Аракин. Учебник английского языка для студентов языковых специальностей. Аракин. Учебник английского языка для студентов языковых специал. Практический курс английского языка 4 курс Под редакцией В. Д. Аракина
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11. Translate the following sentences into English using the essential vocabulary: а) 1. Закрой окно, пожалуйста, шум меня раздражает. 2. Вода была такая холодная, что Том начал стучать зубами от холода. 3. В лесной тиши было слышно щебетанье птиц. 4. Безрадостные мысли не давали ему спать всю ночь. 5. Через всю жизнь он пронес юношеский оптимизм и радостную веру в людей. 6. Молодой неизвестный музыкант, принимавший участие в международном конкурсе Чайковского, стал впоследствии знаменитым пианистом. 7. Рыба, наконец, появилась на поверхности воды. Старик был поражен ее размерами. 8. Он появился в городе, когда его менее всего ожидали. 9. Адвокат нападал на свидетеля, задавал ему бесконечные вопросы, так что в конце концов свидетель стал противоречить самому себе. 10. Мистер Волтер шел по набережной. Все вокруг было спокойно. И. "Я знаю, что сейчас ты солгал мне, но я не буду на это обращать внимание, уверен, ты сам обо всем мне расскажешь", — сказал Геральд устало. b) 1. Я намекнул, что ему причитаются кое-какие деньги, но, кмоему удивлению, мои слова не дошли до него. 2. Далли прозрачно намекнули, что в ее услугах больше не нуждаются, но она продолжала приходить каждый день. 3. Окна дребезжали от ветра. 4. Я не понимаю, зачем вы доводите мои слова до абсурда. 5. Долгая болезнь мужа и безработица довели миссис Хартвуд до крайней нищеты. 6. Вы должны снизить скорость. Мы въехали в город; 7. Полковника разжаловали в солдаты за то, что он сдал город. 12. a) Give the Russian equivalents for the following English proverbs: Familiarity breeds contempt. Experience is the best knowledge. Who chatters to you will chatter of you. b) Make up and act out the stories illustrating the given proverbs. CONVERSATION AND DISCUSSION HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TOPICAL VOCABULARY 1. Who is who: applicant/prospective student; freshman; sophomore, junior, senior, undergraduate student; graduate (grad) student; part-time student; .transfer student; night student; faculty:1 teaching assistant, assistant professor, associate professor, (full) professor; counselor.2 2. Administration: dean, assistant dean, department chairman; President of the University; academic vice-president; student government; board of trustees. 3. Structure: college (college of Arts anil Sciences); school (school of Education), evening school;'grad school; summer school;3 college of continuing education;4 department; career development and job placement office.2 4. Academic calendar: fall spring term/semester; fall, winter, spring, summer quarter; school/academic year; exam period/days — reading days/period;5 break/recess; deadline6 (fall term break; whiter recess or winter holidays, summer vacation). _________ 1 The entire teaching staff at an educational institution. 2 For detailed information see Appendix (p. 262). 3 Classes taken in summer (during vacation time) to earn additional credits or to improve one's proficiency. 4 In-service training, updating one's qualification. 5 One or more days to read up for an examination. 6 The last date for a retake. 5. Academic programs: course (a one / three credit course); to take a course, to give a lecture; pass-fail course;1 elective, a major/to major (what's your major?); a minor (second in importance); discussion session; seminars; a more academic class, usually with grad students; a student-teacher. 6. Grades: to get/to give a grade; pass-fail grading (e. g.: to take grammar pass-fail); grades A, B, C, D, E; A-student; to graduate with straight A; a credit, to earn a credit; education record.2 7. Tests: quiz; to take/to give an exam; to retake an exam (a retake); to flunk a course; to flunk smb; to drop out/to withdraw; a pass-fail test; multiple choice test; essay test; SAT, PSAT (preliminary SAT) ACT; GPA.3 8. Red Tape: to register (academically and financially); to enroll for admission; to interview; to sign up for a course; to select classes/courses; to drop a course, to add a course,4 a student I.D.,5 library card; transcript; degrees: B.A., M.A., Ph.D.; to confer a degree; to confer tenure, thesis, paper, dissertation. 9. Financing: full-time fees; part-time fees; graiits; student financial aid; to apply for financial aid; to be eligible for financial assistance; scholarship; academic fees; housing fees; a college work-study job. Higher Education Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for higher education. A college at a leading university might receive applications from two percent of these high school graduates, and then accept only one out of every ten who apply. Successful applicants at such colleges are usually chosen on the basis of a) their high school records; b) recommendations from their _________ 1A course where you don't take an examination, but a pass-fail test (зачёт). 2 Information on a student's attendance, enrollment status, degrees conferred and dates, honours and awards; college, class, major field of study; address, telephone number. 3 Grade Point Average — a grade allowing to continue in school and to graduate. 