И.Ю.-Марковина-З.К.-Максимова-М.Б.-Вайнштейн. Учебник для медицинских вузов и медицинских специалистов Серия xxi век Рекомендовано угчЮ по медицинскому и фармацевтическому образованию
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 Упражнение 13. Приведенные в случайном порядке высказывания взяты из беседы врача и его пациента: а) запишите эту беседу, поставив высказывания в логической последовательности. б) прочитайте диалог несколько раз и постарайтесь воспроизвести его как можно ближе к тексту. Dialogue Patient:About 90 kilograms, I think / It usually comes after meals/ I've had pain/ Well, I'll try, but it's not going to be easy/ For about a month / Well, yes, I tend to overeat, I'm afraid / No, it is not continuous, it comes and goes/ I've always been fond of eating good things /I haven't been feeling well, doctor/ Here — just below where my heart is/ Doctor: Does it come on at any particular time?/ Show me where it hurts /Well, what seems to be the problem?/ Is your pain continuous or does it come and go?/ Do you eat big meals?/ I would like to take some measurements — we need your BMI (body mass index)/ What is your weight?/ How long have you had this pain?/ After meals?/ You'd better not eat so much/ I'll check your blood pressure first/Try to get your weight down by 5% in three months/ That is probably the cause of your pain/ Some laboratory tests will be needed : let's begin with fasting blood sugar/Let's first of all discuss your diet: no heavy meals, not so much bread, no sugar in your tea, no cake/ But before we decide on the treatment I would like to examine you/ Упражнение 14. Иностранные друзья попросили вас рассказать о вашей сестре, которая работает участковым врачом в районной поликлинике. Составьтерассказ, используяследующиесловаисловосочетания: local polyclinic, to be on call, to visit patients in their homes, to work in shifts, to examine patients, to have the patient X-rayed, to auscultate the heart and lungs, to check the blood-pressure, to give a sick-leave^ (certificate), to diagnose, to prescribe medicine | t Упражнение 15. Прослушайте (прочитайте) диалог между врачом терапевтического отделения клиники Московской медицинской академии и ординатором из Малайзии. Определитетемубеседы. Dialogue Resident: This patient is doing well with treatment for heart failure but I have problems in treating his hypertension. Dr. Pavlova (head of the department): What is his case history? Resident: He is 53. Six years ago he consulted a physician because of morning headaches. He was diagnosed to have hypertension, and weight reduction, shorter hours of work, and small doses of captopril and beta- blockers were prescribed. Dr. Pavlova: Is there hypertension in the family? Resident. No, there's no cardiovascular disease in the family. As I said earlier, his heart failure has been corrected but the blood pressure remains 220—180 over 120—110 mm Hg. Dr. Pavlova: Give the patient antihypertension drugs and then we will try to find out the cause of his high blood pressure. The cause of hypertension may be renal, vascular or endocrine. Tomorrow we'll have the results of the laboratory tests and then we'll try to clear up the case. Упражнение 16. Прослушайте (прочитайте) диалог еще раз. Скажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию диалога. 1. а) Больной поступил в больницу по поводу почечной недостаточности; б) Больной поступил в больницу по поводу сердечной недостаточности. 2. а) У родителей больного отмечалась гипертония; б) Никто в семье больного не жаловался на гипертонию. 3. а) Причиной гипертонии может быть заболевание почек; б) Пиелонефрит не может быть причиной высокого давления. Упражнение 17. Прослушайте (прочитайте) диалог и скажите, о чем беседуют Дима и Джон. Dialogue Dima: What are you reading, John? John: It's a book «You are what you eat». Dima:I can't understand what the book is about. John: «If you know what you eat, you know yourself», said the philosopher. It's important to know what we eat, it explains a lot about how our body functions. So let's find out what we know about our diet. Here are some statements which are, in fact, questions, and the answers to them. Let's test ourselves. Dima: It sounds very interesting. What's the first statement? John: Meat contains certain vital amino acids not found in vegetable matter - true or false? Dima: I think, true. All the amino acids needed by the body for protein synthesis can't be obtained even from a well-chosen combination of vegetables. John: Yes, right you are. The next statement is like this: eating carrots will improve your ability to see at night — true or false? Dima: Oh, it's very simple. Of course, it's true. Night vision depends on the presence in the retina of the eye of a pigment called «visual purple». The body manufactures this pigment and requires vitamin A to do so. Carrots contain no vitamin A but they do contain large amounts of a pigment called beta