И.Ю.-Марковина-З.К.-Максимова-М.Б.-Вайнштейн. Учебник для медицинских вузов и медицинских специалистов Серия xxi век Рекомендовано угчЮ по медицинскому и фармацевтическому образованию
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  Epithelial cast  Fat cast Blood cast Wax cast Fig. 16.Urinary casts. A common disease of the kidney, known as Blight's disease, includes a number of different conditions. Bright was a physician establishing a connection between degenerative changes in the kidney and the presence of albumin in the urine. The discovery of albumin in the urine usually indicates a faulty working of the kidneys. It means that albumin from the blood plasma is being allowed to pass through the renal tubules, and thus be excreted in the urine. At the same time the damaged tubules fail to eliminate fluid. This fluid collects in the tissues and causes swelling, or edema, of various parts of the body. The fluid is more likely to collect in the legs and in the eyelids. Hence the puffy face and swollen legs of the sufferers from advanced Blight's disease. It must not be assumed, however, that the presence of a small amount of albumin in the urine is necessarily a sign of Blight's disease. It is often transient and of no great significance. Notes sequel следствие pernicious anaemia [э'пЬпф] злокачественная анемия Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их вслух. 1. There are three structures of the kidney which are susceptible to disease. 2. A clearance test is a diagnosing procedure in glomerulonephritis. 3. Nephroses are caused by poisons. 4. The patients who have received the wrong type of blood can be saved. 5. The presence of albumin in the urine is a symptom of a number of conditions known under the heading of Blight's disease. Упражнение 3. Назовите заболевания почек, описанные в тексте В. Часть III Контрольно-обобщающее упражнение к уроку 19 Найдите в следующих предложениях причастия, выполняющие функцию определения. 1. Case 5 had his blood pressure raised over all period of investiga- tion. 2. Transient or reversible albuminuria accompanied by oliguria and highly concentrated urine can be due to functional changes in the glomerular membrane. 3. When damaged the glomerular epithelium becomes permeable to the blood coloids. 4. Oliguria or decreased secretion of urine, may be due to a number of renal factors. 5. Albuminuria is common in passive congestion accompanying cardiac decompensation. 6. Intravenous pyelography having been performed, the patient was operated on. (Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите §§ 20, 21 Грамматического справочника.) V. Environmental Medicine LESSON TWENTY THE AIR AND HEALTH Повторение:Ing-формы (§ 24) Часть I Слова к части I rate [reit] n темп, скорость;death- rate ['deOreit] n смертностьpollutant [pa'luitant] n загрязняющее вещество associate [9'soufieit] vсоединяться, связывать association [a,sousi'eiJn] nассоциация, общество; соединение population [,popju'leiJn] nнаселение level [Tevl] nуровень vegetation [,vecfei'teijn] nрастительность sufferer [Ward] nстрадающийprohibit [pra'hibit] v запрещать Упражнения Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения с ing-формами. 1. This table presents the patients with post operative infection who were not receiving prophylactic antibiotics. 2. Scattering of radiation occurs when X-rays come into contact with radiopaque objects. 3. Ionizing radiation can cause chemical changes in the cells through which it passes and is able to affect the functioning of those cells. 4. The past history of this patient was complicated by diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerotic heart disease and a long history of smoking. 5. Cases 1-3 were being investigated as to the cause of their radiation dermatitis. 6. Air pollution varies considerably from one area to another, being most pronounced in heavily industrialized zones. Упражнение 2. Переведите следукйцие предложения с герундием; определите его функции. 1. The lecturer told us about the difficulties of making a 24 hour urine collection in healthy children outside hospital. 2. Patients with hepatic cirrhosis develop oliguric renal failure in response to minor decrease in circulating blood volume. 3. The internal distribution of blood flow has been estimated by measuring the extraction of p-aminohippurate. 4. By investigating patients with cirrhosis a direct relationship between renal hemodynamic changes and cirrhosis of the liver may be established. 5. Developmental disorders of the body lead to stunting or to overgrowth of the skeletal system, to faulty connective or other «soft» tissues or to physical distortion and deformity. 6. I am against your taking part in this experiment. Упражнение 3.Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов. 1. associate, to associate, associable, associated, association; 2. to alter, alteration, alternative; 3. sense, senseless, sensibility, sensitive, to sensitize; 4. to suffer, sufferer, suffering Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное содержание текста. Text А Air and Health There is accumulating evidence that air pollution is producing harmful effects in man. Many studies reveal that air pollution may cause reduced visibility, eye irritation, and respiratory irritation. Some medical studies link air pollution with lung cancer, emphysema and other diseases. The severity of symptoms of illness increases proportionately with concentration of pollutants in the air. The first effects of air pollutants are likely to lead to discomfort. Though not associated with the development of disease, even in sensitive groups, these effects are capable of disturbing the comfort of the population in residential or industrial areas. This level is the one at which eye irritation occurs. Also in this category are levels of pollutants that damage vegetation and reduce visibility. A more serious level of pollutants, or possibly combination of pollutants, is likely to lead to insidious or chronic diseases or to significant alteration of important physiological function in a «sensitive group» such as the aged or sufferers from chronic respiratory or heart disease. Pollution would not necessarily be a risk for persons in good health. But under conditons of intense pollution, this «sensitive group» may die. Three episodes of acute air pollution have been characterized by sudden death. These tragedies occurred in Belgium's Meuse Valley in 1930, in Donora, Pennsylvania, in 1947, and in London in 1952. In each case a heavy fog settled over the area and did not lift; in each case the phenomenon was produced by a temperature inversion or a layer of warm air over a layer of cold air, and in each case there was a heavy concentration of smoke and pollutants. During these periods, 63 deaths in Meuse Valley, 20 deaths in Donora, and 3.000 deaths in London were attributed to air pollution. Most of those who died were elderly people already suffering from diseases of the respiratory or circulatory systems. This disaster in London was a major factor in hastening the Clean Air Act of 1956. The emission of dark smoke from industrial chimneys was prohibited for the whole country. Three general types of substances are known to pollute the atmospheres of all industrial environments: chemical, radioactive and biological. Chemical pollutants are the major concern because of expanding industrial, automobile and domestic wastes. However, radioactive pollutants add to the total radiation exposure in both urban and rural air. Biological dusts and pollens likewise may cause effects, especially in persons who react to them with hay fever, asthma, and other allergies. Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст А еще раз и назовите факторы, способствующие загрязнению воздуха. Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и зачитайте их. 1. What effect is air pollution producing in man? 2. What are the first effects of air pollution? 3. Who were the victims of three episodes in Meuse Valley, Donora and London? 4. What did the Clean Air Act prohibit? 5. What substances are known to pollute the atmospheres of industrual environments? Упражнение 7. Составьте письменно план текста А. Упражнение 8. Спишите и переведите абзац 2 текста А. Упражнение 9. Прочтите приведенные аннотации. Скажите, какая из них передает содержание текста наиболее адекватно и более отвечает требованиям, предъявляемым к аннотации. Air pollution depending on its-concentration and the level of pollutants cause conditions of different severity and even death in the «sensitive group». Episodes of acute air pollution took place in different countries in 1930, 1947, 1952. Chemical, radioactive and biological substances are known to pollute (he atmosphere. Air pollution produces harmful effects in man: reduced visibility, eye and respiratory irritation, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The severity of symptoms increases proportionately with concentration of pollution. A serious level of pollutants or combination of them is likely to lead insidious or chronic diseases or to alteration of physiological functions and even death in elderly people or sufferers from chronic respiratory or heart diseases. The episodes of acute pollution occurred in Belgium, Pennsylvania and London in 1930, 1947 and 1952 correspondingly. Three types of air pollutants are known. They are chemical, radioactive and biological ones. Упражнение 10. Прочтите и переведите текст. Определитефункцииing- форм. In October 1948, the small town of Donora, Pennsylvania, was struck by a fog disaster. The town is located on the Monongahela river. On both sides of the river are hills rising about 400 to 600 feet with farmland and woods stretching in all directions. The area immediately along the river bank is occupied by a large steel mill and a large zink reduction plant. It has long been known as a district liable to heavy fogs especially in the cold weather of the late autumn, and the coal barges on the river used to anchor in midstream waiting for the fog to clear. Sunrise often brought relief but it was common for the captains to await the lifting of the «second