Т.А.Зражевская Л.М.Беляева - Трудности перевода с английского яз. Т. А. Зражевская Л. М. Беляева

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§ 13. НЕОЛОГИЗМЫ

1. Неологизмы —это новые слова, еще не зарегистрированные в англо-русских словарях, или не зафиксированные словарями новые значения слов, уже существующих в языке.

Для уяснения значения неологизма рекомендуется:

1) постараться выяснить значение слова из контекста,

2) обратиться к последнему изданию одного из англоанглийских словарей и попытаться отыскать данное слово в разделе «Новые слова», 3) постараться выяснить значение нового слова, исходя из его структуры.

При переводе неологизмов используются следующие переводческие приемы: 1) транскрипция, 2) калькирование,

3) описательный перевод.

1) Примеры транскрибирования неологизмов: beatniks битники; beatles битлзы, escalation эскалация, Benelux Бенелюкс.

2) Примеры калькирования неологизмов (т. е. воспроизведения средст­вами русского языка значения и морфологической структуры нового англий­ского слова или словосочетания): air bridge воздушный мост, shadow cabinet теневой кабинет, nuclear umbrella ядерный зонтик.

3) Примеры описательного перевода: to lobby посылать делегатов для ока­зания давления на членов парламента — депутатов их округа; deter­rent средство устрашения; сдерживающее средство, оружие; redundancy увольне­ние по сокращению штатов; landslide полная (блестя­щая) победа на выборах; gimmick трюк, штучка, хитроумное приспособле­ние; какое-либо новшество, направленное на то, чтобы привлечь всеоб­щее внимание; brain drain утечка квалифицированных кадров («утечка умов»); brain washing идеоло­гическая обработка («промывание мозгов»); hawks and doves сторон­ники расширения войны и сторонники мира («ястребы и голуби»).

2. Образование неологизмов.

1) Расширение значения. Слово, употребляясь в различных контек­стах, приобретает новые оттенки значения, а в ряде случаев и новые значения. Так, слово confrontation первоначально означало очная ставка, сличение, сопоставление. С течением времени это слово стало употребляться в словосочетании confrontation of armed forces и приобрело значение соприкосновение вооруженных сил. В настоящее время confrontation приобрело значение открытое столкновение, например: the confrontation of the two social systems столкновение интересов двух социальных систем. Такие слова, как deterrent, redundancy, landslide и другие также изменяли свое значение в ходе исторического развития языка.

2) Префиксальное и суффиксальное образование новых слов. Пре­фикс re- означает повторность действия: rethinking переосмысление, renazifica­tion ренацификация, retraining переподготовка, переквалификация, reimposition введение чего-л. снова.

Префикс de- придает значение обратного действия, demilitarize демилита­ризовать, denazify денацифицировать, denazification денацифика­ция, denuclearize лишать ядерного оружия, deescalation деэскалация.

Суффикс -ее образует существительные, которые очень часто передают значение объекта действия: detainee задержанный (арестованный).

3) Образование неологизмов путем конверсии: the needy нуждаю­щиеся; to front-page помещать на первой странице; to snowball быстро распространяться, увеличиваться (расти, как снежный ком).

4) В настоящее время появилось много слов типа teach-in. Эти слова упот­ребляются для обозначения различных форм протеста или разъяснитель­ной кампании. Глагольный корень указывает на место или форму протеста или кампании: teach-in диспут протеста (протест в форме проведения дис­пута), pray-in протест в церкви или путем молитв.

Иногда такие слова указывают на что направлено требование протестую­щих: buy-in требование равных возможностей при покупке дома; apply-in требование равных возможностей при найме на работу.

Переведите следующие предложения.

1. An important step, which will certainly influence the discussions, was the Soviet offer on the so-called "minimum deterrent" made by the Soviet Foreign Minister at the U.N. General Assembly.

2. In relation to the first task important new ground was broken by the Soviet "minimum deterrent" proposal. This meets all Western objections on the grounds of security to previous Soviet proposals and has been welcomed by some Western disarmament experts.

3. These shortcomings have been much in display over the plans for the so-called NATO multilateral force — the mixed-manned seaborne nuclear deterrent.

4. The M.L.F.¹ will be launched with or without Great 'Britain and any prevari­cation would only increase the political price of clinging to an independent deterrent.

5. Another deterrent to independent action is money, and the average Congress­man chooses the line of least resistance.

6. Local officials who obstruct or refuse registration can also be severely pun­ished (though jury trials are a somewhat flimsy deterrent in the south of the U.S.A.).

7. The British position is clear. After months of non-diplomacy, there is a marked eagerness to reach agreement on non-proliferation. The belief is that a treaty could be as effective as the partial nuclear test ban, that it would be another step back from the east-west confrontation in Europe.

8. From the very beginning the issue of jobs was central in the nation-wide con­frontation of the Negro Freedom Movement as was seen in the Great Washing­ton March in 1963.

