Т.А.Зражевская Л.М.Беляева - Трудности перевода с английского яз. Т. А. Зражевская Л. М. Беляева

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§ 2. ГЕРУНДИЙ

I. Герундий в различных функциях

1. Герундий в функции обстоятельства всегда употребляется в сочета­нии с предлогом. Он может выступать в функции следующих обстоятельств:

1) времени, после предлогов on (upon), after, before, in. После предлогов before и in герундий переводится обычно на русский язык придаточным пред­ложением; после on (upon) и after — деепричастием прошедшего вре­мени.

In trying to devise ways to improve the machinery of j the United Nations the Foreign Secretary displayed real ingenuity. Когда министр иностран­ных дел пытался придумать новые способы улучшения аппарата ООН, он проявил подлинную изобретательность. (Пытаясь приду­мать ...)

After making this statement the minister said he was not going to reconsider his decision. Сделав это заявление, министр сказал, что он не собира­ется пересматривать свое решение.

Но могут быть и другие варианты перевода герундия в функции обстоя­тельства времени, в зависимости от сочетаемости слов в русском языке, напри­мер сочетанием предлога с существительным: after (on) arriving no прибытии, after checking после проверки.

2) сопутствующего обстоятельства, после предлогов besides кроме того, что, instead of вместо того, чтобы, apart from не говоря уже, кроме, without. В зависимости от предлога герундий переводится обычно на русский язык инфинитивом или придаточным предложением. С предлогом without герундий переводится отрицательной формой деепричастия, сочета­нием предлога без с существительным или без того, чтобы с личной формой глагола.

Besides being extremely unpopular this policy may lead to a complete failure of all their efforts. He говоря уже о том, что эта политика не пользу­ется популярностью, она может привести к тому, что все их усилия окажутся напрасными.

3) обстоятельства образа действия, с предлогами in, by, without. По­сле предлогов in и by герундий переводится деепричастием или сочета­нием предлогов путем, при помощи и т. п. с существительным или самостоя­тельным предложением; с предлогом without — отрицательной формой деепричастия или существительным с предлогом без.

It can be done by sending deputations to MPs. Это можно сделать, послав де­путации к членам парламента.

Не admitted that he had made a mistake in not supporting this proposal earlier. Он признал, что допустил ошибку, не поддержав этого предложения раньше (тем, что не поддержал...).

4) обстоятельства условия, с составными предлогами in case of, in the event of в случае если, subject to при условии, without. С предлогом without герундий переводится отрицательной формой деепричастия, сочетанием пред­лога без с существительным или словосочетанием без того, чтобы и отрицательной формой инфинитива. В остальных случаях — обычно личной формой глагола или существительным.

They promised not to undertake any actions without consulting their partners. Они обещали не предпринимать никаких действий, не проконсультиро­вавшись (без консультации; без того, чтобы не прокон­сультироваться) со своими партнерами.

5) обстоятельства причины, с составными предлогами owing to из-за, вследствие, for fear of из опасения и др.; переводится личной формой гла­гола, существительным или деепричастием.

Не did not dare to make public announcements about this plan for fear of be­ing criticized. Он не осмелился открыто объявлять об этом плане из опа­сения, что его подвергнут критике (опасаясь, как бы его не под­вергли...).

Примечание. В сочетании с предлогом without герундий может высту­пать в функции обстоятельства условия, образа действия и сопутствующего обстоятельства. Функция его определяется контек­стом предложения.

Their policy is based upon the conviction that they cannot possibly win with­out smashing by military force the resistance of the peace-loving nations. Их поли­тика основывается на твердом убеждении, что они не смогут победить, не сломив (если они не сломят) военной силой сопротивления миролюбивых стран, (обстоятельство условия)

They can organize their work without being interfered with and controlled by big business. Они могут организовать свою работу без вмешательства и кон­троля со стороны крупного бизнеса (без того, чтобы крупный бизнес вмеши­вался в нее и осуществлял над ней контроль). (обстоятельство образа дейст­вия)

On the opening day a new president was elected without anyone objecting. В день от­крытия без каких-либо возражений (единогласно) был избран новый пред­седатель, (сопутствующее обстоятельство)

2. Герундий в функции определения обычно следует за предлогом of и переводится инфинитивом или существительным.

Since he became Britain's Foreign Secretary, he has been insisting on the impor­tance of negotiating on limited practical questions. С тех пор как он стал министром иностранных дел Анг­лии, он все время настаивает на значении (важности) ведения переговоров по ограниченному кругу практических вопросов.

Иногда герундий встречается в сочетании с предлогом for, часто с указа­нием на назначение предмета, что сближает его с обстоятельством цели.

