Т.А.Зражевская Л.М.Беляева - Трудности перевода с английского яз. Т. А. Зражевская Л. М. Беляева
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§ 6. МОДАЛЬНЫЕ И ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ I. Should 1. При переводе предложений с глаголом should трудность возникает из-за многообразия его значений в различных функциях. В функции вспомогательного глагола should употребляется для образования будущего времени в прошедшем (обычно в придаточных предложениях с 1-м лицом) и для образования форм сослагательного наклонения. 2. В функции модального глагола should: 1) выражает долженствование в плане совета или пожелания. Обычно переводится: следовало бы, нужно, не мешало бы, должен и т. п. Не said that the status of the Greek minority should be viewed in the light of political balance. Он сказал, что статут меньшинства греческого населения следует рассматривать в свете равновесия политических сил (политического равновесия). 2) выполняет эмоционально-усилительную функцию, т. е. подчеркивает эмоцию говорящего (удивление, сожаление, подозрение, неодобрение и т. п.). Употребляется в этом значении главным образом в придаточных предложениях, после словосочетаний типа itisstrangethat ..., itisnatural ... и т. п., обозначающих отношение говорящего к высказыванию. Употребляется также в вопросительных предложениях, начинающихся с why, how и др. В этом случае на русский язык сочетание should с последующим инфинитивом переводится личной формой глагола в изъявительном наклонении настоящего или прошедшего времени (прошедшего в том случае, если за глаголом should следует перфектная форма инфинитива). Так как в русском языке нет соответствующих грамматических форм, эмфаза передается, где это вообще возможно, лексически. It is good that the Government should have recognized the opportunity and the obligations so clearly. Можно только приветствовать (весьма хорошо), что правительство так ясно осознало (наличие) возможности и свои обязательства. Примечание. Should может также выражать предположение. Переводится на русский словами должно быть, вероятно. В газетном тексте в этом значении встречается довольно редко. Переведите следующие предложения. 1. Не said that this was not a temporary problem. Lasting arrangements should be made. 2. The successful motion calling for a reduction in the working week at sea was moved by Mr G. H. (South Shields) who said the conference should bear in mind that many industries had a 40-hour week. 3. At the same time, trade unionists should not be aken in by the blood-curdling shrieks from the boardrooms. 4. Members angrily describe Mr B.'s trick, literally sprung at the last minute of the steel debate, as unnecessary and the last thing which should have been done because it played into the hands of the Tories. 5. The workers who have decided to fight against redundancies and short time in every possible way are absolutely right. They should be backed up by everyone, including those on whom the axe has not yet fallen. 6. The Government should bring together in local discussions the important employers of labor and trade union officials in direct touch with workpeople, and set about creating a sensible pattern out of the present chaotic labor market. 7. Yesterday's White Paper on going over to decimal currency should end doubts that the Prime Minister is seriously aiming to get Britain into the Common Market, and should serve as a signal of the need to step up the pressure to stay out of the embrace of the Six. 8. The Government should now pursue a policy which will "bring about the abolition of all nuclear weapons and a speedy reduction of all weapons of war as soon as it is possible," said delegates. 9. Speaking at one of his rare Press conferences, he declared that Washington should observe the principle by which people must settle their own affairs themselves. 10. At his first Press conference since taking office on Monday, Japan's new Prime Minister said non-nuclear Powers like Japan, Canada and some European countries should raise their voices to contribute to peace in the world. 11. The Indian delegate said this should be one of five principal elements of an international agreement to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, a matter of highest priority. 12. The communiqué also said that international disputes, including border and territorial disputes, should be settled by peaceful negotiations, and the use of force was not permissible. 13. It was not without significance, he said, that people who were connected at that level with the situation should be expressing grave disquiet. 14. The Premier admitted yesterday that it was natural that people should be disturbed at food being thrown away when millions of people were undernourished. 15. Mr D. said two million pints of milk meant a great deal to many starving people. If this was going on year after year, was it right that this milk should be poured down the mines? 