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Учебник для бакалавров. Учебник для бакалавриата по направлению Юриспруденция
UNIT 2. WHY DO WE NEED LAW?
Повторение грамматики. Формы английских глаголов. Система времен английских глаголов в активном залоге (The System of Tenses. Active Voice).
ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
  to V V2f V3f 4f (V+ing)
Past Simple wrote asked
  
* - видо-временная форма Future Simple образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall (для 1 лица единственного и множественного числа), will (для 2 и 3 лица единственного и множественного числа). В современном английском языке существует тенденция употреблять вспомогательный глагол will для всех лиц и чисел. Кроме того различие между shall и will исчезает в сокращенной форме ’ll, которая широко используется в разговорной речи для всех лиц.
Прочитайте а) 1-ю форму глагола б) 2-ю форму глагола в) 3-ю форму глагола.
Made, make, begun, begin, began, was, is, been, were, being, drive, driven, driving, drove, kept, keep, arisen, arise, arose, dealt, deal, dealing, have, had, has, protected, protect, taken, take, took, feel, felt, flaw, flawed, spoken, spoke, speak, seek, sought, choose, chosen, chose.
Прочитайте формы глагола, которые переводятся на русский язык а) настоящим временем б) прошедшим временем в) будущим временем.
Will begin, have protected, is speaking, had taken, made, seek to do, will have, are driving, has felt, were keeping, ensured, is going to take, will be necessary, deals with, am doing, flaws, was regulating, had chosen, have resolved, are arising, are going to do, will settle, drive, keeps, are applying, rejected, will respect, imposed.
Will have finished, alter, in favour of, unlike rules, should not do, to pay, may be forced, would not be necessary, did not live, so special, to drive on, help to safeguard, claims to, ensuring, do not want, applies to, might not be able to go, to speak out publicly, has kept, are regulating, like, do not use, will choose, is speaking.
Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на обстоятельства времени.
… now (at the moment of speech) we are telling, laws are keeping the society together, he is driving on the left side of the road, they are seeking to change the law.
… already, by now (by the moment of speech) they have formulated the law, government has authorized the court to complete the investigation, the criminal has broken the law, he has taken unfair advantage of the weaker, the life has changed.
… last …, … ago, in 1997 (date) people began to create laws long ago, last week the parliament amended the law, yesterday he testified under oath at the trial, in 1985 the Law Society relaxed the rules.
5. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
1. Students (are studying, study) law at the university. 2. He already (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 3, Last year he (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 4. The police (didn’t find, haven’t found) the killer yet. 5. For about 10 years legislators (discussed, have been discussing) the bill. 6. Every year the State Duma of the RF (is passing, passes) a lot of laws. 7. In 1992 our country (ratified, had ratified) the treaty. 8. Lawyers (came, have come) to the agreement by the end of the present session. 9. You (are looking, look) very thoughtful. What (do you think, are you thinking) about? – I (think, am thinking) about retirement. – But you are only 25. You only just (started, have started) your career. – I (know, am knowing), but I (read, have read) an article which (says, is saying) that a sensible man (started, starts) thinking about retirement at 25.
Повторение грамматики. Порядок слов в утвердительном предложении (Word Order in the Affirmative Sentence)
ПРАВИЛО:
ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ + СКАЗУЕМОЕ + ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ + ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО
или
ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО + ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ + СКАЗУЕМОЕ + ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ
Определение не имеет постоянного места в предложении и может находиться рядом с любым членом предложения, который требует определения.
Тысячи английских слов свободно используются в функциях нескольких частей речи. Наиболее широко распространена способность выступать в двух функциях у существительного и глагола, например: state – государство, состояние и заявлять, излагать, judge – судья и судить, claim – требование, судебный иск и претендовать, заявлять, force – сила и заставлять, rule – правило, норма и управлять, постановлять.
Правильный первый шаг к пониманию смысла английского высказывания – не поиск в словаре русских соответствий английским словам, а определение грамматической роли слова в предложении.
К пониманию смысла английского высказывания можно прийти лишь после того, как выявлена его грамматическая структура, при этом необходимо руководствоваться формальными показателями слова и твердым порядком слов в английском предложении.