In that time he intends to seek ways for improving cooperation with France. За это время он намеревается искать пути для улучшения (расширения, чтобы улучшить) сотрудничества с Францией.

3. В функции дополнения (предложного и беспредложного) к сущест­вительному, прилагательному и глаголу. В функции предложного дополнения герундий сочетается с очень большим количеством предлогов, и, так же как и в функции беспредложного дополнения, в зависимости от его лексического значения и от сочетаемости слов в русском языке, переводится инфинитивом, существительным или придаточным предложением, вводи­мым словами то, что....

They succeeded in removing all the obstacles. Им удалось устранить все пре­пятствия.

Не avoided mentioning it for fear of being criticized. Он избегал упоминания об этом из опасения, что его подвергнут критике.

This curious episode merits being inserted in a survey of the activities of the Se­curity Council during that period. Этот любопытный эпизод заслужи­вает того, чтобы его включили в обзор, посвященный деятельности Со­вета Безопас­ности за этот период времени.

4. В функции подлежащего, предикативного члена и части состав­ного сказуемого. В этих функциях герундий, как правило, перево­дится суще­ствительным или инфинитивом.

Solving Britain's economic difficulties, said the Prime Minister, is a question not so much of political doctrine as practical judgment. Разрешение эконо­миче­ских трудностей Англии, сказал премьер-министр, это во­прос не столько поли­тической доктрины, сколько практической целесо­образности.

И the Minister wants to avert a dock strike he had better stop attacking the Dock­ers and start twisting the arms of the mean and stubborn employers. Если министр хочет избежать забастовки докеров, ему лучше прекра­тить нападки (наступление) на докеров и начать оказывать серьезный нажим на жадных и упрямых предпринимателей.

Примечание 1. Сочетание there is no с герундием в функции под­лежащего переводится на русский язык неопределенно-личным пред­ложением.

There Is no denying that danger may be averted by this move. Нельзя отри­цать, что этим шагом можно избежать опасности.

Примечание 2. После выражения far from герундий переводится следующим об­разом: не только не ... (+ личная форма глагола), но ...; вместо того, чтобы (+инфинитив)...; отнюдь не (+деепричастие)... .

Far from averting this threat, this surrender will only bring about still tougher action later. Отнюдь не устраняя угрозы, эта капитуляция приведет в будущем лишь к более жестким мерам.

Far from being a triumph, it was the most ignominious surrender in modern diplo­macy. Это не только не было триумфом, но было самой позорной капитуля­цией за всю историю дипломатии нашего времени.

Примечание 3. Простые формы герундия в различных функциях могут перево­диться на русский язык существительным с предлогом, инфинитивом, дееприча­стием или придаточным предложением. Способ перевода зависит не столько от той или иной функции герундия, сколько от его лексического значения и сочетаемости слов в русском языке.

Пассивная и перфектная формы герундия переводятся почти всегда придаточ­ным предложением.

Переведите следующие предложения.

1. After making his statement Mr M. said he was considering how to vote on the steel White Paper scheme at the end of Thursday's debate.

2. They made their decision after being told of the terms contained in a joint union-management statement.

3. After being summoned by the technicians' union, British European Airways has admitted its liability to pay an increase to employees in Channel Islands due last October under a productivity agreement.

4. On arriving at London Airport from the U. N. Security Council meeting on Rhodesia, the Foreign Secretary said that he thought a practical and effective resolu­tion would emerge as a result of his talks with African Commonwealth dele­gates.

5. In proclaiming its economic plan this autumn, the Government must con­vince the country that it has the will and the means to redeploy labor efficiently if industry will cooperate.

6. He said he had detected a forward movement in the U. S. position on the is­sue. The United States had gone further than ever before in agreeing that the mat­ter should be studied.

7. Delegates to the Midland Federation of Trades Councils yesterday deplored the action of the Government in bringing in Part 4 of the Prices and Incomes Act, "which negated the whole purpose of the trade union movement."

8. Mr N. in a comment last night said the Government was making "a grave mistake in not taking the opportunity of explaining their policy to the country and submitting it to public criticism and comment."

9. By not losing sight of the long-term objectives they made themselves mas­ters and not servants or victims of economic forces operating in the world.

10. The first lesson, surely, is that the successive Governments added greatly to the public anxiety by declining for so long to give reasonable information to Parliament and the people.

11. There is still time to let every new MP know what the British people want. It can be done by making a big success of the Easter peace march, by sending resolu­tions from trade unions and other organizations, and by sending deputations to MPs.

12. Workers joined unions to defend their living standards. "We can best do that by following a vigorous wages policy," Mr M. added.

13. They expect that the Prime Minister will try to suppress criticism by plead­ing that matters are at a delicate stage.