16. If young people are thought fit in such ways (for instance, compulsory military service at 18), why should they have to wait three years more to be entitled to vote? 17. That such a question should be put to a British Minister show that those aspirations are by no means dead. 18. Mr L. said he found it surprising that a British Minister should express himself about South Africa in terms such as Mr S. had used. 19. It can hardly be fortuitous that the Minister should have taken the opportunity of the last meeting in Delhi to publicly summarize his plans for the future of the three fighting services. 20. The leader of the Australian Labor party denounced it as 'appalling' that such a speech should have been made even before the Security Council met. 21. This being so, it is odd that the House of Representatives should now be considering — and that the Senate should have already approved — a Bill to censor all publications dealing with political affairs which enter the country. 22. It is intolerable that black South Africans in their own country should have no political rights, should have no permanent homes in the towns, should be given second class social facilities, should be taught subservience at school, should be refused passports to study abroad, should live in fear of the police. II. Can, may, must 1. Глагол CAN. Кроме своего основного значения, передающего умение, способность или объективную возможность совершить действие, глагол can (в утвердительной форме) выражает предположение и переводится словами может быть, возможно, мог и т. п. или сомнение (в вопросительной и отрицательной форме) и переводится словами неужели, не может быть, чтобы и т. п. Форма could передает меньшую уверенность предположения или сомнения. Перфектная форма инфинитива после can и could относит действие к прошедшему времени. It could be true but it is advisable to find out first what has really happened there. Может быть, это и правда (что сомнительно), но рекомендуется сначала выяснить, что же в действительности там произошло. 2. Глагол MAY. В языке газетных статей глагол may чаще всего выступает в значении вполне вероятного предположения и переводится словами может быть, возможно. Форма might указывает на меньшую уверенность предположения, на сомнение. Перфектная форма инфинитива после may относит действие к прошедшему времени. The Chancellor's measures might help towards an agreement on an incomes policy. But this still has to be proved. Мероприятия, предложенные министром финансов, может быть, и помогут достичь соглашения по политике доходов. Но это еще нужно доказать. Two factors may temporarily have increased their caution. Возможно, два фактора временно усилили их осторожность. Примечание 1. Глагол may может выступать также в качестве вспомогательного глагола, образуя форму сослагательного наклонения, главным образом в придаточных предложениях цели после that, so that, lest и в придаточных уступительных после whatever, however и т. п. В таких случаях may не переводится. They are determined to achieve this aim, however difficult it may seem. Они полны решимости осуществить эту цель, какой бы трудной она ни казалась. Примечание 2. После глаголов сап и may слово well означает вполне, с успехом. 3. Глагол MUST. Основное значение глагола must — долженствование. Кроме того, глагол must (в утвердительной форме) часто употребляется в значении предположения со значительной долей уверенности и переводится словами должно быть, вероятно, по всей вероятности и т. п. Перфектная форма инфинитива после must означает, что предположение относится к прошедшему времени. They must have known about it for a certain time. Они, должно быть, уже в течение некоторого времени знали об этом. Переведите следующие предложения. 1. The -urgent need for increased water supplies in the North-East by 1970 can be met only by a new reservoir, and Cow Green, in Upper Teesdale, is the least harmful site for it. Only two other sites could be regarded as possible alternatives, Upper Cow Green and Middleton, and neither could provide the needed water in time or at comparable cost. 2. M. F. A., Labor MP for Salford East, said: "The Sunday Citizen was not perfect but it was on the side of the working class." He was still hopeful that The Sunday Citizen could be saved. One way to overcome the difficulty would be for the Government to adopt the idea of a subsidy for newsprint. 3. The Committee reported that they could not find any factual basis for these rumors (of a Budget leak). 4. Grave consequences could follow if the Lords throw out this Bill, quite apart from the political aspects. 5. Britain could sustain a population much larger than at present and at a far higher living standard, by the full use of automation, nuclear power, agricultural and other sciences which Socialist planning would make possible. 6. Before a new British application could be considered, the current Common Market crisis would obviously have to be settled. 7. All the Commonwealth Prime Ministers have now made their opening speeches at Marlborough House, and last night the British Premier could have been in no doubt that on the basic issue he had no allies except Australia and New Zealand. 