Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов Издание шестое, стереотипное
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Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию о том, в каких странах ученые работали над созданием телеграфной связи, какие трудности встретились при этом. Перескажите. Telegraph Benjamin Franklin, an American who is famous for his inter esting and useful inventions, published his ideas about electricity in 1752. Scientists in many countries became interested in this won derful form of energy. They wanted to find the answer to a very im portant question: could the electricity be used to develop a fast, efficient system of long-distance communication? Experiments proved that electricity could travel instantly over a very long piece of wire. But a note that was written on a piece of paper couldn’t be put into a wire. How could electricity be used to send a message? A Danish scientist discovered that electricity could move a needle from left to right and that the needle could be pointed at letters on a piece of paper. Then a German government worker made up a code system that could be used with an electric needle. In 1837 two English scientists sent a message by electric telegraph for a distance of more than 1.6 kilometers. Samuel Morse, an American portrait painter, was experiment ing with an electric telegraph too. At first he connected a pencil to an electric wire. When the electricity came through the wire the pencil made wavy lines. Then Morse invented a code that used dots and dashes for the letters of the alphabet. Finally, he discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written, they could be sent in sound. On May 24, 1844, the first long-distance message was sent by telegraph for 64 kilometers. Telegraph companies were formed in many cities. By 1861 tele graph wires stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe too, Samuel Morse’s system became popular. But telegraph wires couldn’t be hung over an ocean. Messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship — a journey of two or three weeks. A new method was needed. The Atlantic Telegraph Company which was organized in 1856 wanted to try to lay a cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. The 4,000-kilometer cable broke three times. Each time a new cable had to be made. Finally, on July 27, 1866, the first transatlantic message was sent from Newfoundland to Ireland. Later cables were laid to Central and South America. After 1900 transpacific cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last news and business information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the world. Text 4C Прочитайте текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:
Telephone Alexander Graham Bell never planned to be an inventor, he wanted to be a musician or a teacher of deaf people (глухих). The subjects that he studied at school included music, art, literature, Latin and Greek. They did not include German which all scientists used in their books. Alexander’s mother was a painter and a musi cian. His father was a well-known teacher of deaf people. When Alexander was only sixteen, he became a teacher in boy’s school in Scotland. He liked teaching there, but he still wanted to become a teacher of deaf people as his father. He read all the books about sound that he could find and started to work on some of his own experiments. At twenty five Alexander became interested in finding a way to send human voice through an electric wire. The parents of his pu pils contributed money for the equipment. He found an assistant, Tom Watson, who worked in an electrical shop. For two years Tom and Alexander were working together to build a machine that peo ple could use to talk to one another over long distances. After two years, the two young men were becoming discouraged (опустились руки). Then, one day, when they were working on a new transmit ter Alexander spilled some acid (пролить кислоту) on himself. Tom Watson, who was alone in another room, heard a voice. The voice was coming through a wire to a receiver on the table! The voice was Alexander Bell’s! It was saying: «Come here, Mr. Wat son. I need you!» The first telephone line was built in Germany in 1877. By 1915 a telephone line was opened in the United States — 5,440 kilome ters from New York to San Francisco. Now design bureaus all over the world are conducting experi ments to develop video-phone or picture phone. A young man in Moscow wants to speak to his friend in Vladivostok. He lifts his telephone receiver, dials a number. After a very short time his friend answers. As he picks up his receiver, his picture appears on the screen. They can speak to each other face to face because they are using a new kind of telephone which may be called «a video-phone». In addition to the usual telephone, the equipment includes a small television screen (14 cm by 13 cm) and, combined with the screen, a television camera. The camera tube will allow the user to switch from a wide view of the room to the face of the per son speaking. The focus can be changed to give clear pictures of objects 0.3,0.9 and 6.0 meters away from the camera. There is also a mirror attachment, which allows the camera to scan documents which may be lying on the table. The camera adjusts itself auto matically to different lighting conditions. Text 4D Прочитайте и перескажите текст. Talking via Space Communication has come a long way from the time when an In dian beat a drum (барабан) in the forest to the time when a scientist receives messages from a satellite. In this space age communication has become a highly developed field. The system of communica- tion in large countries is unthinkable today without space satellites. Besides large distances, there is a great time difference: the territo ries of some countries comprise up to 11 zones. Satellites help to minimize all the difficulties that may appear. They rapidly transmit TV and radio programs to different towns, cities, and distant areas. Space systems and electronic technology have made it possible to set up an automatic system of communication designed for rapid transmission of all kinds of information. People write letters and send telegrams. But at the same time people living in various cities like to exchange (обмениваться) news on the telephone. Statistics reports that the number of long distance telephone calls is about 2, 000 million per year. A person in Moscow talking on the phone with Vladivostok must know that this conversation is carried on through a satellite. Trains and cars can use mobile radio telephones to make calls. Businessmen can use fax machines which provide electronic trans mission of documents and messages over telephone lines. Even photographs can be sent and received over telephone wires. Practically all the population in large countries can watch TV via satellites. The orbital communication systems make it possible for people from different continents to see and hear one another. The importance of space means of communication is increasing every year. The communication satellites of the international orga nization «INTERSAT» enable people to keep reliable telephone, telegraph, telex and fax communication in any weather with ships practically in every part of the World Ocean. ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ Упражнение 1. А. Прочитайте следующие выражения из текста 4А и по старайтесь догадаться о значении выделенных слов и словосочетаний.
В. Подберите к каждому выделенному слову или словосочетанию соот ветствующее ему по значению.
Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте слова cell, network, area, set и выберите правильное значение. A cellular phone (cellphone) is a lightweight, portable radio transceiver, which can transmit and receive telephone calls any where in cellular network area. It is a mobile telephone, which communicates through base stations situated in areas called cells. Cell is a subdivision of communication area in a cellphone net work. In the network, the same frequencies can be used for many different telephone calls at the same time. Each cell has its own small electronic base station and set of transmission frequencies. The sizes of the cell vary between 1 km to about 30 km across, de pending on the output power of the cellphone transmitter.
В Упражнение 3. Подберите к глаголам и словосочетаниям в колонке А глаголы с тем же значением из колонки В. А
sible to read e. own f. communicate
Упражнение 4. Замените выделенное слово или словосочетание другим словом с тем же значением.
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