Т.А.Зражевская Л.М.Беляева - Трудности перевода с английского яз. Т. А. Зражевская Л. М. Беляева

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§ 9. РАЗЛИЧНЫЕ ФУНКЦИИ СЛОВ IT, ONE, THAT

I. It

1. В качестве самостоятельного члена предложения it

выступает:

1) в функции формального подлежащего безличного предложения, типа itiswinter, itrains, itiscold. Употребление безличных предложений такого типа ограничено, они относятся только к обозначению явлений природы, времени и расстояния. В этих случаях it на русский язык не переводится.

2) в функции знаменательного подлежащего: как личное местоимение со значением он, она, оно и как указательное местоимение со значением это.

2. В качестве вводного или предваряющего слова (anticipatory it):

1) в функции формального подлежащего в предложениях с логическим подлежащим, выраженным инфинитивом, герундием, инфинитивным или герундиальным комплексом и придаточным предложением со сказуемым типа (it) isnecessary (possible, wrongи т. п.); (if) issupposed (believed, expectedи т. п.); (it) islikely (seems). В этих случаях it на русский язык не переводится.

Не said it was possible for an agreement to be reached. Он сказал, что достичь соглашения возможно.

2) в функции формального дополнения в тех случаях, когда за глаголом типа to think, to consider, to find, to feel считать, to believe полагать и т. п. стоит сложное дополнение, состоящее из имени и инфинитива (инфинитив­ного комплекса или придаточного предложения). Слово it следует непосредст­венно за глаголом. На русский язык не переводится.

Не felt it his duty to help the Government. Он считал своей обязанностью по­мочь правительству.

Britain finds it difficult to make European commitments in an election year. Англия находит весьма трудным выполнять свои европейские обязательства в год всеобщих выборов.

3) Оборот itis (was) ... who (that, whenи т. п.) выполняет эмоционально-усилительную функцию и употребляется для выделения любого члена предло­жения (кроме сказуемого). Член предложения, который необходимо выделить, ставят после itis (was). После него идет соответствующее относи­тельное местоимение (who, whom, whose, that и т. п.) или союз (when, where). При помощи оборота itis (was) ... who (that ... и г. п.) может быть выделено и целое придаточное предложение.

При переводе на русский язык для выделения соответствующего члена предложения нужно использовать те средства русского языка, которые наи­лучшим образом передадут эту эмфазу. Она может быть передана лексически (словами именно, это или другими словами) или путем вынесения выделяе­мых слов в начало или в конец предложения. It is (was) и относительное место­имение или союз не переводятся на русский язык.

It is for that reason that the present book is both timely and appropriate. Именно по этой причине данная книга является актуальной и своевременной, (выделено обстоятельство)

For it is Britain's role in the projected political union which is at the heart of the discussion. Ибо главным моментом обсуждения как раз и является роль Англии в предполагаемом политическом союзе, (выделено подлежащее)

Примечание. Not till (until) перед выделяемым обстоятельством на рус­ский язык переводится обычно: только после, только когда.

It is not until November that the pensioners will receive the increase provided for in the Budget. Прибавку к пенсии, предусмотренную в бюджете, пенсио­неры получают только в ноябре.

Переведите следующие предложения.

1. An increase in the circulation of the Morning Star is needed to strengthen the movement in Britain for a new policy which will bring peace, prosperity and social advance. It is the platform for the Left and all who want progress. It is the only daily paper which can be relied on by trade unionists to defend them and help their struggles.

2. One of the most dangerous products of unjust wars is intolerance, violence and repression in the country waging the war. It suits reaction to stir up hysteria and, in the name of "patriotism", set the jingo riff-raff against those who are cam­paigning for peace.

3. In a joint statement Mr B. and his colleagues said that they felt it their duty to help the Government to build true unity in the country and kill tribalism and discrimination.

4. From the Tory Front Bench¹, Mr P. Т., formerly of the Foreign Office, asked if they could take it that the Government supported the U.S. action.

5. He is ready to support a measure of political unity in the Six but made it as clear as ever that such a union will be firmly grounded in national direction.

6. Britain naturally finds it difficult to make European commitments in an elec­tion year. But it is important to be aware of the implications of what is now afoot in Europe.

7. The Budget makes it more essential than ever to defend trade union rights.

8. The Labour MP made it clear that he believed that a peaceful settlement in Europe could never be achieved without the Soviet Union.

9. The Soviet Government has long realized this, and it is precisely for this rea­son that we have repeatedly proposed to the great powers that a summit meet­ing be organized with the object of exchanging opinions on urgent international problems.

10. It is the strength of the peoples that can ensure a world without war, without arms, a world of our dreams.

11. It is the demonstration of a new step towards mutual confidence which is essential if international tension is to relax.

12. In contrast, it was the Soviet Union, ceaselessly vilified by stop-thief demagogues as "treaty-breaker", which pressed for a peace treaty truly representing the interests of all the peoples concerned.

