ЛГ Практикум. Практикум по английскому языку для студентов медицинских вузов Воронеж 2009 удк 881. 111 Ббк 81. 423. 1
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Text 6. Blood
These blood cells are mostly manufactured in the bone marrow (the soft tissue inside our bones), especially in the bone marrow of the vertebrae (the bones that make up the spine), ribs, pelvis, skull, and sternum (breastbone).
Write down the letter of the paragraph which
G. Read Text 7 and complete the tasks below Text 7. Mouth and Teeth
Write down the letter of the paragraph which
Decide whether the statements are true or false and put (T) or (F) next to the statement
H. Read Text 8 and complete the tasks below Text 8. HOW FLUORIDE WORKS
Write down the letter of the paragraph which
Decide whether the statements are true or false and put (T) or (F) next to the statement
Chapter II. USE OF ENGLISH 1. Lexical Cloze Tasks a. Complete the following article by filling in one missing word in each space ORAL CANCER – RISK FACTORS 75% of those diagnosed with oral cancer 1 _____ smokers. When 2 ______ smoker also drinks, the risks are even higher. In fact, people who both smoke 3 _____ drink are up to 15 times more likely to develop oral cancer than those who 4_____. If you add bad oral hygiene 5____ smoking and alcohol, then the risks are even greater. One might think that once the patient has 6 _____ diagnosed with oral cancer, it’s too late to stop smoking and drinking. However, one of the characteristics 7 _____ oral cancer is that there is a tendency to develop a second primary oral cancer. Approximately 15% of patients, who continue 8 _____ smoke and abuse alcohol after the first cancer is treated, go on to develop another oral cancer within five years. This increases to as high as 40% after five years. Moreover, patients 9 _____ smoke have a lower response to radiation therapy and their survival rate is lower. It is therefore imperative that the patients change 10 _____ lifestyle immediately. b. Complete the following article by filling in one missing word in each space PAIN Pain is a vital part of our body’s defences, and 1 _____ it we could not survive. Pain warns us what things 2 _____ dangerous, and so helps us avoid damage to our body. If the body is already damaged, pain helps with healing because 3 _____ makes us protect our injuries. Some babies are born with a rare condition that makes them unable to 4_____ pain. They do 5 _____ learn the lessons that pain teaches, and as a result suffer many fractures and infections. Pain happens when nerve endings in our skin and our internal 6 _____ send messages through the central 7 _____ system to our brain. The brain itself 8 _____ feel pain. There are two types of pain – acute pain, which lasts a short time and 9 _____ removed when the cause is cured, and chronic pain, which can last a lifetime and cannot usually be treated. Chronic pain must 10 _____ managed using drugs or other methods. c. Complete the following article by filling in one missing word in each space OLD AGE AND THE BRAIN In our early years 1 _____ brains grow very fast as we learn language, writing, numbers, music, and how to coordinate movement. By the time we are teenagers, each neuron in our brain has connected to tens of thousands of other neurons, and every time we have a new thought or memory, our 2 _____ makes new connections. Just as muscles get stronger by using them, the brain develops when it 3 _____ stimulated. 4 _____ stimulation, it gradually dies. 5 _____ healthy brain does not lose huge numbers of brain cells as it ages. It continues to rewrite itself and grow 6 _____ neurons. However, degenerative brain diseases are very common 7 _____ old age, and so we associate ageing with diseases such 8 ______ Alzheimer’s disease. Even though these 9 _____ are very common in the elderly, it is a mistake to think that old age automatically equals mental decline. When elderly people who do not have Alzheimer’s diseases suffer age-related losses of memory and motor skills, it is often 10 _____ because of ageing, but because of inactivity and lack of mental stimulation. d. Complete the following article by filling in one missing word in each space ORAL HYGIENE Brushing your teeth regularly is not just about looking good and having fresh 1_____, it is about staying healthy! The effects of poor oral hygiene 2 _____ widespread and serious. Apart from causing intra-oral 3_____ , poor oral hygiene 4 _____ been linked to heart disease, lung disease, and premature birth. The source of all these problems 5 _____ plaque, a sticky white substance that forms on the teeth. First, your dentist or dental hygienist can help you identify the places in the mouth where you are 6 _____ brushing properly. Then they 7 _____ advise you on correct tooth brushing and flossing techniques. In addition, they can remove the calculus (calcified plaque) that forms 8 _____ the teeth. This is far too hard to