8. The coal board may break even this year, despite having to pay out £ 28 million in interest charges, N.С.В.1 chairman said yesterday. 9. More than two million people may now be working on research and development in the Soviet Union, one-third of them graduate scientists and engineers, according to a survey produced by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 10. Some excuse for the behavior of Tory chieftains might be provided if it could be shown that the leadership battle revolved round central issues of public importance. But throughout, the dispute has been concerned with personalities and patronage — gang warfare in all its sterility. 11. It is possible that in accordance with this plan, investments may have to be made which do not lead rapidly to a rise in the standard of living. 12. Situations in which America may have to choose between rival policies advocated by her European partners are bound to arise. 13. When the delegates are taken to see the outstanding work of the Road Research Laboratory, and the examples of brilliant design and construction of British technicians and workers, they will be able to compare in their minds' eye what might be, with what is. 14. Finally, a new political balance in Europe, based on effective unity, might turn out to be the precondition of disengagement. 15. Such is the speed of history today that, when this is published, so many new and perhaps more shocking developments may have taken place that the events herein detailed may seem even more remote. 16. In reality the Pope may not have been anxious to see his suggestion, advanced from the marble rostrum of the General Assembly on October 4, enacted a bare six weeks later. 17. The Prime Minister mentioned that a more radical stand on some issues might have enabled the party to have avoided defeat. 18. There were signs that this tour might have marked a turning point. 19. He should remember that his own pitiless decision to flatten Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, might have succeeded in bringing in the worst days of the ascendancy of men without pity. 20. The impression that the Government and the G.P.O.1 are prepared to turn a blind eye on the operations of the radio pirate stations has been encouraged by the delay in introducing legislation to outlaw them. The legislation is more complex than might have been imagined. The penalty clauses may well require requisition of the company's assets on land as well as the stations. 21. It was the sort of message for which the smaller members of the alliance may well have been waiting. 22. In the opinion of some political connoisseurs, that measure may well improve the prospects of the Conservative party with the nation as a whole. 23. The British Premier and the French President might well talk also about the Middle East — a region which, least .of all, has claims, to being called static. 24. The Norwegian Foreign Minister has said that the Security Council might well be given greater powers over the financing of peacekeeping. 25. Discussions could explore the economic problems that might follow disarmament and the question of security. 26. The strain must have been particularly telling on a man like Mr D., one of the most conscientious of the Government's back-bench MPs. He was involved in a car accident last session, but continued to attend to Commons duties on crutches. 27. In massive demonstrations in colleges all over the country yesterday, students showed exactly what they thought of the Government's plan to treble the fees of overseas students. If the Education Minister didn't get the message three weeks ago, when more than 4,000 students lobbied their MPs, then it surely must have been rammed home on him yesterday. III. To be Глагол to be в сочетании с инфинитивом имеет модальное значение и может выражать: 1. долженствование, обусловленное договоренностью или планом; переводится обычно при помощи должен или глаголом в будущем времени. The Prime Minister и to go to Paris next week. На следующей неделе премьер-министр должен поехать (поедет) в Париж. 2. возможность (в этом случае за глаголом to be обычно следует пассивная форма инфинитива). Responsibilities and obligations possessed by the Soviet trade unions are to be envied. Можно позавидовать той ответственности и тем обязанностям, которыми обладают профсоюзы в Советском Союзе. 3. намерение, желание — в условных предложениях; при переводе на русский язык приходится иногда вводить местоимение мы в неопределенно-личном значении. Mass struggle is vital if the elimination of the evils of racial hatred is to be guaranteed. Совершенно необходимы массовые выступления, если мы хотим, чтобы было уничтожено то зло, которое вызывается расовой дискриминацией (если мы хотим добиться уничтожения..., для уничтожения (ликвидации) того зла ... необходимы...). Примечание. Следует помнить, однако, что сочетание to be с инфинитивом может представлять собой составное сказуемое, где to be выступает в качестве глагола-связки, а инфинитив — в качестве предикатива. The task of the committee is to find ways for a workable agreement. Задачей этой комиссии является изыскать (изыскание) пути для практически приемлемого решения. Переведите следующие предложения. 