Т.А.Зражевская Л.М.Беляева - Трудности перевода с английского яз. Т. А. Зражевская Л. М. Беляева

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§ 4. СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

Предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в страдательном залоге (пассивной форме) представляют иногда по ряду: причин значительные трудности при переводе на русский язык.

Во-первых, в английском языке форма страдательного залога образуется не только от переходных глаголов, но и от глаголов, требующих косвенное или предложное дополнения. Например, от глаголов to arrive at приходить к, достигать (в переносном значении), to call upon призывать кого-л., to deal with иметь дело с, обращаться с, to enter into вступать (в соглашение и т. п.), to refer to ссылаться на, to report on сообщать о, доносить на, to dic­tate to диктовать, приказывать, to tell (smth.), to give (smth.). to и др.

Во-вторых, английскому переходному глаголу в русском языке может соот­ветствовать непереходный глагол, требующий предложное или косвен­ное дополнения. Например, to affect воздействовать на, to attend присутство­вать на, to follow следовать за, to influence влиять на, to join присоединяться к, to need нуждаться в, to treat обращаться с, to refuse отка­зывать кому-л., отказываться от, to resist сопротивляться и др.

В-третьих, в английском языке в страдательном залоге могут употреб­ляться фразеологические сочетания, например, to make use of, to pay atten­tion to, to take notice of и др. Эти сочетания невозможно перевести на рус­ский язык соответствующими глаголами, не заменив страдательный залог действительным.

Очень часто при переводе на русский язык приходится: вместо страдатель­ного залога употреблять действительный; личные предложения переводить неопределенно-личными; заменять один глагол другим, а иногда вместо личной формы глагола употреблять в русском тексте форму неличную или вообще передавать эту пассивную форму лексически.

Thousands of London print workers have been urged by their branches to sup­port Tuesday's lobby of Parliament against the wage-freeze. Местные лон­донские организации типографских рабочих призвали тысячи своих членов принять участие в назначенном на вторник походе к депу­татам парламента (в парламент к депутатам) с протестом против замораживания заработной платы.

Если в английском предложении отсутствует субъект действия глагола (до­полнение с предлогом by), оно обычно переводится неопределенно-лич­ным предложением.

Yesterday Parliament was told that there is going to be no reduction whatever in the size of the British Army on the Rhine. Вчера парламенту сооб­щили, что численность английской армии на Рейне вообще не будет уменьшена.

This statement, he said, should be looked at in the light of what was said at the previous meeting. Он сказал, что это заявление следует рассматри­вать в свете того, что было сказано (в свете сказанного) на предыду­щем заседании.

В русском языке страдательный залог не так употребителен, как в англий­ском, и даже в тех случаях, когда английскому глаголу в пассивной форме соответствует русский переходный глагол, страдательный залог часто заменя­ется действительным по стилистическим соображениям, или для того, чтобы в русском языке передать смысловое или логическое ударение англий­ского предложения.

These fears were reiterated by the representative of the Weavers' Association, who said the closure would cause much hardship. Эти же опасения выска­зал также и представитель Ассоциации ткачей, который сказал, что закрытие (шахт) вызовет большие трудности.

Переведите следующие предложения.

1. As a result of a strike by 500 workers, no steel has been produced at the Ab­bey Works of the Steel Company of Wales in Port Talbot since Friday night.

2. The wage squeeze has held down purchases, and caused unemployment to soar to 640,000. The squeeze has been brought in to pay the costs of the military burdens and the policies of which they are a part.

3. A call to the Labor and Peace movement will be discussed at a national con­ference called by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in Manchester on June 11. Trades councils, trade union branches and organizations of the Labor and Peace movement are being asked to elect delegates and applications for creden­tials are already flowing in.

4. Those who ask about the conditions of membership, to see whether anything has substantially changed, are given evasive replies, of the sort the Foreign Secre­tary gave in the Commons yesterday. Those who point to the damage that Market membership would do to living standards are asked to leave matters to the Prime Minister.