14. Mr G. then added insult to injury by putting the blame for the "inconven­ience" of unemployment on the "dishonest and thriftless" British people.

15. By agreeing to an Italian proposal that this question be turned over to a committee of U. N. member states for study, the United States lured a number of wavering countries away from the Canadian position.

16. Meanwhile the people and their representatives did what they were told without even the privilege of being informed of the decisions taken by their lead­ers.

17. They expected that this would allow them to take part in a world disarma­ment conference without losing face.

18. Instead of being changed however the traditional strategy was merely reas­serted and put into operation at the end of the war under the famous and accu­rate phrase about "negotiation from strength."

19. Instead of cutting overseas military costs by bringing our troops home, the ruinous drain on Britain's finances is being continued by the Labor Government.

20. These conclusions are mainly four. The first is that the best way of giving the people of each colony the opportunity of deciding what final form of constitu­tion they should have is by application of the principle "one person one vote."

21. But all the democratic organizations of the British people insist that their Government goes into negotiations with the clear purpose of arriving at an agreed settlement. This great chance of bringing peace to Britain and the world must not be missed.

22. The British Premier wants to seek ways of getting better relations between Nato and France during these discussions.

23. It is perfectly true that the present capitalist system of organization is inca­pable of making the best use of its population, or providing them all with a rapidly rising standard of life.

24. Seventy-two Labor MPs yesterday issued a declaration giving their rea­sons for fighting against Britain's entry into the Common Market.

25. There are countries who would be ready to sign agreements with the de­veloping nations for training some of their people over the next five, ten years.

26. In this instance the Latin Americans had sufficient common sense for not trying to solve anything for the big powers.

27. It is nonsense for its supporters to claim that the present policy is a suc­cess. It has succeeded in increasing the number out of work, and in reducing pro­duction.

28. The Postmaster-General is looking into ways of preventing walkie-talkie sets from entering Britain.

29. Mr P. is not only the Minister of Agriculture but also the Minister of Food. In the latter capacity, he argues, he could not possibly have contemplated accept­ing the dairy farmers demand for an extra 6d on a gallon of milk.

30. The draughtsman’s annual conference today made a peace move aimed at resolving the strikes of several hundred men in five shipyards.

31. The report also wants to stop newspapers and broadcasts from publishing a public opinion poll on the likely result of a parliamentary election during the 72 hours before the poll closes.

32. The delegates are accustomed to functioning unobtrusively as members of the same team when important issues are at stake.

33. Early in 1965 the Americans became intent on retreating from their unwise backing of the Assembly against the Council, without losing too much face in the process.

34. Mr F. thanked the Morning Star for having invited him as a journalist and a socialist.

35. Restoring pre-eminence to the Security Council would require the General Assembly to surrender the powers arrogated to itself during that period.

36. Assembling and mingling the special delegations to the Assembly from every member state is in itself a considerable achievement in terms of the logistics of politics, and one which is welcome to every foreign ministry capable of function­ing at a professional level.

37. Sacrifices for his policy are worse than a waste. Encouraging him to con­tinue on the course he has chosen will Lead to further electoral losses.

38. It means maintaining a national average growth rate of about 4 per cent per year and achieving an average annual increase in productivity of about 3V₂ per cent over the whole period.

39. Far from doing anything to reduce the number of jobless, the Government is planning to throw more out of work with its rail and pit closures.

40. Far from helping the low-paid the Prime Minister has hit them hardest of all.

41. The British Government far from diminishing or freezing its own war budget, is increasing its record heights.

42. Far from challenging the rights and privileges of big business, he allied him­self with big business against people.

43. The drive toward monopoly in the British Press is no different in essence from the same development in all other major industries. Far from hindering this development, the Government is actually encouraging it.

44. Labor Party officials were prepared to admit that far from gaining votes, La­bor was losing supporters to the Liberals at the rate of one for every five Tories.

45. Far from being thrown on the defensive by the Right Wing attack, the Left should respond by the most vigorous counter-offensive.

46. While some progress was made in electing Negroes to office, including one additional Congressman, the number elected is far from corresponding to the role of the Negro people and their magnificent contribution to the common victory.

47. Any concessions to monopolists far from assuaging their demands, only serve to whet their appetites.

II. Герундиальный комплекс

Сочетание герундия с существительным в притяжательном или общем па­деже, притяжательным местоимением или группой слов, которые являются субъектом действия, выраженного герундием, составляет единое целое и мо­жет выступать в качестве члена предложения в тех же функциях, что и герун­дий. Герундиальный комплекс переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением, вводимым словами то, что...; тот факт, что...; (с тем) чтобы...; после того как..., что... и др.