9. Referring to British objections that a total ban on oil would involve confron­tation with South Africa, Mr R. said 'that South Africa was a member of the U. K. and had to abide by its rales.

10. There was a dramatic confrontation between one of the dismissed lectur­ers and the Director.

11. Under the imminent threat of what came to be known, according to the jar­gon of the day, as a "confrontation" between the two super-powers, the other dele­gations thrashed about frantically searching for a compromise formula.

12. To all intents and purposes there was no confrontation. There was, he said, "full agreement among the contestants."

13. It is in this light that this week's intense argument about the right and wrong way to cut tariffs begins to make sense and that it becomes apparent that what has been taking place in Geneva has been yet another confrontation between America and Europe.

14. The Advisory Committee on Juvenile Delinquency — set up by the for­mer Home Secretary and widely regarded as a gimmick — has been disbanded, the Commons was told yesterday. Its work will be taken over by special­ist bodies.

15. Stamp trading — the latest "something for nothing" gimmick aimed at shop­pers — is coming under heavy fire this weekend from Cooperative and retail trade chiefs.

16. He said the Government should table Labor’s proposals for disengage­ment, disarmament, a non-aggression treaty between the Warsaw alliance and the NATO countries.

17. This should be related to a European security system designed to base the political future of Europe on an all-European Security Pact to replace NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and on disengagement in Central Europe and controlled disarma­ment.

18. But there was not a hint of Labor conference policy on disarmament, disen­gagement in West Germany and atom-free zones.

19. He proposed as a preliminary step in the direction of total disarmament immediate disengagement in Europe.

20. He also repeated Britain's desire to see this question settled by the General Assembly as soon as possible, but there is still no indication whether Britain is actively lobbying for this behind the scenes.

21. The car workers' lobby last week was an important step in the right direc­tion. The issue should be pressed throughout the trade union movement and taken up by the workers in all industries.

22. Those MPs and trade unionists, and the people who lobbied the NATO meeting yesterday and who want genuine peaceful coexistence and arms cuts, represent the true interests of the people in Britain and throughout the world.

23. Eleven Labor MPs will meet a group of American women, and other over­seas deputations coming to London on May 11 to lobby the NATO council meeting.

24. Some 200 building trade workers direct from the sites lobbied the con­ference calling out: "No wage freeze — attack the profits — reject the incomes policy."

25. The new council, which is calling the lobby, is backed by nearly 100 MPs, national trade unions, peace organizations, church bodies and leading univer­sity professors.

26. To coventrate every town under the sun — such is the wild dream of the warmongers — and is there much difference between them and the brinkmongers?

27. The "china clay" strike which has snowballed across the Mersey docks was still on tonight, with 8,000 men away from work. At a mass meeting of Dockers at the Pier Head this evening, the Dockers overwhelmingly voted to stay out.

28. The movement "to kill the Bill" may snowball to irresistible proportions by the time when the Trades Union Congress recall conference on June 5.

29. Pravda front-pages a dispatch from its Warsaw correspondent about the work of Polish miners, among other economic progress reports from Socialist coun­tries.

30. Even in the U. S., where intimidation has been most severe, there are many signs that large numbers of the American people are not "sold" on this line or brain-washed by the President of the A.F.L.— C.I.O.¹

31. The President is not a welcome visitor, despite the massive brain-wash­ing operation which has been mounted to convince us that the hawk has become a dove, the opportunist has turned into a man of principle.

32. Not content with slogans inciting to violence, some of the demonstrators acted in the tradition of the American lynches. Spotting a long-haired youth, they jumped off their lorry shouting: "Get him, kill him, he is a beatnik, he burnt our flag."

33. One of the reasons for the incredible consistency of the Beatles' success was their peculiar ability to keep abreast or ahead of current trends.

34. The Minister of Economy need not conclude that the British worker is too cussed to fit into an economic plan, or that he will inevitably frustrate labor mobility. But grandiose general statement in Whitehall about "shaking out labor" and redeployment are only convincing if they are accompanied by practical measures to make the intention a reality.

35. Mrs S. said: "If there is to be this so-called redeployment to the export in­dustries, at least we should have the figures on which to work."

36. In July 1960 a team of U. N. communications specialists moved into Leo­poldville and within a few days set up radio-tele-printers, almost at the very moment the first contingents of "blue helmets" were deplaning the Leopoldville airport.

37. The biggest teach-in for London Telephone Region engineers is to be launched early next year.

38. More than 100 Negro students of the Atlanta University City singing car­ols, staged a "sing-in" anti-jim-crow demonstration beneath a department store Christmas tree in Atlanta last Saturday.

39. Workers on strike in several enterprises have occupied their plants and are staying day and night. The first to start the sit-in and sleep-in strike were the work­ers of the nationally owned Sud-Aviation plant at Nantes.

40. The renewed concern about the brain drain acknowledges the general in­dustrial malaise of which the brain drain is only a symptom; as such, it is useful but nothing very new.

