Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов Издание шестое, стереотипное
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Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов: latest ['leitist], spectacular [spek'taekjula], breakthrough ['breik'Qru:], compare [kam'pea], award [a'wo:d], research [ri'saitf], mercury ['me:kjuri], wire ['waia], below [bilau], 5 °C ['faiv di'gri:z 'sentigreid], completely [kam'pli:tli], return [ri'ta:n], either ['aide], finally ['fainali], Zurich ['zjuarik], previ ously ['pri:vjasli], throughout [0ru:'aut], liquid ['likwid], nitrogen ['naitradjan], lose [lu:z], moreover [mo:'rauva], lack [laek]. СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ achievement п — достижение below adv — ниже, внизу benefit п — выгода, польза boil v — кипеть continue v — продолжать cool v — охлаждать current п — электрический ток discover v — открывать, обна руживать finally adv — наконец introduce v — вводить lack v — нуждаться likely adv — вероятно lose v — терять master v — овладевать moreover adv — более того pass v — пропускать present v — представлять previously adv — ранее, предва рительно prominent a — выдающийся, известный random a — беспорядочный, случайный resistivity n — удельное сопро тивление return v — возвращаться satisfactory a — приемлемый, удовлетворительный suddenly adv — вдруг, внезапно sufficiently adv — достаточно tend v — стремиться, иметь тенденцию wire n — провод at once — сразу, немедленно Text 11A Прочитайте текст. Расскажите об основных этапах развития сверхпроводимости и о тех ученых, которые внесли свой вклад в исследование сверхпроводимости. Superconductivity According to the prominent scientist in this country V.L. Ginz burg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Recent spectacular breakthroughs1 in superconductors may be compared with the physics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. They are likely to bring the mankind to the threshold of a new technolog ical age. Prestige, economic and military benefits could well come to the nation that first will master this new field of physics. Super conductors were once thought to be physically impossible. But in 1911 superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch physicist K. Onnes, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his low- temperature research. He found the electrical resistivity of a mer cury wire to disappear suddenly when cooled below a temperature of 4 Kelvin (—269 °C). Absolute zero is known to be 0 K. This dis covery was a completely unexpected phenomenon. He also discov ered that a superconducting material can be returned to the normal state either by passing a sufficiently large current through it or by applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to it. But at that time there was no theory to explain this. For almost 50 years after K. Onnes’ discovery theorists were unable to develop a fundamental theory of superconductivity. In 1950 physicists Landau and Ginzburg made a great contribution to the development of superconductivity theory. They introduced a model which proved to be useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors. Finally, in 1957 a satisfactory the ory was presented by American physicists, which won for them in 1972 the Nobel Prize in physics. Research in superconductors be came especially active since a discovery made in 1986 by IBM2 sci entists in Zurich. They found a metallic ceramic compound to become a superconductor at a temperature well above3 the previ ously achieved record of 23 K. It was difficult to believe it. However, in 1987 American physi cist Paul Chu informed about a much more sensational discovery: he and his colleagues produced superconductivity at an unbeliev able before temperature 98 К in a special ceramic material. At once in all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors of critical temperature 100 К and higher (that is, above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen) were obtained. Thus, potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity seemed to be possible and practical. Scientists have found a ceramic material that works at room temperature. But getting superconductors from the laboratory into production will be no easy task. While the new superconductors are easily made, their quality is often uneven. Some tend to break when produced, others lose their superconduc tivity within minutes or hours. All are extremely difficult to fabri cate into wires. Moreover, scientists lack a full understanding of how ceramics become superconductors. This fact makes develop- ing new substances largely a random process. This is likely to continue until theorists give a fuller explanation of how supercon ductivity is produced in new materials. Notes to the Text
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст 11А и ответьте на вопросы. 1. What is this text about? 2. What is the phenomenon of super conductivity? 3. Who was the first to discover the phenomenon?
Упражнение 11. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 11 А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения. 1. The latest achievements in superconductivity mean a revolu tion in technology and industry. 2. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. 3. The achievements in super conductivity cannot be compared with the discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. 4. The electrical resistivity of a mer cury wire disappears when cooled below 4 K. 5. A superconducting material cannot be returned to the normal state. 6. Landau and Ginzburg introduced a model which was useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors. 7. Scientists from IBM found a ceramic material that became a superconductor at a temperature of 23 K. 8. Potential technical uses of high tempera ture superconductivity are unlikely to be possible and practical. Упражнение 12. Найдите в тексте 11А инфинитивные конструкции. |