1. The main objective of the conference is to try to bridge the ever-widening gap between the developing countries and the industrialized states. 2. Pilot schemes for improving productivity among the men are to start in about a month at six selected freight yards. 3. The general secretary of the locomen's union said yesterday that during the nine meetings with Mr S. he had understood that the scheme was to apply to short hauls. 4. Mr R., who represents several of the Birmingham employers, is to meet Mr. F., assistant to the Minister, for a discussion. 5. The 800 boilermakers on strike for two weeks at the Babcock and Wilcox engineering works, over the dismissal of their shop stewards' convener, are to return to work on Tuesday. 6. The unions are to meet on May 8 to formulate their reply to the company on the following day. 7. Share prices soared on the London Stock Exchange yesterday in the hope that Bank rate is to be cut from the present 6½ per cent to 6 per cent. 8. The plan is to allow whites and non-whites to compete in one team abroad, but to maintain segregation inside South Africa. 9. The official understanding here is that the Cabinet was to have discussed the proposal today and take it up again next Tuesday if no decision on were reached. 10. The draft treaty to ban the spread of nuclear weapons was to have been tabled at the Geneva disarmament conference soon after its resumption today. 11. The External Affairs Minister who was to have addressed the General Assembly on the Canadian position yesterday, suddenly postponed his statement. 12. But this success must be made the starting point of a new effort if the impetus is to be maintained and still bigger successes won. 13. Now the question is: "Will more resignations follow?" Changes seem inevitable, but no one can say what. But changes there must be if confidence in the board is to be restored and it is to function properly. 14. These are only a few of the questions which arise out of the vast subject "Planning and Economic Growth". A choice must be made, in view of the breadth and diversity of these questions, if certain aspects of the problem are to be examined at all deeply within the limits of this brief article. 15. Ministerialists argue that if there is to be the normal summer recess it will be difficult to get the Steel Bill through the Commons in time. 16. The bitterness of the conflict required that he should be removed from the scene if the Democrats were to have a chance at the election. 17. If Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland for that matter are to be kept anything like in line with other territories, British or French, on the African continent, then they must have African representation at the policy-making level. 18. But now that the campaign is over, there is a clear imperative before us all: to stand together against the common danger if our nation and the world are to avoid even greater catastrophe. IV. To have 1. Глагол to have с последующим инфинитивом означает долженствование, вызванное силой обстоятельств, необходимостью. На русский язык, как правило, переводится пришлось, придется. The negotiations might fail. In that event the Government would have to decide what to do. Переговоры могут окончиться и неудачей. В таком случае правительству пришлось бы решать, что делать (предпринять). 2. Глагол to have с последующим сложным дополнением (имя + неличная форма глагола или наречие) передает: 1) каузативность (побуждение или содействие осуществлению действия). На русский язык передается при помощи таких слов, как заставить, устроить, сделать так, чтобы и другими лексическими средствами. We had them beaten this time. На этот раз мы их одолели. (содействовали их поражению, устроили так, чтобы они проиграли и т. п., в зависимости от контекста) I would have you to know... Я хотел бы поставить вас в известность... They will have him back. Они заставят его вернуться. 2) действие, совершенное по инициативе, побуждению лица, выраженного подлежащим. The town council has had three houses built. Городской муниципалитет построил три дома. 3) действие, совершенное помимо (независимо от) воли или желания лица, выраженного подлежащим, и направленное на него. We had a note handed to us. Нам вручили записку. Перевод глагола to have представляет значительную трудность, так как в русском языке нет аналогичных грамматических средств для передачи этих значений. Кроме того, точное значение вытекает иногда из более широкого контекста. При переводе приходится пользоваться различными лексическими средствами, которые наиболее точно передают значение английского предложения. Переведите следующие предложения. 1. То meet the export requirements the domestic consumption has had to be curtailed. 2. He is not half as worried as the old age pensioners, the housewives and the workers who are having to pay the increased prices. 