5. The National Steel Corporation will be empowered to direct the disclaimer of any agreement or lease entered into by a company coming into public owner­ship.

6. Proposals from some 20 authorities for the reorganization of secondary educa­tion along the comprehensive lines had been wholly or very substantially approved in 1966. A few authorities were invited to reconsider part of their propos­als and others were asked to consider modifications of varying importance.

7. The 24 men were originally suspended for leaving work early after they had been refused permission to have extra time to clean up after doing what they claimed was a particularly dirty job.

8. Before the Minister left Rhodesia yesterday he told the Press that his request to meet the "restricted" leaders of the African people, had been refused.

9. Just now the body's natural defense mechanism against bacteria and viruses works is being more closely examined at the National Institute for Medical Re­search at Mill Hill, London.

10. At least five people were killed and scores injured as hurricane Inez swept across the French Caribbean Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe on Tuesday night. Heavy damage was caused as the storm hit with winds up to 125 miles an hour. Communications were disrupted and many centers cut off.

11. The Government was "very mild" as regards prices and rents, compared with the "uncompromising tone" when wages and salaries were dealt with.

12. This is happening when the home market is being restricted by the new Budget.

13. This figure of 30 has been treated as a military secret until a newspaper published it a few days ago.

14. A few years ago when it was decided to expand accommodations in the Gen­eral Assembly Hall, at considerable expense, enough seats were allotted for delegates from 120 countries. The magic number was arrived at after consulting ufologist, within and without the organization.

15. Police, who believe the four prisoners have separated, investigated reports that a farm and a factory — between Tavistock and Plymouth — were broken into overnight.

16. The new powers of the Government on wages are as totally unacceptable to the trade union movement of this country as the old ones. They must be re­sisted, and defeated.

17. The Government must ensure that the unions were not called upon to ac­cept impossible tasks and then be blamed because they failed.

18. Another speaker thought that some of the older mental hospitals can only be adequately dealt with by pulling them down and rebuilding them.

§ 5. СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

В ряде случаев перевод сослагательного наклонения на русский язык пред­ставляет известную трудность. А именно:

1. Форма should (для всех лиц)+инфинитив в придаточном подлежащем с глаголом-сказуемым типа (it) isrecommended (suggestedи. т. п.) that..., в прида­точном дополнительном после глаголов типа to recommend, to suggest, to demand и т. п. и в придаточном предикативном, если подлежащим глав­ного предложения является существительное того же корня: recommenda­tion, suggestion, demand и т. п., переводится на русский язык сослагатель­ным наклонением (частица бы + глагол в прошедшем времени).

The best thing the commission can do is to recommend that the Geneva confer­ence should begin again with renewed energy. Самое лучшее, что может сделать Комитет, — это вынести рекомендацию, чтобы Женев­ская конферен­ция с новой энергией возобновила свою деятель­ность.

Примечание. Как стилистический или американский вариант формы should + инфинитив употребляется форма, омонимичная инфинитиву без час­тицы to

Canada was considering a proposal that the Secretary General soundoutParis on its attitude to this question Канада рассматривала предложение о том, чтобы Ге­неральный секретарь выяснил (позондировал) отношение Парижа к этому вопросу.

2. Придаточные предложения условия с формой should (для всех лиц)-+-инфинитив при переводе на русский язык обычно начинаются словами: в слу­чае, если бы... . На английском языке такие предложения часто бывают инвер­тированными, с опущенным союзом.

Should the V. N. fail(=if the U. N. should fail) to produce an early settlement, are we then to wash our hands of the whole matter. В случае, если бы ООН не удалось добиться скорейшего урегулирования, что же, мы умоем руки и успокоимся на этом (должны умыть руки и успоко­иться).