6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова, которые выступают в разных функциях в предложении.
A judge is a court officer authorized to decide legal cases. But who are they to judge us? The judge
may also rule on motions made before or during a trial. Don't judge a book by its cover.
In this office, hard work is the rule, not the exception. When a court rules, the decision is called a ruling. The high destiny of the individual is to serve rather than to rule.
The state is distinguished from other institutions by its purpose (establishment of order and security), methods (its laws and their enforcement), territory (its area of jurisdiction), and sovereignty. Another standard question is “What's the state of the world?” meaning “What's new?” or “What's going on?” The Bill of Rights is stated in 463 words.
What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Nobody can force me to do it.
After the storm, the Johnsons filed a claim against their home insurance in order to repair damage to the roof. He claimed he won the race, though the video showed otherwise.
In folk beliefs, good luck is regularly associated with the right side: it is lucky to see the new moon to one's right, to put the right stocking or shoe on first, while in each case the left is unlucky. Each legal right that an individual possesses relates to a corresponding legal duty imposed on another.
Составьте предложения.
have/ in any society/ several characteristics/ laws.
these rules/ sometimes/ break/ we/ without suffering any penalty.
for a variety of reasons/ arise/ conflicts between individuals.
people/ enable/ to feel secure/ laws / in their lives.
to forbid / the first aim of law/ certain ways of behaving/ is / like murder, terrorism, or smoking in public places.
to provide/ to make their own arrangements/ facilities for people/ is / the second aim of law.
to settle/ the third aim of law/ disputes among citizens / is.
restrictions on people/ certain guarantees/ imposes/ them / the law/ but also gives.
TEXT Why do We Need Law?
Vocabulary
rules imposed by morality and custom – правила, предписанные моралью и обычаем
rules made by the state or the courts – нормы, создаваемые государством и судами
to control or alter our behaviour – управлять и вносить изменения в наше поведение
to safeguard our personal property and our lives – охранять нашу личную собственность и наши жизни
a well-ordered society – высокоорганизованное общество
to ensure a safe and peaceful society – обеспечивать безопасное и мирное существование
to punish people without trial –наказывать людей без суда и следствия
to respect individual rights – уважать права человека
to give effect to social policies – оказывать влияние на социальную политику
to protect liberty and equality – защищать свободу и равенство
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules – those made by the state or the courts – are called “laws”. Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behaviour. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law –whether you like that law or not –you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.
Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law?
If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people – to live in society – laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two- way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.
Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected.
We need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals’ rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person,
including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law.
In our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university.
Another goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals.
However, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.
Подберите к английским словосочетаниям из текста русские эквиваленты.
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1) the purpose of law
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a) уважать права отдельного человека
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2) to live in society
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b) отражать изменяющиеся потребности общества
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3) to choose at random
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c) иметь разногласия и конфликты
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4) to safeguard our personal property and our lives
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d) верить в верховенство закона
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5) to have disagreements and conflicts
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e) защищать основные права и свободы
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6) to resolve disputes peacefully
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f) назначение (цель) права
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7) to turn to the law
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g) иметь право открыто высказать свое мнение
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8) to respect individual rights
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h) жить в обществе
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9) to arrest and punish people without trial
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i) выбирать что-либо наугад
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10) to believe in the Rule of Law
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j) стремиться изменить закон законными средствами
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11) in accordance with the law
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k) арестовывать и наказывать людей без суда и
следствия
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12) to protect basic individual rights and
freedoms
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l) охранять нашу собственность и жизнь
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13) to reflect the changing needs of society
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m) в соответствии с законом
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14) to have the right to speak out publicly
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n) обращаться к закону
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15) to seek to change the law by lawful means
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o) решать споры миром
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Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом.
Almost everything we do is governed by …
rules imposed by morality.
the courts.
some set of rules.
If we didn’t live in a structured society with other people …
we would simply do as we please.
we would simply do with little regard for others.
laws would not be necessary.
Laws against criminal conduct help …
to protect our property.
to take advantage of other individuals.
to safeguard our personal property and our lives.
We turn to the law …
to resolve disputes peacefully.
to decide who is the real owner.
to force people to keep their promises.