fog» which came after sunrise. The fog of 1948 was unusually wet and dirty and had a peculiar sulphurous smell. It became dense on Tuesday morning, 26 October, and soon Donora's eight doctors were receiving far more calls than they could attend to. The patients complained about pain in the abdomen, splitting headache, nausea and vomiting, and some coughing up of blood. Soon there were 20 deaths directly attributable to the fog. Late Saturday afternoon it began drizzling, the air became clearer, and by Sunday morning, 31 October, the fog was gone. Часть II С ' * - Г / Слова к части II amount [s'maunt]п количество; сум- contrary ['kontrsri] (to)а противо- ма, итог;(to)vдоходить до; со- положный ставлять (сумму), равняться reduce [ri'dju:s] vуменьшать, сокра- contaminate [kan'taemineit] vзагряз- щать нять, заражать reduction [ri'dAkJn] п уменьшение, contamination [k9n,taemi'neijn] п заг- сокращение рязнение, заражение alarm[э'1а:ш] п тревога; vпугать, contaminant [kan'taeminant]п загряз- волновать няющее вещество deplete [di'pli:t] vистощать, исчер- vast [va:st]а обширный, огромный пывать (запасы) trouble[ЧглЫ] п неприятность, беда, depletion [di'pli:Jn] п истощение беспокойство; vбеспокоить, тре- complicate ['komplikeit] vосложнять вожить; затруднять dilution [dai'lju:Jn]п разбавление, hazard ['haezad]п опасность, риск растворение hazardous ['haezadas]а опасный, рискованный \ ? ] { Упражнения . < ; ^ Упражнение 1. Определите значение выделенных слов в данных предложениях. ., I\ \ f 1. Since the amount of contamination until recent years was small in relation to the vastness of the atmosphere, little trouble resulted. «Pure» air is, of course, a mixture of many kinds of gases and varying amounts of water vapour, (степень, количество, общаясумма) 2. Some authorities feel we may eventually run into oxygen depletion problems with the elimination of green plants, (истощение, опустошение) 3. Instead of pollutants being diluted through twelve miles of atmosphere, they may be held within several hundred feet of the ground, (разбавлять, растворять, ослаблять) Упражнение 2. Просмотрите текстВ (10 мин). 1) Назовите основные положения текста. 2) Прочтите вслух интернациональные слова. Запомните их произношение и значение. 3) Найдите в тексте предложения сing- формами. Переведитепредложения. Text В $ 2 JI ' Air Pollution ^ A man can live without food for weeks and without water for days, but he can live without air for only a few minutes. Accordingly, air is the most immediately vital resource. I Lesson 20 207 1 . ' r ' >j' I ' ' ' » Since the amount of contamination until recent years was small in relation to the vastness of the atmosphere, little trouble resulted. In the last few decades, however, continuing contamination is producing concentrations that are harmful to men, animals and plants. Air pollution is produced by different air contaminants in different areas. By general definition, air pollution is the introduction of hazardous materials into the atmosphere as the result of man's activities. Some pollutants, such as smoke from fores/t fires, may stem from either natural or human causes. Pollution, as cjiscussed here, will imply the possibility of control. * ' * In order to understand the problem of air pollution more fully, let us briefly examine the nature and size of our atmosphere. «Pure» air is, of course, a mixture of many kinds of gases, including about 78 per cent nitrogen, 21 per cent oxygen, less than 1 per cent argon, 0,03 per cent carbon dioxide, traces of several other gases and varying amounts of water vapour. So far, contrary to popular belief, the percentage of oxygen in the air has not been reduced significantly with the Advent of air pollution. However, man's activities are reducing the world supply of green plants which are the only sources of oxygen at an alarming rate. An acre of foodcrop plants produces far less* oxygen than the acre of forest it may have replacpd. ^^acre of ^a^ement^oduces no oxygen at all. Thus, some scientists feeove ftiay eventualljlrun into oxygen depletion problems with the elimination of green plants) though other air problems are more vpre^fefr at t^s 'time. J v'n - Г?' The problem of air pollution is further' complicated by the existence of inversion layers over many of the world's major cities. An inversion layer is a layer of warmer air over a cooler surface layer.of air, and results from an area's topographical character and proximity to water. The inversion layer acts as an air trap, preventing air pollutants from mixing with upper layers of air. Thus, instead of pollutants being diluted through twelve miles of atmosphere, they may be held within several hundred feet of the ground. L ' The problem of air pollution is of great social importance. Russian research workers have established, after analysing the results of hundreds of medical checkups that there is a definite correlation between the degree of air pollution and rates of incidence and death from bronchitis, pneumonia and lung cancer. The researchers believe that if air pollution were decreased by 50 per cent then the incidence of these diseases would go down by 25 per cent. An adequate rtumber of facts has now been established which prove that there is a connection between air pollution and the death-rate from all types of cancer. Упражнение 5. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, И\ прочтите их вслух. I 1. In the last few decades continuing contamination has become harmful to men, animals and plants. 2. Air pollution is produced in different ways. 3. Man's activities are significantly reducing the percentage of oxygen in the air. 4. The inversion layer acts as an air trap. 5. There is* a definite correlation between air pollution and the death-rate from cancer and lung diseases. Упражнение 6. Основываясь на тексте В, назовите основные источники загрязнения воздуха в современном городе. Часть III Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 20 Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите текст. Проверьте перевод ing-форм по ключу на стр. 209. The Accident The pilot of a single-engined monoplane with a passenger was carrying out1 a practice forced landing,2 when the left wing struck a tree. The aircraft was severely damaged in the crash, the engine mounts breaking3 and the engine section being pushed back4 into the cockpit, trapping5 both occupants by their legs. On arriving,64 minutes after the crash, the rescuers saw that both occupants were hanging7 upside down in their shoulder harnesses. The fuel tank was compressed and had burst at the side and bottom edges. Most of the 55 litres of 80/87 octane petrol had spurted from the tank externally or into the cockpit. The occupants' faces were directly beneath the petrol tank and petrol ran over them. The rescuers released the passenger after about 5 minutes. When he was released he seemed shocked, but did not lose consciousness. Cutting8 equipment was needed to release the pilot, and he was retained in the wreckage for 25 minutes, but during this time remained conscious. The volume of the cockpit was* 945 litres and there was an opening9 in it after the impact, of about 1800 sq. cm. Both occupants were coughing10 and complained of some soreness of the throat and irritation of the eyes. The injured were admitted to a hospital 2 hours after the accident. (Ответ: 1. производил; 2. посадку; 3. сломался; 4. сдвинулся назад; 5. прищемив; 6. по прибытии; 7. висели; 8. режущий; 9. отверстие; 10. кашляли.) Упражнение 2. Найдите в левой колонке слово или словосочетание, которое поясняет слово в правой колонке. to substitute 1. left as useless feasible 2. to begin to originate 3. to throw down refuse 4. to put in place of another to dump 5. possible, likely (Ответ: 1-4, 2-5, 3-2, 4-1, 5-3.) LESSON TWENTY-ONE WATER POLLUTION Повторение: Функции инфинитива (§ 25) Часть I Слова к части I sewage ['sju:icfc] псточныеводыindustrial wastes [in'dAstnal weists] отходыпромышленногопроизводстваvirus [vaisras] пвирусviral [vaidrdl]авирусныйdischarge [dis't|a:dt5] v спускать, выливать; пспуск, сток, вытеканиеsolve [solv] v решать (вопрос) solution [sa'lju:Jn] прешениеsediment ['sedimant] посадокsedimentation [sedimen'teijn] посаждение Упражнения Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения с формой инфинитива в действительном и страдательном залоге. 1. The industries of all countries spend millions to fight air pollution. 2. The patients to be examined suffered from smoke intoxica- tion. 3. To avoid air pollution from domestic coal fires (as those in London) new heating systems were introduced. 4. The case to be described illustrates the difficulties in the diagnosis of angina pecto- j ris. 5. The desinfection of the skin of the operated area appears to be carried out at once. 6. We know bacteria to be very small single celled bodies. Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к нижеприведенным производным и переведите их. bacillary, amoebic, illness, bacteriological, responsibility, foaming /j i( Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания. / I virus disease, to estimate highly, discharges from a wound, to discharge a patient from the hospital, sedimentation rate Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А. Назовите основные проблемы, вызванные загрязнением природных вод. Text А . [ The Problem of Water Pollution and Pollution Control Water pollution means contamination of surface or ground water1 supplies by sewage industrial wastes or garbage and other refuse. Water pollution arises from the activitites of friary in his cities, industries and agricultural pursuits. Water pollution becomes not only an esthetic problem for man, but an economic and medical one as well. Bacterial and viral contamination is a threat for the spread of waterborne diseases such as typhoid, shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery, cholera and hepa- titls- '/УцГ . ' - •\A Water pollution is considered to be perhaps an ever greater hazard to health and economic growth menace to recreation than air pollution, i Millions of fish are killed in coastal waters and rivers each year. Radioactive wastes