3. Форма were+инфинитив употребляется в придаточных условия для обо­значения маловероятного условия, относящегося к будущему времени (еще менее вероятного, чем форма, омонимичная. Past Indefinite); перево­дится глаголом в сослагательном наклонении. В русском языке нет граммати­ческих форм для передачи различных градаций маловероятности и поэтому они передаются, где это нужно, лексически (словами если... вдруг, почему-нибудь, паче чаяния, обстоятельственными сочетаниями с предлогом при и др.).

Such a system is bound to be unpopular among most Europeans, and if the Fed­eral party were to support it they would undoubtedly weaken their chances in the forthcoming federal elections. Такая система наверняка не будет пользоваться популярностью среди большинства европей­цев, и если федеральная партия вдруг стала бы ее (почему-нибудь) под­держивать, она несомненно уменьшила бы свои шансы на по­беду на предстоящих выборах.

Форма would (для 2 и 3 лица)+инфинитив, если она употреблена в про­стом предложении с подразумевающимся условием, переводится на русский язык глаголом в сослагательном наклонении.

It would be dangerous political folly to write off as insignificant the revival of nazi-type extremism in West Germany. В политическом отношении было бы опасным безумием списывать как совершенно незначитель­ное возрождение экстремизма фашистского толка в Западной Герма­нии.

Однако нужно отметить, что в тех случаях, когда описывается содержа­ние какого-нибудь внесенного, но еще не принятого проекта, плана или пред­ложения, в русском языке принято употребление будущего времени изъяви­тельного наклонения.

It was recommended that a special report should be submitted. This report would give a detailed account of the activities of the committee and their views on the situation. Рекомендуется представить специальный док­лад. В этом докладе будет сделан подробный отчет о деятельности этой комиссии и представлена ее точка зрения по данному вопросу.

5. Трудность при переводе представляет также бессоюзное подчинение ус­ловных предложений с частичной или полной инверсией.

Had this policy been adopted the subsequent history of the treaty might well have been quite different. Если бы была принята такая политика, после­дующая история этого договора вполне могла бы быть совершенно другой.

Примечание 1. Часто не учитывается стилистическая окраска, литературный стиль инвертированного предложения, и предложение переводится также с бессоюзным подчинением, что в русском языке характерно как раз для разговорного стиля.

Haditbeenaseasyasthatno special negotiations would have been necessary, (литературный стиль) Если бы это было так просто, не понадобилось бы никаких специальных переговоров. (Будь это так просто... — разговорный стиль.)

Примечание 2. Условие может быть выражено не только полным придаточным предложением, но и другими способами, например: if + причастие (см. «Причастие», ) или сочетанием предлогов given, provided и др. с существительным (см. «Союзы и предлоги, образованные от причастия») или составным предлогом but for-h существительное.

But for their willingness to assist, this decision would never have been arrived at. Если бы не их желание помочь, это решение так и не было бы принято.

Переведите следующие предложения.

1. When the committee was considering the new system, it asked the Ministry of Labor what the effect would be if prices were rounded up to the nearest half-cent. If prices from 1d to 11d were rounded up to the nearest half-cent, this would result in an average price rise of 13 per cent in this range.

2. They had a special reason for preferring short-time — the low normal wastage at its works — but, again, fear of a strike if redundancies were declared also influenced the company.

3. It would be foolish to think that all this will be easy.

4. It would give the General Council the right to sit in judgment on wage claims before they are submitted, and demand that the unions should delay their claims until this has been done.

5. In preparation for their meeting tomorrow it would be a very good idea if Trades Union Congress leaders would make a point of meeting the rank-and-file workers who are lobbying Parliament today.

6. Even if NATO Governments were not yet prepared to abolish both the NATO and Warsaw Pacts it would still be possible to reach an understanding on liquidating the military organizations of these groupings.

7. A visit to the detained African leaders would therefore most likely have resulted in the rejection of the Prime Minister's proposals — which would have been awkward for him on the eve of the Labor Party conference.

8. Even if this proposal were acted upon, and it is now evident that the President has disavowed it, the fundamental guns-instead-of-butter nature of the economy would in no way be altered.

