UNIT 5. LEGAL SKILLS
Повторение грамматики. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий (Degrees of Comparison: Adjectives and Adverbs)
Прочитайте прилагательные: а) в положительной степени б) в сравнительной степени в) в превосходной степени. Сформулируйте правило образования степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий в английском языке.
Many – more – the most, wise – wiser – the wisest, competitive – more competitive – the most competitive, clear – clearer – the clearest, concise – more concise – the most concise, bad – worse – the worst, simple – simpler – the simplest, complex – more complex – the most complex, little – less – the least, persuasive – more persuasive – the most persuasive, good – better – the best, efficient – more efficient – the most efficient, far – farther (further) – the farthest (furthest), effective – more effective – the most effective.
1. This method is as effective as the previous one. 2. The period is twice as long as a semester. 3. Inform us as soon as possible. 4. His job is not as efficient as his colleague’s one. 5. The more you work, the better you study. 6. The document is as concise as possible. 7. Her resume is not as clear as required. 8. His career promotion is twice as quick as that of the friend. 9. The better you communicate with people, the more clients you have.
Сравните ученые степени, которые присваиваются выпускникам высших учебных заведений. Используйте как можно больше сравнительных оборотов.
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UNIVERSITY DEGREES
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high /low
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popular
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honourable
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Bachelor’s Degree (LLB)
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Master’s Degree (LLM)
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Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD)
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Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)
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Прочитайте и переведите текст.
TEXT
Top Ten Legal Skills
While legal positions vary greatly in scope and responsibility, there are several core legal skills that are required in most legal functions. If you are considering a career in law, it is wise to polish these top ten legal skills to excel in today’s competitive legal market.
Oral Communication
Language is one of the most fundamental tools of the legal professional. Legal professionals
must:
Convey information in a clear, concise, and logical manner.
Communicate persuasively.
Advocate a position or a cause.
Master legal terminology.
Develop keen listening skills.
Written Communication.
From writing simple correspondence to drafting complex legal documents, writing is an integral function of nearly every legal position. Legal professionals must:
Master the stylistic and mechanical aspects of writing.
Master the fundamentals of grammar.
Learn how to write organized, concise and persuasive prose.
Draft effective legal documents such as motions, briefs, memos, resolutions and legal agreements.
Client Service.
In the client-focused legal industry, serving the client honestly, capably and responsibly is crucial to success.
Analytical and Logical Reasoning.
Legal professionals must learn to review and assimilate large volumes of complex information in an efficient and effective manner. Legal analytical and logical reasoning skills include: reviewing complex written documents, drawing inferences and making connections among legal authorities; developing logical thinking, organization and problem-solving abilities; structuring and evaluating arguments; using inductive and deductive reasoning to draw inferences and reach conclusions.
Legal Research.
Researching legal concepts, case law, judicial opinions, statutes, regulations and other information is an important legal skill.
Technology.
Technology is changing the legal landscape and is an integral part of every legal function. To remain effective in their jobs, legal professionals must master communications technology including e- mails, voice messaging systems, videoconferencing and related technology.
Knowledge of Substantive Law and Legal Procedure.
All legal professionals, even those at the bottom of the legal career chain, must have basic knowledge of substantive law and legal procedure.
Time Management.
In a profession based on a business model (billable hours) that ties productivity to financial gain, legal professionals are under constant pressure to bill time and manage large workloads.
Organization.
In order to manage large volumes of data and documents, legal professionals must develop top- notch organizational skills.
Teamwork.
Legal professionals do not work in a vacuum. Even solo practitioners must rely on secretaries and support staff and team up with co-counsels, experts to deliver legal services.
Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским словам и словосочетаниям.
профессиональные компетенции юриста
представлять информацию в ясной и краткой форме
овладеть юридической терминологией
развивать способность внимательно слушать собеседника
составлять сложные юридические документы
овладеть основами грамматики
составлять ходатайства, записки по делу
обслуживать клиента честно и ответственно
просматривать и усваивать большой объем информации
навыки логического рассуждения
делать выводы и умозаключения
осваивать технологии общения (коммуникации)
на нижней ступеньке карьерной лестницы
знания материального права и судопроизводства
выдерживать большие рабочие нагрузки
почасовая оплата
развивать высочайшие навыки самоорганизации
работа в команде
1. DOCUMENT 2. COMMUNICATION 3. CLIENT 4. TOP –NOTCH
5. DRAFT 6. SKILL 7. RESEARCH
Прочитайте определения и соотнесите их со словами из рамки.
An ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practiced it.
To write a plan, letter, report, bill, etc. that will need to be changed before it is completed.
A piece of paper that gives official written information about something.
Someone who pays for services or advice from the person or organization.
Serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new facts or test new ideas.
Having the highest quality or standard.
The process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts or feelings.
7. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя слова и словосочетания из текста.
Мы осваиваем юридическую терминологию с первого дня поступления в университет.
К концу первого курса он научится представлять информацию в четкой и краткой форме.
На вчерашнем семинаре по истории государства и права России студенты активно отстаивали свои позиции.
Только к концу прошлого занятия он понял, как составлять ходатайство.