detergents, pesticides, and other chemicals are found in numerous rivers and streams. In addition, demands upon available water have multiplied because of a larger population, concentrations of people in large urban areas, higher standards of living, growing industry, increased agriculture, and the production of new chemical substances requiring water in the manufacturing process. Pollution control. An over-all' reduction of the quantities of contaminants to be discharged to watercourses is necessary. The users of public waters have a responsibility for returning them as clean as possible. Adoption of better industrial and agricultural practices will be necessary to prevent the more toxic wastes from being discharged into lake, stream, or ocean. For the majority of wastes from cities and industries the solution lies in treatment by physical, chemical, and biological processes which will remove suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids. Sedimentation, coagulation and filtration will remove up to 50% of the organic matter. For more thorough removals it is necessary to use biological processes in which large masses of bacteria and other microorganisms are brought into close contact with the soluble and colloidal organic matter in the waste waters. «Biological filters» are used in most of the l)iological processes. Prevention of pollution. Waters generally are classified as surface waters and ground waters. Surface waters are lakes, rivers, reservoirs, streams and costal waters. Treating polluted surface waters is somewhat simpler than eliminating pollution from ground waters, where the pollution can travel rapidly or slowly depending on the nature of the ground strata through which the supply moves and on the nature of the pollution itself. Intensive research is needed to discover better and more efficient techniques for treating water. Scientists in universities and research laboratories are studying a very wide range of renovation techniques. Among them are absorption by carbon or other absorptive filters, distillation, foaming, freezing, ion exchange, solvent extraction, electrodialysis and electrolysis. Notes 1. surface waters поверхностныеводы; ground waters грунтовыеводы Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Назовите факторы, приводящие к загрязнению природных вод, и способы борьбы с ними в зависимости от типа загрязнения. Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и зачитайте их. 1. What diseases are caused by bacterial and viral contamination of water? 2. How are waters generaly classified? 3. What factors cause water pollution? 4. What are the processes used to control water pollution? 5. The scientists are studying renovation techniques for treating polluted waters, aren't they? Whatarethey? Упражнение 7. Напишите возможные сочетания: а) прилагательных и существительных; б) глаголов и существительных.
Упражнение 8. Переведите письменно абзац 4. Упражнение 9. Заполните таблицу, указав виды загрязнения воды в соответствующих водоемах и способы их очистки. Polluted Waters
Упражнение 10. Составьте письменно аннотацию текста А. Упражнение И. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст; определите функции инфинитива. % The paper reports diarrhea in infants who drink water from local wells. These waters contained sulphate in a concentration of 600—1000 mg. per litre. The water was boiled before use, no microorganisms were found, and diarrhea could be induced or cured simply by manipulation of the sulphate concentration in the water. On the Canadian prairie many wells yield water which contains such a high concentration of minerals that it is too bitter to drink; water from other wells is palatable, yet many cause diarrhea. Sodium, magnesium and calcium were the most abundant cations to be present in these waters. Sodium always exceeded magnesium. The high sulphate concentration was sufficient by itself to account for the diarrhea. Sulphate is known to be absorbed and its purgative action can be explained entirely by its osmotic effect. The absorbability of the cation given with sulphate probably does not affect the purgative potericy of the salt because sulphate retains an equivalent amount of cation during its passage through the gut. The purgative action of magnesium, another ion, which is poorly absorbed, could be similarly explained. Yet, magnesium is an ion of many parts and the possibility of a direct effect of a high concentration of magnesium on the motility of intestinal muscle cannot be discounted. Other, less scientific, observations have suggested that sulphate has the advantage over magnesium as a purgative. Much remains to be learned about the transport and effects of these and other ions in the colon. Часть II Слова к части II purify [ pjuarifai] vочищать purification [,pju9rifi'keijn] nочистка, очищение purityf'pjuariti] nчистота agriculturalwastes [,aegri'kAltfaralweists] отходы сельскохозяйственного производства sewersystem ['sjua 'sistarn] система отведения сточных вод fertilize ['fatilaiz] vудобрять fertilizer ['fatilaiza] nудобрение extent [iks'tent] nстепень Упражнения Упражнение 1. Запомните значение и употребление данных слов. to interfere: to interfere in вмешиваться; to interfere with препятствовать, мешатьчему-л. matter вещество; вопрос, дело, предмет (обсуждения); as a matter of fact фактически, насамомделе; Animal and vegetable matters are among industrial wastes. Наряду с другими веществами, вещества животного происхождения, а также вещества растительные составляют промышленные отходы. Animal matters are the soonest destroyed by the operation of heat, light and air, vegetable substances yield more slowly. Вещества животного происхождения быстрее разлагаются под действием тепла, света и воздуха; растительные вещества — медленнее. Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Назовите основные типы загрязнения вод. Объясните, как определяется степень загрязнения. Найдите в тексте предложения, где употреблены формы инфинитива. Переведите предложения. Text В Water Pollution Water in its natural state is never 100 percent pure. As soon as it condenses as rain, water begins gathering impurities until purified or until it evaporates. Much of this impurity is not sufficient to spoil the usefulness of water; some materials and substances, however, do limit its usefulness. By definition «water pollution» we mean the presence in water of any substance that interferes with any of its legitimate uses - for public water supplies, recreation, agriculture, industry, the preservation of fish and esthetic purposes. ^ t0 v (/ ^ r>it ^ { ' ^ The principal forms of water pollution are domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes. Domestic wastes include sewage, detergents and everything else going down the chains of a city into its sewer system — used water from toilets, bathtubs),sirira aAd washings from restaurants, laundries, hospitals and hotels and other businesses: • ' V Industrial wastes are the acids, oils, greases, other ;c)t}£micals and animal and vegetable matter discharged by factories. These wastes are discharged either through sewer system or through separate outlets directly into waterways. Agricultural wastes include pesticides (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides), fertilizers (mainly nitrates and phosphates) and animal wastes. In addition to these principal forms, other pollutants such as heat and radioactive substances, can contribute to water pollution. . /< - ^ ' U, The extent of pollution in a given body of water can be measured to some degree by the amount of organic wastes it contains. Organic wastes can generally be destroyed by biochemical action, either naturally in a free-flowing stream or artificially in a waste treatment plant. Not all pollutants can be removed by such action, however; examples include minerals and acids from industrial operations or mining. Such pollutants as radioactive substances, pesticides, detergents and various oil products are highly resistant to breakdown and must be specially treated. Упражнение 3. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их вслух. 1. Natural water is never 100 per cent pure. 2. «Water pollution» means the presence in water of the substance that interferes with its legitimate uses. 3. Agricultural wastes include pesticides, fertilizers, etc. 4. There are some forms pf water pollution. 5. The extent of water pollution can be measured by the amount of organic wastes in it. 6. Some wastes can be destroyed but others cannot. ЧастьIII Контрольно-обобщающееупражнениекуроку 21 Укажите, в каких предложениях употреблены сложные инфинитивные конструкции. Переведитепредложения. 1. Such impurities are thought to be allergenic. 2. We know sewage to be the water carried discharges of the human body together with the liquid wastes from household and factory. 3. Have you taken anything to relieve your headache? 4. Water appears to be the largest constituent of the body making up two-thirds of the total mass of the human organism. 5. Experiments with magnetic resonance seem to support the belief that intracellular water is closer to crystalline than the liquid state. 6. Anomalous expansion of water at temperatures near freezing point enables fresh water fish to survive cold winters. (Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите §§ 26, 27 Грамматического справочника.) LESSONTWENTY-TWO NOISEPOLLUTION Повторение: Виды придаточных предложений (§ 29) Часть I Слова к части I noise [noiz] п шум environmental [in,vai9r9n'mentl]а относящийся к окружающей среде threshold ['6reJ(h)ould] п порог scale [skeil] п шкала background ['baekgraund] п фон anxiety [aeg'zaiati] п беспокойство, тревога anxious ['aegkfas]а озабоченный, беспокоящийся; стремящийся, желающий deaf [def]а глухой deafness ['defnis] п глухота assess [a'ses] vоценивать assessment [s'sesmsnt] nоценка Упражнения Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие придаточные предложения. 1. We know the greatest hazard to man is found in the water contaminated with the discharges from the human body. 2. The principal measures which we use in water purification are: aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, softening, desinfection (chlorination), absorption (activated carbon), corrosion correction. 