13. And yet, on the face of things at least, it is just this issue that is at present in the centre of financial controversy in the United States and West Germany.

14. It is riot the ruled, but the rulers who have been dishonest and thriftless. It is they who have squandered Britain's resources on imperialist adventures abroad and useless missiles, aircraft and submarines.

15. It was the failure either to coordinate these Ministries successfully, or to present an intelligent picture of their activities to the electorate, which was the chief weakness of the previous Cabinet.

16. The share of imports in Britain's consumption of manufactured and semi-manufactured goods increased from 7 per cent to 13½ per cent over the ten years. It was this growth which alarmed the Government and business last year when the expansion of imports had a severe effect on the balance of payments.

17. The chairman of the Socialist Union, Mr J. H. said later: "The demonstration has been a great success. Lancaster is a new university and it is the first time there has been action of this type here."

18. It is not until June 5 that the Bill will be published.

II. One

Слово one выступает в качестве числительного и в качестве местоимения. В качестве местоимения оно может выполнять функцию подлежащего неопределенно-личного предложения.

One can easily understand peoples' aspirations for world peace. Легко можно понять стремление народов к миру во всем мире.

Слово one выступает также в качестве слова-заместителя, которое употребляется вместо существительного, упомянутого ранее (one для единственного числа и ones для множественного числа). На русский язык one переводится тем существительным, которое оно заменяет, либо совсем не переводится, если смысл предложения ясен и без него.

Today it means the struggle for an independent foreign policy, one that will halt all armed intervention. Сегодня это означает борьбу за независимую внешнюю политику, политику, которая положит конец всякой вооруженной интервенции.

Переведите следующие предложения.

1. Glasgow-born Macrea, who threw up teaching to become an actor at the age of 40, will be remembered as one of Scotland's outstanding theatre comics who used the vernacular with great effect.

2. In the light of this, all those concerned with world peace must realize that the Common Market is one of the means by which the cold war is intensified and the nuclear war danger increased.

3. When one hears such thoughtless declarations, one must realize that one has to face here a fundamental misconception.

4. Discretion is another necessary quality one finds highly developed in interpreters. They often participate in the most confidential and far-reaching discussions, and delegates must feel that they can speak freely.

5. Economic dependence upon a foreign country is also a major obstacle to growth although one that is not always obvious and easily definable.

6. The only items remaining on the agenda were the ones listed in the Journal for 16 February.

7. The new Cabinet shows significant changes, both personal and constructional, from the old one.

8. The law demands quinquennial parliaments not quadrennial ones.

9. The task before the Eighteen Nation Disarmament Conference which has been meeting in Geneva since March, is the momentous one of working out the terms of a treaty for general and complete disarmament.

10. The decision was not an easy one to make. The mechanics of maintaining an embargo presented obvious difficulties.

11. Of all candidates, the one who comes most closely to the people's interests is the one with the least apparent chance of winning the nomination.

12. The Transport Minister commented that it was "out of the question" for any settlement other than one which satisfied the board.

III. That

Слово that может выступать в качестве:

1. указательного местоимения. В этом случае оно всегда стоит перед существительным и на русский язык переводится соответствующими указательными местоимениями: тот, та, этот и т. д.

The imperialists strived to preserve the colonial system, but that system is fal­ling apart. Империалисты пытались сохранить колониальную систему, но эта система распадается.

2. союза, вводящего придаточное предложение. На русский язык перево­дится соответствующими союзами: что, чтобы.

The peoples of all countries know that the danger of a new world war still ex­ists. Народы всех стран знают, что все еще существует опасность новой миро­вой войны.

3. союзного слова, вводящего придаточное определительное предложе­ние. На русский язык переводится соответствующими союзными словами: который, которая и т. д.

The peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America that have won their independ­ence have begun to take an active part in world politics. Народы Азии, Африки и Латинской Америки, кото­рые завоевали независимость, начали принимать активное участие в политиче­ской жизни всего мира.

4. слова-заместителя, которое употребляется вместо существительного или группы слов, упомянутых раньше (that для единственного числа, those для множественного числа). На русский язык переводится существительным или соответствующим личным или относительным местоимением.

The development of monopoly in the British Empire proceeded differently from that in other countries. Развитие монополий в Британской империи отлича­лось от развития монополий в других странах

Переведите следующие предложения.

1. Historical experience shows that the survivals of capitalism in the minds of people persist over a long period after the establishment of a socialist system.

2. Leninism teaches, and experience confirms, that the ruling classes never re­linquish power voluntarily.

3. The meeting considers that the implementation of the program for gen­eral and complete disarmament put forward by the Soviet Union would be of histori­cal importance for the destinies of mankind.

4. The unprecedented destructive power of modern means of warfare de­mands that the main actions of anti-war and peace-loving forces should be di­rected towards preventing war.

5. The peoples of the countries that have won state independence are working to abolish the grim aftermaths of colonial rule.

