Survey has made Great Britain one of the few countries in the world to have a complete digital national topographic database, including complete large scale data for all urban areas. Recently Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland has completed the UK picture with large scale digital data covering the entire province. Within Great Britain there is now widespread use of digital mapping across many user sectors, in one of the most developed markets in Europe. Over the last twelve months Ordnance Survey has embarked on a number of projects under the umbrella of a new "e-Business strategy", the vision of which is: "Ordnance Survey and its partners will be the content provider of choice for location based information in the new knowledge economy". As a part of its new e-Business strategy, Ordnance Survey is developing its digital mapping products and services within a coherent infrastructure known as the Digital National Framework. A unique 16 digit topographic identifier is used for all points, lines, and areas, and provides a common link that will allow different data to reference the same feature allowing users to cross reference data in a way that should help to release the potential and value of their data. The Nation Land Information Service (NLIS) is a part of the UK Government "modernizing government" initiative. It is a project being jointly developed by Her Majesty Land Registry (HMLR) and Local Government. It features private sector partners that provide access to a National Land and Property Gazeteer. In conclusion, while there is no cadastre in the United Kingdom the activities normally considered to be a part of the cadastre on continental Europe are performed by a variety of agencies. Although the organizational frameworks are different, many of the issues facing UK institutions are similar to those faced by our colleagues involved in cadastre in other parts of Europe. There is a need to create coordination of efforts in a way described in the UK as "joined-up government" in order to maximize the efficiency of effort and to provide the best value and service to the citizen. |