3. Civilization requires that the wastes of the human body should be removed from habitation safely and promptly. 4. Were the water not desinfected with chlorine, the pathogenic and other forms of bacteria would not be destroyed. 5. If we used the preventive measures against water contamination in time, we could save many people from poisoning. 6. Had they not purified the drinking water in this area, the disease would have been immediately transmitted. Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к нижеприведенным производным; переведите их. noiseless, excessive, equality, deafness, assessment Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное содержание текста. Text А I ■ Noise as a Source of Environmental Annoyance 1. In recent years more attention has been given to noise and unwanted sound as another form of environmental disturbance. Excessive noise has been a part of the industrial environment for a long time — motors, metal presses, drills and heavy machinery of all types have made many factories a din of hoise since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Now, however, the public at large is subjected to increasing noise from traffic, airplanes, construction, urban crowding and we are now aware of much of this sound as a new irritant and source of environmental annoyance, Sound energy is usually measured in terms of decibels, one decibel being approximately equal to the threshold of hearing in man. A 10-fold increase in sound adds 10 units to the decibel scale and a 100-fold increase in sound adds 20 units. In a typical urban environment, background noise in a quiet sound-protected room generally runs 40 decibels while ordinary street noises average 70 to 80 decibels. Around the home, background noise averages 40to 50 decibels, conversation produces 60 decibels, a garbage disposal 85 and a vacuum cleaner 90 decibels. Heavy city traffic at rush hour usually produces 95 to 100 decibels, and a jet aircraft taking off generates 120 to 150 decibels. Medical science has recently shown that excessive noise can be a significant nervous stress. It can increase irritability and reduce job efficiency. In some cases it can cause changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism similar to other types of emotional anxiety and stress. Prolonged noise, above the level of 95 decibels, can also cause hearing loss and early deafness. Workers in noisy factories, construction trades and transportation jobs which have high noise levels are especially subject to hearing loss. A special and controversial aspect of noise pollution is the advent supersonic aircraft. They will produce «sonic booms», loud and forceful reverberations of air as the planes pass overhead. Critics of supersonic planes feel that this will be an intolerable source of sound — a new stress (hat will cost more in human irritation than it will be worth in reduced transportation times. The proponents of supersonic transportation feel (hat this is nonsense — that man will adjust to this new technologic advance as readily as he adjusted to the light bulb and motor car. Such a controversy provides another example of the difficulty of assessing the lull impact of rapidly advancing technology on the health of man and I he quality of our environment. Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, в чем трудность предотвращения шума. Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы. 1. Why has noise and unwanted sound been given more attention to? 2. What are the examples of sound disturbances measured in decibels? УWhat are the consequences of excessive noise as environmental dis- lurbance? 4. What do critics of supersonic planes say? 5. Can man adjust to this new technologic advance? Упражнение 6. Переведите письменно абзац 4 текста А Упражнение 7. Составьте письменно аннотацию текста А. Упражнение 8. Прочтите следующие тексты. Найдите в них придаточные предложения и переведите их. 1. Pollution-Free Electric Car A Japanese automobile firm has announced successful development of three-wheel electric light van for pick-up and delivery service and informed that it had started production of the car for full-scale marketing. Recently, development work on electric cars has been accelerated in Japan as a principal means of eliminating environmental damage which is caused by automobiles through air pollution and noise. The electric cars they are going to construct will be the first to be used in the streets. This car will be employed mainly for delivery of newspapers, mail and milk as it has motor and four 12-volt improved lead batteries as the power source. The vehicle, in which only a driver sits, has maximum speed of 40 kilometers per hour. If the batteries are to be charged home electricity can be used. With each charging, that takes eight hours, the electric van can run 40 kilometres. The price is about twice of conventional gasoline cars of a similar type. 2. Quieting