Учебник для бакалавров. Учебник для бакалавриата по направлению Юриспруденция

• Название: Учебник для бакалавриата по направлению Юриспруденция
• Дата: 31.05.2022
• Размер: 1.2 Mb.
• Имя файла: Учебник для бакалавров.docx
• Тип: Учебник; #560451
• страница: 5 из 62

UNIT 3. LAW AND SOCIETY

Повторение грамматики. Система времен английских глаголов в пассивном залоге (The System of Tenses. Passive Voice)

1. Прочитайте различные формы глагола. Формы пассивного залога выпишите в таблицу. Сформулируйте правило образования пассивного залога. Образуйте недостающие формы глаголов.

Stay, has changed, have been changed, have made, is being made, are based, were based, buy, had been bought, are injured, didn’t return, wasn’t repaid, will have been repaid, claimed, will be claimed, are becoming.

	PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
SIMPLE
PROGRESSIVE
PERFECT

2. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на обстоятельства времени.

1. 
   … (often, usually, always, sometimes, seldom) bills are discussed, people are injured, our conduct is regulated, laws are enforced, this TV programme is watched, goods are bought;
   
2. 
   … now (at the moment of speech) bill is being discussed, laws are being kept in the society together, the car is being driven on the left side of the road;
   
3. 
   … already, by now (by the moment of speech) the law has been formulated, the court has been authorized to complete the investigation, he has been injured, the dispute has been resolved;
   
4. 
   … last …, … ago, in 1997 (date) laws were created long ago, last week he was punished; capital punishment was abolished in the early 1960s.
   

3. Перепишите предложения, используя пассивный залог. Model:

Sometimes people break laws.

Laws are sometimes broken by people.

1. 
   Police investigate crimes.
   
2. 
   The State Duma makes laws.
   
3. 
   Courts resolve disputes.
   
4. 
   Police arrested a criminal yesterday.
   
5. 
   The Parliament has already passed the law.
   
6. 
   Some laws provide for benefits for workers injured.
   
7. 
   Informal rules of conduct already existing in society often form government-made laws.
   

4. Раскройте скобки и выберите правильную форму глагола.

1. 
   Law (defines, is defined) as a rule of human conduct, imposed upon and enforced among, the members of the state.
   
2. 
   Laws (codified, were codified) in many countries.
   
3. 
   Laws (are enforced. have been enforced), and such enforcement usually (carries out, is carried out) by the state.
   
4. 
   A defendant (refuses, refused) to obey law, so he (is punished, was punished).
   
5. 
   Law (has, have) several aims which (concern, are concerned) mainly with making society more stable.
   
6. 
   If people (disobey, will disobey) the rules the law (threatens, is threatened) them with something unpleasant - often called a sanction.
   
7. 
   In England there (is, are) a rule that a man must not wear a hat in church or that one must stand up when “God Save the Queen”(plays, is played).
   

5. 
   Прочитайте текст.
   

TEXT

Law and Society

When the world was at a very primitive stage of development there were no laws to regulate life of people. If a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her husband that was their own business and no one interfered officially.

But things never stay the same. The life has changed. We live in a complicated world. Scientific and social developments increase the tempo of our daily living activities, make them more involved. Now we need rules and regulations which govern our every social move and action. We have made laws of community living.

Though laws are based on the reasonable needs at the community we often don’t notice them. If our neighbour plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, the lawyer or the courts. When we buy a TV set, or a train ticket or loan money to somebody a lawyer may tell us it represents a contract with legal obligations. But to most of us it is just a ticket that gets us on a train or a TV set to watch.

Only when a neighbour refuses to behave reasonably or when we are injured in a train accident, the money wasn’t repaid, the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t return money or replace it, we do start thinking about the legal implications of everyday activities.

You may wish to take legal action to recover your loss. You may sue against Bert who didn’t pay his debt. Thus you become a plaintiff and Bert is a defendant. At the trial you testified under oath about the loan. Bert, in his turn, claimed that it was a gift to him, which was not to be returned. The court after listening to the testimony of both sides and considering the law decided that it was a loan and directed that judgment should be entered in favour of you against Bert.

Some transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice. For example, buying or selling a house, setting up a business, or deciding whom to give our property to when we die.

On the whole it seems that people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. Multinational companies employ lawyers to ensure that their contracts are valid whenever they do business.

5. 
   Выразите согласие/несогласие с утверждениями, используя следующие речевые модели.
   

Model: a) I think it is true. The text tells us that …

b) To my mind, it is false because …

1. 
   We usually think about the legal implications of everyday activities.
   
2. 
   Few of us would risk making transactions without first seeking legal advice.
   
3. 
   People all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other.
   
4. 
   Even though the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t return your money or replace the TV set, we don’t start thinking of taking legal advice.
   
5. 
   When you buy a train ticket a lawyer may tell you it represents a contract with legal obligations.
   
6. 
   You may not sue against the person who didn’t pay his debt.
   
7. 
   The defendant accuses a plaintiff.
   
8. 
   The court may listen to the testimony of one party.
   
9. 
   All transactions in modern society are very complex.
   
10. 
    Nobody should have basic knowledge of law.
    

7. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. 
   Were there any laws when the world was at a very primitive stage of development?
   