Тише, идет лекция! Преподаватель рассказывает об использовании индуктивно-дедуктивных методов в работе юриста.
Он занимался исследовательской работой в области теории государства и права еще на первом курсе.
Овладение современными технологиями общения, такими, как видеоконференции, является неотъемлемой частью работы юриста.
Выскажите мнение по поводу утверждений. Начните ответ с одного из следующих выражений:
а) выражения полного согласия: “It goes without saying”, “Exactly so”;
б) выражения абсолютного несогласия: “Nothing of the kind”, “Surely not”;
в) выражения неуверенности и неясности позиции: “I’m not quite sure about it”, “That’s hard to tell …”
Legal research is the only reliable tool of the legal profession.
In their first year students must read and brief hundreds of cases.
Experts say that the brain is a complex information processor capable of processing and assimilating complex information at greater speeds through practice.
We must know how to analyze and gather information, identify issues, organize our data base, draft inferences and reach conclusions.
You can brush up your writing skills by reading resources on the craft of writing.
It is easy to learn legal English.
We must learn the substantive law and legal procedure.
Выступите в качестве переводчика.
BE CAREFUL. A CAREER IN LAW COULD CHANGE THE WAY YOU THINK.
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Correspondent: Генри, почему Вы выбрали профессию юриста?
Mr. Dahut: When asked why I became a lawyer I usually say because it seemed like a smart thing to do. Unlike some of my law school classmates, I had no illusions of becoming either a great advocate or a legal scholar. All I wanted was a nice income and a respectable position in life. For me, law was a safe career choice, not a passion. My only concern was that as a creative, emotive, right-brain type, I would not be able to make my mind do whatever it is that lawyer minds do to think like lawyers. But an old lawyer, I met, told me that the real danger was that once you start thinking like a lawyer it becomes difficult to think any other way.
C.: Когда Вы сами поняли, что необходимо научиться мыслить как юрист?
Mr. Dahut: That process began on the first day of law school when the dean told our petrified first- year class that before we could become lawyers we had to learn how to think like lawyers. One student had the nerve to ask the dean how we would know when he had learned to think like lawyers. The dean shot back, when you get paid to think! I soon saw how thinking like lawyers actually meant altering our reasoning structures. For example, memory, while important to success in law school, stood a distant second to learning how to reason like a lawyer.
C.: Что значит – мыслить как юрист?
Mr. Dahut: Thinking like a lawyer demands thinking within the confines of inductive and deductive forms of reasoning. As law students, we entered a world of rigorous dialogue in which abstractions are formulated and then described – usually leading to the discovery of a general principle or rule, which is then distinguished from another general rule. We learned how to narrow and intensify our focus. The process taught us how to think defensively: We learned how to protect our clients (and ourselves) and why we needed to proceed slowly, find the traps, measure and calculate the risk. And above all, never, ever let them see you sweat!
C.: Какие качества Вы стремились развить в себе во время учебы?
Mr. Dahut: The goal, of course, was for me to become a rational, logical, categorical, linear thinker – trained to separate what is reasonable from what is not and what is true from what is false. Having learned to think in a new way, I had less tolerance for ambiguity. A new mental structure was forming
– a new set of lenses through which to view the structure of human affairs.
C.: Как изменилась Ваша личность во время обучения в юридическом колледже?
Mr. Dahut: It turns out I had just enough left-brain skills to get me through law school and the bar. The mental gymnastics is necessary for forming the plasticity of the human mind. Unconsciously, I began to relate to and observe others within the context of my new way of thinking. The old lawyer I once met was right: Learning to think like lawyers made us less capable of the kind of emotive thinking necessary to make creative choices, manage and inspire people, and respond quickly to change.
Работа в парах. Прочитайте резюме, обсудите с возможности соискателя получить работу юриста. Аргументируйте свою точку зрения, используя информацию из текста.
Model:
A: In my opinion John Applicant has a good chance to take the position of a lawyer because he can convey information in a clear, concise, and logical manner.
B: Why do you think so?
A: I think so because in his resume he writes that he got Oral Advocacy Award in Spring 2008 and four times he was the State Policy Debate Champion in 1998-2002.
John Applicant
123 Main St. New York, New York 12345 John.Applicant@email.com
EDUCATION
University of State, College of Law, Springfield, CA
Candidate for Juris Doctor May 2010 Oral Advocacy Award, spring 2008
State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA
Bachelor of Arts, American Government (Honours), May 2006 Parliamentary Debate Team (2002-2004)
WORK EXPERIENCE
Honourable Judge Johnson, U.S. Court of Appeals, autumn 2008. Externship was comprised of researching and writing memos, draft opinions and draft orders.
Thomas & Smith, P.A., SummerAssociate, Phoenix, AZ, Summer 2008
Researched and wrote memoranda and motions for commercial (trade secrets), criminal defence (racketeering) and pro bono (Constitutional standards for conditions of confinement) matters.
OTHER INTERESTS AND ACTIVITIES
Spanish (proficient); travelled extensively throughout Latin America
time 4A State Policy Debate State Champion (1998-2002);2-time National Tournament Qualifier (2000, 2001)
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