Учебник для бакалавров. Учебник для бакалавриата по направлению Юриспруденция

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UNIT 4. LEGAL PROFESSION

В английском языке существует группа так называемой интернациональной лексики. К ней относится, например, слово “legal”. О значении слов этой группы нетрудно догадаться, так как в русском языке есть однокоренные аналоги. Однако в специализированной литературе интернациональные слова могут образовывать терминологические словосочетания (клише), отличные от их однокоренных аналогов.

правовой

document – правовой документ

obligation – правовое обязательство

system – система права

судебный

action –судебный иск

costs – судебные издержки

decision –решение суда

procedure – судопроизводство

remedy – средство судебной защиты

законный

government – законное правительство

foundation – законное основание

owner – законный владелец

юридический

person – юридическое лицо

profession – профессия юриста

advisor - юрисконсульт

ethics - профессиональная этика юриста

department – юридический отдел

language – юридический язык, язык юристов

aid - юридическая помощь

1. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские предложения, обращая внимание на словосочетания со словом “legal”.

1. 
   To the rest of the world the English legal profession is very strange because historically there were two types of lawyers: barristers and solicitors.
   
2. 
   Every legal system has many shortcomings.
   
3. 
   Criminal charges and divorce are normally seen as matters needing legal help and advice.
   
4. 
   Not every accident victim has a legal remedy. Some accidents are nobody’s fault.
   
5. 
   There is a large information gap in people’s awareness of their legal rights.
   
6. 
   Such legal knowledge as people had come largely from newspapers and television.
   
7. 
   The new Community Legal Service aims to provide legal information as well as legal advice and representation.
   
8. 
   Newspapers regularly carry frightening stories about losers in legal actions who face bills of thousands of pounds.
   
9. 
   Legal costs of the lowest income group are paid by the state.
   
10. 
    Legal aid is usually granted as long as financial test is satisfied.
    

2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их правильное произношение по-английски, и переведите их на русский язык.

Advocate, licensed, clients, jurisdiction, specialization, profession, qualification, training, examinations, office, type, business, contracts, audience, normally, options, career, private, civil, criminal, faculty, college, dissertation, arbitrator, professor, politician.

TEXT

Legal Profession

Vocabulary

1. 
   a person learned in law – специалист в области права
   
2. 
   an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law – человек, получивший государственную лицензию на ведение юридической практики
   
3. 
   to do all the legal work – заниматься всеми видами юридической работы
   
4. 
   solicitors and barristers – солиситоры и барристеры
   
5. 
   preparing cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts – подготовка дел, которые должны слушаться в судах гражданской и уголовной юрисдикции
   
6. 
   to have rights of audience – иметь право выступать в суде
   

to pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of Laws degree – добиваться получения степени бакалавра или магистра права

7. 
   a series of advanced examinations – ряд экзаменов повышенной сложности
   
8. 
   to require extensive clinical training in a form of apprenticeships - требуют прохождение юридической практики широкого профиля в форме ученичества
   
9. 
   legal education around their chosen specialty – юридическое образование смежное с выбранным направлением
   

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

A lawyer is a person learned in law. A lawyer, also known as an attorney, a counselor, a solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their clients.

The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and therefore can be treated in only the most general terms. Lawyers’ roles vary greatly, depending upon their practice environment and field of specialization.

In most countries there is only one legal profession. This means that all the lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading to the same legal qualifications, and they are permitted to do all the legal work.

In England the system is different. Here the profession is divided into two types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers. Solicitors and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training; they take different examinations to qualify; and once they have qualified, they usually do different types of legal work.

Many solicitors deal with a range of legal work: preparing cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts; giving legal advice in the field of business and drawing up contracts; making all the legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land or houses; assisting employees and employers; making wills.

Barristers are mainly “courtroom lawyers” who actually conduct cases in court. Unlike solicitors, they have rights of audience (rights to appear) in any court of the land, and so barristers are those lawyers who appear in the more difficult cases in the higher courts.