We look forward to much attention being given to this question. Мы рассчиты­ваем на то, что этому вопросу будет уделено значительное внимание.

Трудность, связанная с переводом герундиального комплекса, заключа­ется главным образом в том, что, если его субъект выражен существитель­ным, то его можно принять за сочетание существительного с причастием. Синтаксический анализ предложения, в частности определение функции формы на -ing, и контекст предложения позволяют точно установить, явля­ется ли данное слово герундием или причастием.

When the conference of Foreign Ministers' deputies was subsequently held, the new formula was used by the Americans to prevent an agreed agenda be­ing drawn up. Когда впоследствии состоялась конференция заместите­лей министров иностранных дел, эта новая формула использовалась американцами, чтобы помешать тому, чтобы была выработана согла­сованная повестка дня.

Если считать, что being drawn up является причастием в функции определе­ния, то следовало бы перевести это следующим образом: «...использовалась американцами, чтобы помешать согласованной повестке, которая в тот. момент вырабатывалась», что явно лишено смысла.

Переведите следующие предложения.

1. All the evidence of past words and deeds is against such agreement being possible.

2. We said it would lead to men being deprived of their livelihood and was not redeployment at all.

3. "There is no question therefore of the door being firmly closed against any in­crease of pay for firemen before July 1 next," he declares.

4. Leaders of the Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions today said that at their meeting with the Prime Minister last week they had taken strong exception to the number of people being thrown out of work without other lobs being available.

5. The unions sought discussions with the company on supervisory grade mat­ters, about which no agreement or understanding existed with the unions, and insisted on shop-floor employees being present during these discussions.

6. Those trade unionists who believed the propaganda about the freeze benefit­ing the lower-paid workers got a shock just before Christmas, when agreements affecting farm workers and shop assistants were referred to the Prices and In­comes Board.

7. Refusal to do this work resulted in two men being suspended and strike ac­tion followed.

8. But if this experiment fails then it is my opinion that, far from there being an improvement in the standards of life of our people, there will be a steady diminu­tion.

9. Our jobs and living standards depend on the industrial capacity of the na­tion being used to the full.

10. The picture, drawn by the Prime Minister and others, of the newspaper in­dustry being wrecked by the high pay and greed of its workers, has been blown sky-high by the hush-hush report of the Economist Intelligence Unit.

11. In and outside Parliament, using all means at their disposal, they intend to organize their considerable resources in an effort to prevent the dominant sector of the industry becoming State-owned.

12. The sale of a 28-acre site by British Rail to a London borough for housing at a price of 13,500,000 is another example proving the need for action on land going far beyond anything the Government has so far decided.

13. It is not the critics of the Minister of Economy who are cynical. That is a word which could be more accurately applied to a Minister who says he is for prices being kept down, and then supports a Budget which puts them up.

14. It is the considered opinion of the Government and people of India that to disturb the status quo must lead to the forces of disorder being unleashed in the entire sub-continent.

15. These conferences have revealed the rising tide of national liberation cracking the imperialist structure.

16. Mr R. said there might not be any question of neo-Nazi or fascists getting power in Britain, but they could not be under-estimated. They should be attacked and isolated from the rest of the community.

17. More troops going there will only make things worse.

18. The Soviet delegate seemed to suggest in a statement recently that Russia was not averse to the General Assembly's discussing problems that were blocked in the Security Council.

19. They gathered to discuss the injustices of foreign trade as they affect the chances of the poor countries ever becoming less poor.

20. The western powers were opposed to the idea of disarmament being dis­cussed at the General Assembly, but the heads of their governments were, in fact, compelled to attend the Assembly.

21. The authoritative Cairo newspaper Al Ahram said that the U. A. R. Foreign Minister would tell the mission that the U.A.R. is against the mission being ex­ploited for the benefit of any country, or becoming the unintentional instrument of any colonialist interest.

22. Another important American statement shows that the military chiefs ob­ject to any idea of each country having its own independent forces.

23. We are objecting to someone having the honor of such a degree who is a South African and yet, as far as has been proved to us, has in no way opposed the apartheid movement in South Africa.

24. The United States has insisted on agriculture being an integral part of the Kennedy Round.

25. Careful probing has resulted in the percentage of British exports caught by the E.E.C¹ exceptions list being whittled down by a couple of points.

26. What police described as "appalling" weather conditions prevented the two helicopters borrowed from the Army taking part in the search.

27. The whole system was nothing but an alarm system designed to go off in case of raw materials being illegally removed or utilized.

28. The report also wants to stop newspapers and broadcasts from publishing a public opinion poll or betting odds on the likely result of a Parliamentary election during the 72 hours before the poll closes.