4 To take up an additional course for personal interest, not for a credit and to pay for it additionally, cf. факультатив 5 I. D. (Identification Document) — cf. студенческий билет high school teachers; c) their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs). The system of higher education in the United States comprises three categories Of institutions: 1) the university, which may contain a) several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor's (four-year) degree and b) one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor's degree to obtain a master's or a doctoral degree, 2) the technical training institutions at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling through business accounting to computer programming; and 3) the two-year, or community college, from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges. Any of these institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding. Some universities and colleges have, over time, gained reputations for offering particularly challenging courses and for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The factors determining whether an institution is one of the best or one of the lower prestige are quality of the teaching faculty; quality of research, facilities; amount of funding available for libraries, special programs, etc.; and the competence and number of applicants for admission, i. e. how selective the institution can be in choosing its students. The most selective are the old private north-eastern universities, commonly known as the Ivy League, include Harvard Radcliffe, (Cambridge, Mass., in the urban area of Boston), Yale University (New Haven, Conn. between Boston and New York), Columbia College (New York), Princeton University (New Jersey), Brown University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, University of Pennsylvania. With their traditions and long established reputations they occupy a position in American university life rather like Oxford and Cambridge in England, particularly Harvard and Yale. The Ivy League Universities are famous for their graduate schools, which have become intellectual elite centers. In defence of using the examinations as criteria for admission, administrators say that the SATs provide a fair way for deciding whom to admit when they have ten or twelve applicants for every first-year student seat. In addition, to learning about a college/university's entrance requirements and the fees, Americans must also know the following: Professional degrees such as a Bachelor of Law (LL.A.) or a Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.) take additional three years of study and require first a B.A. or B.S. to be earned by a student. Graduate schools in America award Master's and Doctor's degrees in both the arts and sciences. Tuition for these programs is high. The courses for most graduate degrees can be completed in two or four years. A thesis is required for a Master's degree; a Doctor's degree requires a minimum of two years of course work beyond the Master's degree level, success in a qualifying examination, proficiency in one or two foreign languages and/or in a research tool (such as statistics) and completion of a doctoral dissertation. The number of credits awarded for each course relates to the number of hours of work involved. At the undergraduate level a student generally takes about five three-hour-a week courses every semester. (Semesters usually run from September to early January and late January to late May.) Credits are earned by attending lectures (or lab classes) and by successfully completing assignments and examinations. One credit usually equals one hour of class per week in a single course. A three-credit course in Linguistics, for example, could involve one hour of lectures plus two hours of seminars every week. Most students complete 10 courses per an academic year and it usually takes them four years to complete a bachelor's degree requirement of about 40 three-hour courses or 120 credits. In the American higher education system credits for the academic work are transferable among universities. A student can accumulate credits at one university, transfer them to a second and ultimately receive a degree from there or a third university. 1. As you read the text a) look for the answers to the questions: 1. What are the admission requirements to the colleges and universities? 2. What are the three types of schools in higher education? 3. What degrees are offered by schools of higher learning in the USA? What are the requirements for each of these degrees? 4. What are the peculiarities of the curricula offered by a college or a university? 5. What is a credit in the US system of higher education? How many credits must an undergraduate student earn to receive a bachelor's degree? How can they be earned? b) Find in the text the factors which determine the choice by in individual of this or that college or university. c) Summarize the text in three paragraphs. 2. Use the topical vocabulary and the material of the Appendix (p. 262) in answering the following questions: 1. What steps do students have to take to enroll in acollege/ university for admission? Speak about the exams they take — PSAT, SAT, ACT. 2. What financial assistance are applicants eligible for? What is college scholarship, grants, loan? Explain and bring out the essence of student financial aid. 3. Speak about the academic calendar of a university. How does an academic year differ from the one in Russia? 4. How many credit hours does a student need to graduate? What type auricular courses and how many does a student have to take to earn a degree? 5. What is a GPA (grade point average) ? 6. What is there to say about a college faculty? What is a tenure? 7. What is the role of a student's counsellor? Specify the function of career development and job placement within a university. 