Another goal of the law is …
to protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms.
fairness.
to provide for benefits.
11. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя cледующие речевые модели.
Model: a) I fully agree with the statement.
b) I am afraid, I can’t agree with it.
Not everything we do is governed by some set of rules.
We need rules that everyone must obey.
Laws against criminal conduct don’t help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.
In a well-ordered society conflicts never arise.
It is impossible to resolve disputes peacefully.
If individual’s rights are respected it means that we live in a safe and peaceful society.
Totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws.
Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order ensuring the society operates in an orderly manner.
Laws should be applied to every person in the society.
The only goal of the law is fairness.
Замените русские слова в скобках английскими эквивалентами.
The aim of (права) is to regulate the conduct of human beings in society. The aim of (правовой) theory is (рассмотреть) the nature, origin and classification of law. The theory of natural law is based on the belief that there is a set of perfect (юридических норм) for human conduct and (законы) devised by men must be induced by these rules. (Закон) is a term which is used in many different senses. To (юриста) law has a far narrower meaning – the principle recognized and applied by the state in (суде). The English (правовая система) has still been copied by many nations. (Судебный процесс) becomes the center of a contest between both parties in which one emerges as the winner. By the time of (судебного разбирательства) each (сторона дела) should gain as much information as possible.
Работа в парах. Соотнесите английские предложения в правой колонке с соответствующими русскими предложениями из левой колонки. Закрывая попеременно колонки, проверьте друг у друга перевод предложений.
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Не каждый может работать для общего блага.
Юрист – это лицо, чья профессия заключается в том, чтобы подавать судебные иски или консультировать клиентов и действовать от их имени по различным юридическим вопросам.
Право – это нормы поведения, установленные государством и применяемые в обществе в форме закона или обычая.
Закон – это любая норма или предписание, которым надо следовать.
Мы следуем определённым нормам поведения, если принадлежим определённым социальным институтам.
Я посоветуюсь с юристом.
Она обратилась в суд.
Судья отправляет правосудие.
Какие факторы повлияли на Ваше решение?
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The law is the rule of conduct established by a government and applicable to people, whether in the form of legislation or custom.
Law is any rule or injunction that must be obeyed.
Not everybody can work for the good of society.
A lawyer is a person whose profession is to conduct lawsuit for clients or to advise or act for them in other legal matters.
We accept some rules if we belong to particular social institutions.
I’ll take legal advice.
She brought a case to court.
What factors influenced your decision?
The judge administers justice.
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Замените русские слова в скобках английскими эквивалентами из рамки. Переведите текст на русский язык письменно.
1. to investigate crimes 2. civil offences 3. to punish the guilty 4. law and order 5. is breaking the law 6. obey the law 7. ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it 8. were prosecuted 9. legal codes
Governments have many ways of making sure that citizens (подчиняются закону). They make the public aware of what the law is and try to encourage social support for (правопорядку). They use police forces (расследовать преступления) and catch criminals. They authorize courts to complete the investigation of criminal and (гражданских правонарушений) and to pass sentences to (наказать виновного) and deter others. And they make efforts to re-educate and reform people who have broken the law.
The laws of all countries are to be found in written records – (правовые кодексы) of countries with continental systems, the statutes and case-judgments of common law countries, warning on official forms, and notice in public buildings. Many people do not know where to find these records and do not find it easy to read them. But (незнание законов не освобождает от ответственности). Governments usually expect citizens to be aware of the laws which affect their lives. Sometimes this seems very harsh, for example, when the law is very technical. Shopkeepers in England (преследовались по закону в уголовном порядке) for selling books on Sunday, although they were allowed to sell magazines. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behaviour. In such cases a person knows he (нарушает закон), even if he doesn’t know exactly which law it is.
Ответьте на вопросы.
What kind of society do we live in?
What is the society governed by?
What is the difference between laws and rules of morality?
Why do rules of morality and custom play an important role in our life?
Why are laws designed to control our behaviour?
What are the goals of law?
When do people turn to the law?
Why do we need law?
16. Сделайте краткий пересказ текста, используя следующую схему:
The author believes…
Firstly the author points at…
Secondly the author supposes…
Thirdly the author thinks…
Finally the author concludes…
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