6. The urgent task of national rebirth facing the countries that have shaken off the colonial yoke cannot be effectively accomplished unless a determined struggle is waged against imperialism and the remnants of feudalism by all the patriotic forces of the nations.

7. "We hope that this lobby will be as large as any that has ever taken place," said Mr B. The lobby, he said, would be followed by a meeting at Central Hall, Westminster, with international leaders.

8. The democratic and peace forces today have no task more pressing than that of safeguarding humanity against a global thermonuclear disaster.

9. But for all that, England has always been part of Europe and her history is in­separable from that of the Continent.

10. The time is not far off when socialism's share of world production will be greater than that of capitalism.

11. The masses begin to see that the best way to abolish age-old backwardness and improve their living standard is that of non-capitalist development.

12. A Foreign Ministry spokesman said today that the Turkish Government re­garded the problem of Cyprus and that of Turks living in Greece and Greeks living in Istanbul as part of the same problem.

13. Stressing that the salaries were not as high as those paid "in certain sec­tions of industry," Deputy Leader of the House said that the Power Minister had referred to the possibility of a review of salaries in other nationalized industries.

14. The report notes that the Socialist countries' share, of world trade has risen from 27 to 37 per cent since 1955. In the past four years the average growth rate of industry in the socialist countries has been almost three times that in the capitalist countries.

15. For the few that have ruled modern Japan the political struggle that really counted was that carried on among themselves for wealth and power.

16. The superiority of the forces of socialism over those of imperialism, of the forces of peace over those of war, is becoming ever more marked in the world arena.

§ 10. ЭЛЛИПТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ

1. Эллиптические конструкции типа if any, if anything имеют экспрессивно-усилительное значение и передаются на русский язык придаточными условными предложениями, а также словами почти, по­жалуй, вовсе, вообще и др.

Objections to this plan, if any, should be reported to the committee at once. Если и имеются возражения против этого плана, то они должны быть немед­ленно представлены комитету.(Возражения, если они имеются...)

Very little, if anything, could be advanced in the defense of his policy. Почти ничего нельзя было сказать в поддержку его политики.

Примечание. If anything может переводиться также словосочетанием во всяком случае.

If anything it will be in their interests to follow this course. Bo всяком случае в их интересах следовать этому курсу.

2. К эллиптическим конструкциям мы относим также уступительные при­даточные предложения, вводимые союзами whatever, however, в кото­рых отсутствует сказуемое (иногда подлежащее). На русский язык такие усту­пительные придаточные предложения переводятся полными уступитель­ными придаточными предложениями с союзами какой бы ни, каким бы ни (восстанавливается сказуемое и подлежащее полного предложения).

The British people have to submit to new taxation, however high. Англий­скому народу приходится примириться с новыми налогами, какими бы высо­кими они ни были.

3. К эллиптическим конструкциям относится и сочетание if + причастие II (или прилагательное). На русский язык это сочетание переводится придаточным уступительным.

It considered from this point of view, the problem takes on a new aspect. Если рассматривать проблему с этой точки зрения, то она приобретает (принимает) другой характер.

But the decision, if logical, requires a measure of courage. Но это решение, хотя оно и логично, требует известного мужества.

Переведите следующие предложения.

1. When a hearing is finished, the committee decides what report, if any, it will make to the House on the measure.

2. The Prime Minister has on several occasions refused to tell the House the purport of his conversation on this matter, if any, with the President.

3. Here was a chance to let the people of Aden and the hinterland decide for themselves what kind of Government they want, and what kind of links if any they want with neighboring Yemen. In other words, self-determination.

4. Few, if any, aspects of the trade union movement have received as much attention as the strike. For of all trade union actions the strike is the most spectacular.

5. For a period of about six months after the formation of the Union of Burma, very little news, if any, came out of the newly formed State.

6. Only a steady adherence to the principle of the Charter, if anything, can prevent the outbreak of war.

7. If anything, it would be to the advantage of this country to pursue an independent policy.

8. Whatever their efforts, the advocates of a new war against the Soviet Union can never be as successful as before in misleading public opinion.

9. Whatever his reasons he has now brought the other members of NATO face to face with some very big and difficult questions about the military and political structure of Europe and its relations with the United States.

10. But whatever his long term aims, the President's immediate intentions and motives were made relentlessly clear at his last Press conference less than three weeks ago.

11. Though this thesis sounds admirably democratic in principle, most students of Indian affairs believe that as applied to the Indian situation it would make it extremely difficult, if not impossible, for India to attain unity and real democracy.

12. Of course, interpreting, if more spectacular, is not the only aspect of linguistic activity in the international sphere. Whatever the length of the discourse, a good interpreter never asks the orator to stop in order to enable him to render it bit by bit. Some orators have been known to speak for over an hour non-stop. Interpretations, of course, are usually somewhat shorter than original speeches, but even then, this represents tremendous effort.