8. Should there be an age limit for university full-time students? What are your attitudes to mature students? 9. What are the sources of funding for universities and colleges (both public and private)? 10. What is an undergraduate student ? A graduate student ? 3. a) Study the following and extract the necessary information: Average Academic Fees per Quarter (public university) Tuition Colleges non-residential residential students students Two Year Colleges $ 753 $ 1796 College of Applied Science $ 753 $ 1796 University College $ 63 $ 150 (part-time rates per cr. hour) Baccalaureate Colleges Art & Science, College- $ 753 $ 1796 Conservatory School of Education, Evening College, Business Administra- $ 63 $ 150 tion, etc. (part-time rates per cr. hr.) Graduate and Professional Programs Medicine (M.D.) $ 2188 $ 4204 (part-tame per cr. hr.) $ 182 $ 350 Law J.D.) $1192 $2323 (part-tame per cr. hr.)/ $ 99 $ 194 Graduate programs $1171 $2303 (part-tame per cr. hr.) $98 $ 192 _____________________________________________________________________ Room $642 Board (10 meals a week) $ 1045 Average College Expenses (University of Pennsylvania — private) Tuition and General Fee $ 11,976 Room and meals $ 4,865 Books and supplies $ 380 Educational Technology Fee $ 200 Personal expenses (e. g. clothing, laundry, $ 1,009 recreation) _________________________ Total: $ 18,430 b) Comment on the given information and speak about the financial aspect of getting a higher education in the US A. 4. Read the following dialogue. The expression in bold type show the way people can be persuaded. Note them down. Be ready to act out the dialogue in class: Molly. Yolanda, I have big news to tell you. I've made a very big decision. Yolanda: Well, come on. What is it? M.: I'm going to apply to medical school. Y.: You're what? But I thought you wanted to teach. M: I've decided to give that up. Teaching jobs are being cut back now at many universities. Y.:Yes, and I've read that a number of liberal arts colleges have been closed. M: I have a friend who finished his Ph. D. in history last year. He's been looking for a teaching position for a year, and he's been turned down by every school so far. Y.: I suppose a Ph.D. in the humanities isn't worth very much these days. M: No, it isn't. And even if you find a teaching job, the salary is very low. Y.: Yeah, college teachers should be paid more. But, Molly, it's very difficult to get into medical school today. M.:Iknow. I've been told the same thing by everyone. Y.: How are you going to pay for it? It costs a fortune to go to medical schools now. M.: Maybe I can get a loan from the federal government. Y.: That's an interesting possibility but it doesn't solve the financial problem entirely even if you get the student financial aid. You will graduate owing money. Medical students, especially, acquired heavy debts. Recently I read of one who owed $ 60,000. Won't you be facing sufficient other problems without starting life in debt? Aren't many college graduates having trouble even finding jobs? When they find them, don't they begin at relatively modest salaries ? M.: I don't know, but... Y.:It's foolish for a student to acquire debt, a negative dowry, unless it's absolutely imperative. Students sometimes become so excited about college that they forget there's life afterwards. M: Maybe you're right. Life is a series of compromises, I'll have to consider career possibilities in the light of college costs... 5. In trying to persuade others, people use different tactics which can be classified into 3 basic strategies — hard, soft, and rational. Hard tactics aUenate the people being influenced and create a climate of hostility and resistance. Soft tactics — acting nice, being humble —may lessen self-respect and self-esteem. People who rely chiefly on logic reasons and compromise to get then-way are the most successful. 1) As you read the extracts below pay attention to the difference between the 3 different strategies of persuasion — hard, soft and rational: a) (parent to child) Get upstairs and clean your room! Now. (hard); b) (professor to student) I'm awfully sorry to ask you to stay late but I know I can't solve this problem without your help, (rational); c) (professor to student) I strongly suggest that you work this problem out, if not, I will have to write a negative report about you. (hard); d) (teacher to freshman) That was the best essay I ever read. Why don't you send it to the national competition ? You could do very well there, (soft). 2) Turn the given situation below into four possible dialogues by supplying the appropriate request of the first speaker: John, a high school undergraduate, asks his Latin teacher to write a recommendation for him to apply to the University of Pennsylvania for admission. a) J.: T.: Sure, John. b) J.: T.: Of course, John. c) J.: T.: I suppose that's all right, John. d) J.: T.: Yeah, that's OK, John. 3)In the text below: The teacher is giving Jeff, talented but a very lazy student, his advice, a) Decide if the teacher's strategies are hard, soft or rational: I guess there is nothing more I can say or do to persuade you to try harder, Jeff. At this point it is crucial that you decide what you really want to do in order to know the language well. It's important to start early. You are very bright but it is still essential that you practise on a daily basis. It is also very important for you to come to class regularly. No one can do these things for you and no one should. It's necessary that you decide yourself whether to make these changes in your attitude or to give up your future as a teacher of English. |