remove 9 _____ a toothbrush and needs to 10 _____ scraped off with special dental instruments. e. Complete the following article by filling in one missing word in each space WILD TREATMENTS A lot of knowledge which we call “alternative medicine” has come from watching animals, because not every pharmacist is a human being – animals treat themselves 1 _____ medicines too. You may 2 _____ seen a dog or a cat eat grass, for example. They do this because it makes them sick, and clears their stomach of worms. Bears know 3 _____ the medicinal properties of the root of a plant called Ligusticum. They chew its root, and apply the juice to wounds 4 _____ an antiseptic. Ligusticum is used 5 _____ Navajo Indians too. A folk story says they 6 _____ told about the plant by bears. When some birds build their nests, they choose some aromatic plants that 7 _____ keep their babies healthy. The plants chosen by the birds are also used by herbalists 8 _____ skin problems such as ulcers, sores, and eczema. Because bacteria 9 _____ becoming resistant to antibiotics, it is becoming more and more important to find alternatives, and zoopharmacognosy – a word from Greek meaning “animals’ knowledge of medicine”, may give us important new information about very old ways of dealing 10 _____ illness. 2. Multiple Choice Tasks a. Read the article below and decide which word best fits the space Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection of one or both 1____which is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Before the discovery of antibiotics, one-third of all people 2 ___ suffered from pneumonia subsequently died from the infection. Currently, over 3 million people3 ___pneumonia each year in the United States. Over a half a million of these people are 4_____to a hospital for treatment. Although most of these people 5_____, approximately 5% will die from pneumonia. Pneumonia is the sixth leading 6_____of death in the United States. Breathing in small droplets that contain pneumococci 7______cause pneumonia. These droplets are 8_____into the air when a person infected with these germs coughs or sneezes. In other cases, pneumonia is caused when bacteria or viruses that are normally present in the mouth, throat, or nose enter the lungs. If a person is weak from another illness, a severe pneumonia can develop. People with recent 9_____ infections, lung disease, heart disease, and swallowing problems, as well as alcoholics, drug users, and those who have suffered a stroke are at higher risk for developing pneumonia 10_____ the general population. 1 A bronchi B lungs C tonsils D alveoli 2 A having B had C have D has 3 A do B develop C start D suffer 4 A discharged B brought C carried D admitted 5 A cure B recover C treat D improve 6 A cause B reason C symptom D incidence 7 A can B must C should D could 8 A perforated B contributed C discharged D infected 9 A diseased B moderate C congenital D viral 10 A than B as C that D then b. Read the article below and decide which word best fits the space A Headache Martyr I really need some help, I have had headaches ever since I 1_________ remember which is about the age of 2 and I am almost 25 now. The headaches 2______ almost non-stop and they vary in intensity from standard headaches which I am so used to. Now I 3______ from really bad migraines which stop me doing anything. I have had various different 4________from anti depressants to very strong pain killers but nothing seems to be doing the job. I have had a CAT scan which didn’t show anything up (which was a big relief) and I still get 5______. My headaches can be so 6_________ to stop me from sleeping. At the moment they are preventing me from sleeping I feel quite upset by it all. Its beginning to be too much for me, makes me cry every night with 7______ I just want to remove it. I am now at a complete loss of what to do but I cannot stand them anymore every day of my life, they are beginning to rule and ruin my life. I have to spend more and more time of work sat down in a dark room or just away from all noise. The drugs I have tried are: Naproxen, Solpadol, Migraleave, Tylenol, Naratriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan, Duradrin. 8_____ of these slightly helped but I still get constant headaches. The one which helps the most is the Solpadol but I cannot and should not 9_______ it every 4 hours forever. I have also tried the no drug method and just tried to not take anything 10_____ the headaches for a while but this still didn’t work for me. 1 A may B can C should D could 2 A have been B had been C will have been D were 3 A feel B suffer C complain D have 4 A drugs B powders C herbs D drops 5 A its B their C it’s D them 6 A dangerous B bad C terrifying D powerful 7 A ache B pain C pains D troubles 8 A Any B Some C Anything D Everything 9 A have B take C swallow D eat 10 A to B against C from D for c. Read the article below and decide which word best fits the space |