Noisy Trucks The acoustic properties of plastics have played a major role in helping industry to cope with standards on noise emission. And now the experience which was gained over the years is being applied to the job of quieting noisy trucks. We speak of trucks particularly because the diesel engines that carry much of the nation's freight have been identified as a source of widespread noise pollution. No truck which is noisier than an automobile should not be permitted on the road. So it's hardly suprising that interest in plastics is on the rise. Plastics are used as sound absorbing barrier and damping materials. The sound absorbing foam products that are installed on the top sides, and various other interior areas of the truck cabin will not transmit sounds, Часть II Слова к части II advantage [9d'va:nticfe] nпреимущество disadvantage [/dis9d/va:ntic^] nневыгодное положение; недостаток expose [iks'pouz] vвыставлять; подвергать (действию) exposure [iks'poija] nвыставление strain [strein] vнапрягаться residentialareas [,rezfdenjl'еэпэг] жилые кварталы pupil ['pju:pl] nзрачок impair [im'pea] vнарушать, повреждать regard [ri'ga:d] vсчитать, рассматривать decay [di'kei] vразлагаться, разрушаться; nразрушение, упадок Упражнения Упражнение 1. Подберит^ соответствующее значение к выделенным словам и переведите данные предложения. 1. There are disadvantages(неблагоприятноеположение, недостаток, вред) in intense urbanization. 2. The most damaging effect of noise is the disruption(крушение, раскол, руины, разрыв) of our psychic balance. 3. In our concern with other forms of environmental decay(гниение, разрушение, расстройство) we have overlooked the importance of noise control. 4. Loud, harsh and persistent noise impairs (ослабевать, ухудшать, портить) the functioning of our minds(ум, память, настроение, мнение). 5. Noise must be regarded(касаться, разглядывать, считать) far more than just an annoyance. Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Скажите, что является причиной шумового загрязнения и каковы его последствия. 2) Найдите и переведите придаточные предложения в тексте. TextВ NoisePollution From almost every health-related standpoint, we can say that there are disadvantages in intense urbanization. Environmental problems include air pollution, sewage disposal, acquisition of safe waters, noise abatement, space for outdoor recreation, emotional stress and a host of other problems. One of the more recently «discovered» pollutants in the modern environment is noise. For the city dweller noise may be the most significant environmental pollutant. He is constantly buffeted by the noise of aircraft, trains, motorcycles, buses, machinery when he is at home and at work, his neighbour's stereo, and his neighbour's toilet flushing. One study showed that the average noise level in residential areas rose as much as 9 decibels between 1984 and 1987. Some of the effects of noise have been known or suspected for years. Fatigue, emotional stress, and permanent loss of hearing acuity are well- documented effects. Other studies have shown that noise, either prolonged or sudden, produces involuntary responses by the circulatory, digestive and nervous systems. Noise can cause adrenalin to be shot into l he blood as during stress and anxiety periods; it can cause the heart to heat rapidly, the blood vessels to constrict, the pupils to dilate, and the stomach, esophagus, and intestines to be seized by spasm. A three-year study of university students showed that noise of only 7 decibels consistently caused constriction of the coronary arteries which supply oxygen to the heart muscle. Permanent hearing loss occurs with prolonged exposure to sounds of over 90 decibels. Probably the most damaging effect of noise on the quality of human life is its disruption of our psychic balance. Loud, harsh, or persistent noise puts our nerves «on edge» so that our personal relationships are strained and often explosive, interferes with our concentration, and impairs the efficient functioning of our minds. Noise must not be regarded as no more than just an annoyance because it is a serious threat to the quality of our lives. In our concern with other forms of environmental decay, we have largely overlooked the importance of noise control, and noise levels continued to creep upward.1 Like any other form of pollution control, noise control will require legislated limits on noise levels, strict enforcement of those limits, and a personal concern2 for the rights of others to live in a decent environment. Notes to creep upward ползти вверх personal concern личная заинтересованность Упражнение 4. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их. 1. For the city dweller noise may be an environmental pollutant. 2. The average noise level in residential areas has risen. 3. The effect of noise is the disruption of our psychic balance. 4. Noise levels continue to creep upward. 5. Like any other form of pollution noise should be controlled. Упражнение 5. Классифицируйте поражения в зависимости от качества шума по заданной схеме. Noise |