41. On May 6, 1963 Brazil and Mexico submitted a Declaration on the denu­clearization of Latin America.

§ 14. «ЛОЖНЫЕ ДРУЗЬЯ» ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА

Слова, относящиеся к этому разделу, можно подразделить на три группы:

1. Слова, которые имеют внешнее сходство (звучание и написание) со сло­вами русского языка, но значение которых не всегда совпадает. Например: dramatic драматический, драматичный, неожиданный, яркий, впечатляю­щий, сенсационный', decade десятилетие; popular народный, популярный; formal формальный, официальный; nation нация, народ, страна; sabotage вредительство, диверсионный акт, саботаж и многие другие.

Примечание. В зависимости от контекста эти слова могут иметь другие от­тенки значения и переводиться иначе.

2. Слова, которые во множественном числе приобретают новое значение, как например: difference разница, различие—.differences 1) различия, 2) разно­гласия; development развитие — developments события и т. д.

Примечание. Кроме того, слово development часто употребляется в значе­нии: участок, подлежащий освоению; освоение; микрорайон и т. п.

3. Слова, употребление которых в единственном и множественном числе не совпадает в русском и английском языках. Например: industry промышлен­ность, industries промышленность, отрасли промышленности; policy поли­тика, политический курс, policies политика, политический курс; atomic weapons (мн. ч.) атомное оружие (ед. ч.).

Переведите следующие предложения.

1. The heaviest blow that the atom bomb fanatics got, however, came with the dramatic announcement that the Russians also have got the bomb.

2. As they participate in the fight for dramatic reforms, large sections of the population come to realize the necessity of unity of action with the working class and become more active politically.

3. The Administration, of course, is loath to contemplate such a fundamental change in its foreign policy. The stakes are too high and American bonds with Europe too numerous to permit such a dramatic situation.

4. The Prime Minister's dramatic European move was timed to divert public at­tention from the more dismal news of Rhodesia and the freeze.

5. There is a popular tendency, among most newsmen and radio and TV com­mentators, to portray Congressmen as men who are working themselves to death, sweating and suffering heart attacks to serve the people.

6. He seems to have excluded himself from the vice-presidential candidacy at a time when the public opinion polls report that he is того, popular than both the President and the Vice-president.

7. The victory of the popular revolution in Cuba has become a splendid exam­ple for the peoples of Latin America.

8. The working class can defeat the reactionary, anti-popular forces, secure a firm majority in parliament and transform parliament from an instrument serving the class interests of the bourgeoisie into an instrument serving the working peo­ple.

9. This year the election falls on November 3. The outcome is generally known the next morning, though formally the balloting takes place in the Electoral College in early December.

10. If the talks make it clear that Britain is committed, the Government will be in a strong position if they decided to apply formally for membership next June.

11. The Prime-Minister will reply to the speeches on Monday, after informal talks last night, this evening and tomorrow with the Commonwealth Prime Minis­ters, who have been invited in three groups.

12. Soviet people believe that the example provided by the Soviet Union and other nations which are building socialism will convince the people that it is the system that offers the maximum opportunities to develop man's abilities.

13. The essence of the policy of the U. S. S. R. is peace everywhere, freedom and equality for all peoples, brotherhood and happiness for all nations.

14. This policy will ensure that successive currency crises do not affect the level of economic activity and overall welfare of the nation.

15. The meeting expressed the hope that the remaining points of differences would be settled when the conference on the cessation of nuclear tests is resumed in Geneva.

16. The main item on the agenda, and one over which most differences exist, was the proposed nuclear non-proliferation treaty.

17. A conspiracy is being brewed in Wall Street and Washington to deny the people any choice in the Presidential elections. The tactic is to suppress the issues and blur any differences between the Republican and Democratic candidates.

18. A general strike is one which affects an entire industry, an entire locality or a whole country.

19. Disarmament will release for civilian employment millions of people now serving in the armed forces and war industries.

20. This fact is recognition of the weight and power of public opinion, of its growing influence on international developments.

21. "Generally speaking," says the Survey, "developments last year were distinctly less encouraging than was expected."

22. Such development would emphasize the region's economic importance and growth potential which would reflected in its population growth, housing and overspill problems.

23. The Prime Minister said that the Government was prepared to set up pub­licly owned enterprises in the development areas.

24. Whereas, before 1914, only professional diplomats were entrusted with international negotiations, a new development began to take place: the appear­ance of statesmen on the scene, and the creation of a number of permanent in­ternational bodies composed of delegates, most of whom were not in the diplo­matic service of their country.

25. Already very many sections of the Labor, trade union and cooperative movements support policies on these lines. Their members number millions.

26. To get the kind of Budget the country needs means a fight for a different policy within the Labor movement.

27. The local elections give an opportunity to press for such a policy espe­cially by voting for the Communist candidates who are putting it forward.

28. The differing agricultural policies of the Six¹ and the Seven² and the question of supranational authorities in Europe were two other obstacles which the former Foreign Secretary mentioned in Parliament on July 25.