The educational requirements to becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law, which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college. Law students in those countries pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Besides it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes. In other countries, particularly the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States (and some in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J.D. (Juris Doctor/Doctor of Jurisprudence) as the practitioner's law degree (a professional degree). However, like other professional doctorates, the J.D. is not the exact equivalent of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), a university degree of the highest level, since it does not require the submission of a full dissertation based on original research.

The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which force young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job).

In most common law countries lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can always aspire to becoming a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician.

In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained.

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты, соответствующие следующим словосочетаниям.

1. 
   консультировать клиентов по вопросам права
   
2. 
   выполнять все виды юридической работы
   
3. 
   солиситоры и барристеры
   
4. 
   сдавать квалификационные экзамены
   
5. 
   право преподается на юридическом факультете
   
6. 
   университетский колледж, готовящий бакалавров
   
7. 
   степень магистра
   
8. 
   добиваться получения степени бакалавра
   
9. 
   присвоить ученую степень доктора юриспруденции (США)
   
10. 
    защита диссертации
    
11. 
    научно- исследовательская работа
    
12. 
    учебная практика
    
13. 
    ученичество, место начального практического обучения
    
14. 
    штатный юрисконсульт компании
    
15. 
    страны общего права (англо-саксонской системы права)
    
16. 
    страны романо-германской (континентальной) системы права
    

3. Соотнесите слова из двух колонок так, чтобы получились словосочетания из текста, переведите их на русский язык и составьте с ними свои предложения.

to take to deal with to draw up to make to have to go to to engage in to advise on to depend on on behalf of

the clients the practice of law the right of audience court the practice environment legal matters legal arrangements contracts legal advice a range of legal work

3. 
   Прочитайте определения и соотнесите их со словами из рамки.
   

1. BACHELOR'S DEGREE (LLB) 2. MASTER’S DEGREE (LLM)

3. JURIS DOCTOR DEGREE (JD) 4. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PH.D) 5. SOLICITOR 6. BARRISTER 7. COMMON LAW

8. CIVIL LAW



Law developed by judges through decisions of courts.

1. 
   The degree awarded to an individual upon the successful completion of a law school.
   

An academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for three or four years.

2. 
   Lawyers who traditionally deal with any legal matter including conducting proceedings in courts.
   

An academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.

A legal system inspired by Roman law.

A postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities.

A member of one of the two classes of lawyers found in many common law jurisdictions with split legal profession specializing in courtroom advocacy, drafting legal pleadings and giving expert legal opinions.

7. По образцу предыдущего задания дайте определения следующим понятиям из текста, связанным с профессией юриста. Воспользуйтесь толковым словарем или Интернет- ресурсом (Wikipedia).

1. 
   Prosecutor
   
2. 
   Government counsel
   
3. 
   Corporate in-house counsel
   
4. 
   Judge
   
5. 
   Arbitrator
   
6. 
   Law professor
   

Politician

7. Прочитайте текст, замените русские слова и словосочетания, стоящие в скобках, английскими выражениями.

A number of law schools have (учебную практику) in which students gain legal experience through practice, (судебные процессы) and projects (под руководством) of practising (юристы) and law school faculty. Law school (учебная практика) may include work in (юридических консультациях), for example on the staff of legislative committees.

Law school graduates receive the (степень доктора юриспруденции) as the first professional (ученая степень). Advanced law (ученые степени) may be desirable for those planning to specialize, (заниматься научно-исследовательской работой), or teach. Some law students (добиваются получения) joint degree programs, which usually require an additional semester or year of study. Joint degree programs are offered in a number of areas, including (право) and business administration or public administration.

Повторение грамматики. Порядок слов в вопросительном предложении (Word Order In the Interrogative Sentence)



Структура общего вопроса

Вспомогательный глагол

Подлежащее

Смысловой глагол

Остальные члены предложения

e.g. Does the role of the lawyer vary significantly across legal jurisdictions?