2. 
   Why do we need rules and regulations nowadays?
   
3. 
   Do we notice laws? Why?
   
4. 
   When do we start thinking about the legal implications of our everyday activities?
   
5. 
   In what case may we sue against Bert?
   
6. 
   Where do we testify under oath?
   
7. 
   Did Bert win or lose the case?
   
8. 
   In what cases do people seek legal advice?
   
9. 
   Why do companies employ lawyers?
   

8. Найдите в тексте слова, соответствующие данным определениям.

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

is the party that is accused in court of a crime or a civil offence.

is the party that starts or carries out civil proceedings. It is usually a private citizen or a company.

is a civil legal proceeding against someone. is an official court decision on the case.

are an official body whose job is to make sure that people obey the law, to catch

6.
7.
8.

9.
10.

11.

criminals, and to protect people and property.

is someone whose job is to advise people about laws, write formal documents or represent people in court.

is a house or a room where all the information about the crime is given so that it can be judged.

is a sum of money that you owe somebody.

is a formal statement that something is true, such as the one a witness makes in a court of law.

is money that has been lost by a business, person or government. is a legal means regulating relations between companies.

8. 
   Подберите подходящий по смыслу ответ из предложенных вариантов и обоснуйте свой выбор двумя - тремя предложениями. Начните свой ответ одним из следующих выражений.
   

Model: a) I quite agree with the statement thatbecause …

b) Just what I think … because …

1. 
   Relations between people are regulated by …
   
   1. 
      the government.
      
   2. 
      prescriptive laws.
      
   3. 
      people’s experience.
      
   4. 
      customs and traditions.
      

2. 
   If we always break the rules, other members of society may …
   
   1. 
      refuse to have anything to do with us.
      
   2. 
      carry precise penalties.
      
   3. 
      use the system of courts.
      
   4. 
      consult the police.
      

3. 
   When governments make laws for their citizens …
   
   1. 
      they use the power of the police to enforce them.
      
   2. 
      they use justice.
      
   3. 
      they observe public opinion.
      
   4. 
      they try to use common sense.
      

8. Прочитайте текст и найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским предложениям.

1. 
   Они используют судебную систему, опирающуюся на право полиции принудительно обеспечивать соблюдение закона.
   
2. 
   Отношения между людьми регулируются сочетанием всех этих правил (норм).
   

3. 
   … понесет наказание в виде штрафа или временного отстранения от участия в игре.
   

4. 
   Рефери может подать гражданский иск против игрока и потребовать материального возмещения за нанесенные ему телесные увечья …
   

5. 
   … так как государство рассматривает антиобщественное поведение не как вопрос взаимоотношений между людьми, а как угрозу благосостоянию и порядку в обществе.
   

When governments make laws for their citizens, they use the system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone - such as when young children commit crimes, when the police have to concentrate on certain crimes and therefore ignore others, or in countries where there is so much political corruption that certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence. But the general nature of the law is enforced equally against all members of the nation.

Government-made laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules of conduct already existing in society, and relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules. This relationship can be demonstrated using the example of a sports club.

Suppose a member of a rugby club is so angry with the referee during a club game that he hits him and breaks his nose. At the most informal level of social custom, it is probable that people seeing or hearing about the incident would criticize the player and try to persuade him to apologize and perhaps compensate the referee in some way. At a more formal level, the player would find he had broken the rules of his club, and perhaps of a wider institution governing the conduct of all people playing rugby, and would face punishment, such as a fine or a suspension before he would be allowed to play another game. Finally, the player might also face prosecution for attacking the referee under laws created by the government of his country. In many countries there might be two kinds of prosecution. First, the referee could conduct a civil action against the player, demanding compensation for his injury and getting his claim enforced by a court of law if the player failed to agree privately. Second, the police might also start an action against the player for a crime of violence. If found guilty, the player might be sent to prison, or he might be made to pay a fine to the court – that is, punishment for an offence against the state, since governments often consider anti-social behaviour not simply as a matter between two individuals but as a danger to the well-being and order of society as a whole.

11. Расположите предложения в логической последовательности так, чтобы получился краткий пересказ текста.

1. 
   Government-made laws are often patterned upon informal rules of conduct already existing in society.
   
2. 
   The player might face prosecution for attacking the referee under law.
   
3. 
   When governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts.
   
4. 
   Governments consider anti-social behaviour as a danger to the well-being and order of society as a whole.
   
5. 
   This relationship can be demonstrated using the example of a sports club.
   

12. Озаглавьте текст.

12. 
    Работа в парах. Прочитайте диалог и придумайте его продолжение. Представьте получившийся диалог в аудитории.
    

Peter Hi, Alice. How are you getting on? Alice Fine, thanks, Peter. What about you? Peter I’m O. K. I’m glad to see you.

Alice Me too. I’m glad you are not in a hurry and we have time to talk today.

Peter Sure.

Alice I know you’ve entered the university, haven’t you?

Peter That’s right.

Alice Congratulations. Why did you make up your mind to become a lawyer? Peter Alice