9. This veto provision reflects the conviction of those who drafted the Charter that the United Nations would be unable to take an important initiative for the maintenance of peace and security unless there was unanimity among the big powers and that to attempt so, would be a futile gesture, endangering the organization.

10. If it had been reached on a national scale the whole political scene in India would have been transformed, and the Right Wing gains in other areas would have been impossible.

11. No one is under any illusion that had the men not shown their strike solidarity there would be no extra £ 2 a week in the 64 В.А.С.¹ men's wage packets this week.

12. Unemployment of those proportions, were it general, would be a national catastrophe.

13. Had the election campaign been still in progress the wage squeeze might have become an issue.

14. February's trade figures showed a £62 million deficit. There would have been an even worse result for 1968 had it not been for the £ 559 million that foreign businessmen invested in Britain.

15. The British Foreign Secretary will now be entering what are officially termed "the pre-negotiations" with an ardent will to succeed. But the Prime Minister would hardly have taken the unprecedented step of deciding to go along, too, had he been sure they would fail.

16. But for import restrictions, quotas and American-imposed embargoes, Anglo-Soviet trade would be larger than it is today.

17. The Prime Minister refused to be drawn yesterday into saying what he would do if his attempt to "renegotiate" the Nassau agreement were to fail.

18. The new draft constitution of Rhodesia is to be voted on in a referendum in May. The constitution would establish complete racial segregation of the electorate. There would be one roll for the whites... The other roll would be for those Africans who can pass the high income and educational voting qualifications, raised again last week.

19. Should the Tories succeed in finding a candidate we may yet see the spectacle of the three brands of Tories fighting each other for the votes.

20. Today's talks, therefore, will certainly lay down guide-lines for a Tory Manifesto should an early election materialize.

21. Even should it be decided to extend the session, only ten days can be gained; so — the argument runs — it is better to wait for the new session, especially as the Lords may impose its veto and delay the Bill 12 months.

22. Should any appeal be needed, the Prime Minister will have opportunities for personal chats with backsliders at a party for MPs of previous Parliaments which he will give at 10 Downing Street tonight.

23. Objections to this plan, supposing there should be any, should be reported to the committee at once.

24. The Communist proposal that better social services should be financed by a graduated income tax has raised threats from rich residents.

25. The Government, therefore, propose that these matters should, in the first instance, be left to negotiation between the Corporation and the Federation.

26. India proposed today that the nuclear Powers should guarantee through the United Nations the security of countries threatened by others which have nuclear weapons capability.

27. It is important that the real situation should be examined because anything which promotes irrational differences between earnings in an industry is bound to cause trouble.

28. Any suggestions that C.N.D.¹ should closedown were swept aside on Saturday, when delegates resolved, almost unanimously, to continue the work of the campaign.

29. In addition the U. N. Charter provided that the United Nations should not intervene in the internal affairs of a State.

30. Delegates also threw out a council suggestion that the general president, general secretary, assistant general secretary and four council members should constitute a sub-committee to determine standards required.

31. It appears doubtful whether the formula will meet the Government's insistence that the U.N. sanctions should not lead to economic confrontation with South Africa and Portugal.

32. They insisted that the exact demands of the three main groups should be outlined so that the Common Market Six could be in no doubt about them.

33. Health depends to a great extent on housing and education, it said. Dr A. W. of Aberdare who put forward the resolution asked that an extra £ 2,000 million a year should be provided initially.

34. One of the first suggestions he made shortly after he took office, was that a lottery be run to rescue U.N. finances.

35. Time and again he attempted to make the apparently reasonable request that the General Assembly reach decisions through voting.

36. Three days later the Administration² had served formal notice that it would insist that the General Assembly, on its opening day November 10, squarely face the decision of whether or not to invoke Article 19.

37. Washington hopefully counted on the non-participation of the U.S.S.R., lest the plain sailing be rocked by the storm of Soviet criticism.

38. The majority of people, be they politicians, trade unionists or employers, are now all in favor of East-West trade. The problem today is how to break down the remaining barriers.