Структура специального вопроса

Вопросительное слово When, Where, What, Why, How …

Вспомогательный глагол

Подлежащее

Смысловой глагол

Остальные члены предложения

e.g. In which countries is law taught at law schools?

8. 
   Исправьте грамматические ошибки. Составьте вопросы к тексту в соответствии со схемами. Из десяти вопросов только три построены правильно. Ответьте на вопросы.
   

1. 
   What is a lawyer?
   
2. 
   Act lawyers as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their clients?
   
3. 
   What so special in legal profession in England is?
   

3. 
   What is the difference between solicitors and barristers?
   
4. 
   What kind of legal work solicitors deal with?
   
5. 
   Who have the right of audience in any court of the land?
   
6. 
   Where law students pursue a Bachelor degree?
   
7. 
   What degree is awarded in the USA?
   
8. 
   Vary the methods and quality of legal education in different countries?
   
9. 
   Where lawyers have many options over the course of their careers?
   
10. 
    Why career mobility is constrained in civil law countries?
    

10. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в правильную форму.

Joe (to grow up) in a small town, then (to move away) to attend college and law school. He (to decide) to come back to the small town because he could be a big man in this small town. He really (to want) to impress everyone. He (to open) his new law office, but business (to be) very slow at first.

One day, he (to see) a man coming up the path. He (to decide) to make a big impression on this new client when he (to arrive). As the man (to come) to the door, Joe (to pick up) the phone. He (to motion) the man in, all the while talking. “No. Absolutely not. You tell those clowns in New York that I (not settle) this case for less than one million. Yes. The Appeals Court (to agree) to hear that case next week. I (to handle) the primary argument and the other members of my team (to provide) support. Tell the District Attorney that I (to meet) with him next week to discuss the details.”

This sort of thing (to go on) for almost five minutes. Joe (to put down) the phone and (to turn) to the man. “I (to be) sorry for the delay, but as you can see, I (to be) very busy. What can I do for you?” The man (to reply), “I (to be) from the phone company. I (to come) to repair your phone.”

10. Прочитайте текст и расскажите на английском языке о юридическом образовании и профессии юриста в Англии. Задайте вопросы к тексту.

В Англии есть два типа юристов – солиситоры и барристеры. Барристер - это юрист, который ведет судебные дела, выступает в суде, готовит документы для суда и т.д. Солиситоры после 1990 года тоже получили право выступать в суде, если у них есть специальный сертификат.

В Англии (не в Великобритании) в 2008 году было 112,2 тысяч солиситоров и около 16,5 тысяч барристеров. С 1997 по 2008 год количество юристов в Англии увеличилось более чем на 50%.

Для того чтобы стать солиситором нужно иметь юридическое образование. Это либо бакалавр права в Англии (3 года) (LLB), либо бакалавр в какой-либо другой области плюс годичный интенсивный курс профильного образования (называется GDL – Graduate Diploma in Law).

Кроме юридического образования надо получить контракт на прохождение практики в юридической фирме (training contract). В течение двух лет надо проработать в 4 разных департаментах по 6 месяцев в каждом. Получить образование в Англии относительно легко. Что действительно сложно, так это получение контракта на прохождение практики – в хорошие фирмы конкуренция составляет около 20-40 человек на место.

10. 
    Ответьте на вопросы теста.
    

CAN YOU BE A LAWYER?

1. Doyoulovetoargue?

o

2. Canyoumanipulatethingsforyourbenefit?

o

3. Isyourmindsharp likeaknife?

o

4. Howgood areyour lyingabilities?

o Notworth mentioning.

5. Howgood areyouat convincing people?

o

6. Canyoutwistthetruthinyourfavour?

o

7. Whatgenresof movies/novelsdo youlikemost?

o
Answers:
1. a)10; b)02. a)10;b)03)a)10;b)04. a)10; b)05.a); 10;b)06.a)10;b)07.a)10;b) 0
Score:1. 0-30. You can’t become a lawyer.

You don’t have the qualities of becoming a lawyer. Forget it!

2. 40-70. You can become a lawyer. Why not try to be one?