3. Unless the Bill passes through all its stages in the Commons and the Lords before the session ends it will have to be started all over again in the new session in November. 4. The Chancellor of the Exchequer told Labor MPs on Tuesday night that public spending will have to be cut to avoid a "tough Budget" next year. 5. Most of the imported walkie-talkie sets operate on a wave-band used by a number of authorized radio services in Britain and can cause serious interference. When they cause interference they have to be traced and their owners are prosecuted. 6. United Nations economists warn that something drastic has to be done, or developing countries will be forced to reduce their rate of social and economic expansion. 7. Diplomats said Canada and other nations eager to have the deadlock broken had been outmaneuvered by the United States. 8. Brazil had taken the lead in the movement to denuclearize Latin America and had the question put on this year's agenda of the General Assembly. 9. The committee gave overwhelming approval to a separate resolution that would have the Assembly urge all states to take such separate and collective action as is open to them in conformity with the Charter to bring about an abandonment of apartheid. 10. Any other activities of the world organization will be financed by the whole membership only by their unanimous and active support. And even in those rare cases it will be by having the Secretary-General solicit voluntary contributions. 11. An African delegate to the U. N. Conference on Human Rights in Teheran today warned Britain and the U. S. to stop trading with South Africa or have their 'multi-billion-dollar investment' destroyed by African freedom fighters. V. To do Глагол to do представляет некоторую трудность при переводе, когда он выполняет следующие грамматические функции: 1. функцию эмоционально-усилительную: 1) глагол to do подчеркивает факт совершения действия или усиливает значение действия, выраженного глаголом-сказуемым в утвердительной форме Past или Present Indefinite. На русский язык передается словами действительно, все-таки, же, ведь и т. п.; 2) подчеркивает побуждение к действию или просьбу (в повелительном наклонении). In fact his words did show that he was reluctant to get involved. На самом же деле его слова действительно показали, что он не хочет участвовать в этом (иметь с этим дело). 2. функцию слова-заместителя, во избежание повторения ранее упомянутого глагола или целого предложения. В зависимости от сочетаемости слов в русском языке переводится соответствующим глаголом, предложением или не переводится вообще. В сочетании со словом so чаще всего переводится сделать это (так). Did the Foreign Secretary know that such an arrangement existed? His replies in Parliament yesterday clearly implied that he did. Знал ли министр иностранных дел, что существует такая договоренность? Из его ответов в парламенте вчера можно было ясно понять, что он знал. Переведите следующие предложения. 1. What the report prepared by a body of the most conservative character does show is that newspaper economics, and particularly the enormous and growing reliance on advertising revenue, puts the whole industry into crisis. 2. The defenders of the present United Nations system point out that the agencies do in fact work together successfully on a number of projects. 3. What does represent a growing danger for the effectiveness of this organization is the reluctance of some of its members to render assistance in case of financial difficulties. 4. The Foreign Secretary did not show any willingness to discuss this question, but he did refer to the responsibility of both governments as co-chairmen of the 1954 Geneva conference. 5. What our politicians do not talk about — the abuses of the Federal Reserve Board, the practices of the lobbyists, the strange actions of many in the Executive Branch — frequently can be more significant to knowing persons than things the Representatives do say, 6. Yet for large and small nations their record in the General Assembly does provide a yardstick with which to measure the application of their publicly announced foreign policy principles. 7. All the same the state of the economy and the general trend of national politics do have some influence on the voters. 8. Perhaps they may even engender a little shame among Cabinet Ministers at the hold-up in road building. If they do, the conference will be voted a great success. 9. Mafia crime syndicates are gaining control of many legitimate businesses and now pose a greater threat to the United States than did the gangsters of the Al Capone era in the 1930s, an American sociologist warns today. 10. F.A.O. pointed out that Governments of the underdeveloped countries are unable to assure adequate food supplies — and will be unable to do so in the foreseeable future. 11. It is bound to be a delicate operation, trenching as it does upon sensitive areas of a nation's cultural heritage and on its spiritual inadequacies. |