carotene, which the body can convert to vitamin A. So, if you are suffering from impaired night vision due to vitamin A deficiency carrots can help. John: Simple sugars should be included in the diet in minimal quantities. True or false? Dima: Well, I think it is correct. It is known that excessive uptake of simple sugars (cakes, sweets, rolls, etc) may lead to frank obesity. John: Yes, you are absolutely right. Dima: What's the next statement? John: And the next statement sounds like this. It is impossible to take too much protein — true or false? Dima: I think it's false. John: No. «True» is correct. Excess protein cannot be stored and thus is excreted. Nutritionists recommend that protein should make up only 10 or 15 per cent of the daily caloric allowance. Dima: The book is really very interesting. I'd like to read it. John: I'll give you the book in two days after I finish reading it. Упражнение 18. Прослушайте (прочитайте) диалог еще раз. I 1) Найдите и запишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: жизненно важные аминокислоты; продукты (вещества) растительного происхождения; правильно (хорошо) подобранное сочетание; организм вырабатывает; организму требуется; превращать (преобразовывать) в витамин; недостаток (дефицит) витамина; (ежедневный) рацион питания; чрезмерное потребление; ожирение; минимальное количество; избыток (чрезмерное количество); накапливаться (сохраняться в организме); диетолог; ежедневная норма потребления калорий 2) Используя текст диалога, сформулируйте требования к рациону питания здорового взрослого человека. Начнитесоследующейфразы:The daily diet of a normal adult should contain...; I would recommend you to... Упражнение 19. Вы участвуете в конференции «Медицинское обслуживание в России». а) шесть студентов вашей группы подготовили доклады по следующим темам: 1. Medical care in Russia. 2. Types of medical institutions in our country. 3. The work of a district polyclinic. 4. Specialised medical care in Russia. 5. Private medical and health care institutions. Medical insurance. 6. Problems facing medical science in our country. б) прослушайте выступления и задайте вопрос каждому докладчику. MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE USA Упражнение 1.Прослушайте (прочитайте) и запомните следующие слова и словосочетания. Переведите предложения. humanities гуманитарные науки. The girl was very capable in the humanities. The humanities are included in the school cirriculum in our country. academic achievement успеваемость. In his report the Dean of the Faculty spoke about the academic achievements of the second-year students. Academic achievement is a decisive factor in the selection of students for medical schools. to assess (the general qualities of an applicant)зд.определять, оценивать (общийуровеньабитуриента). A special committee assesses the professional qualities of young doctors. The admission committee worked out new criteria to assess the general qualities of the applicants. teaching hospital клиническая база. Students of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine do (heir medical practicum at the Johns Hopkins teaching hospital. The Johns Hopkins teaching hospital has 1050 beds. a ward палата. There are four patients in this ward. The patient asked his ward doctor to give him some medicine for a headache. Упражнение 2. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором (преподавателем) следующие слова. Обратите внимание на ударения. guest [gestb^eolleague ['koli:g], committee [ks'mitti], representative |,repri'zentativ], quality ['kwolitij, competition [,kompi'tiJn], diagnosis |,daiag'nousis], patient ['peijbnt], participate [pa:'tisipeit] Упражнение 3. Назовите пары слов, относящихся к одному лексическому гнезду. to admit, to achieve, emphasis, academy, achievement, to concentrate, admission, to emphasize, academic, concentration Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите текст. Medical Education in the USA Dr. Frank Nelson and his colleagues from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine had been guests for some time of the Sech- cnov Moscow Medical Academy. They had a meeting with the Professors and students of the Medical Faculty. This is what Dr. Nelson told them about the training of doctors in the USA. Dr. Nelson: To begin with, after finishing his primary school and secondary studies at the age of 18, the candidate for a medical school must complete at least three years of higher education in a college or university. This period of college or-univefsky^tudieis is called «the pre-medical phase». The students who are taking this course of studies preparing them for a medical school are called «pre-meds». A student applies to a medical school when he has completed pre-medical studies. The appli- cation costs approximately $ 50. Sasha Nikiforov: Dr. Nelson, would you kindly tell us about the selection of students for medical schools? Dr. Nelson: Sure. Academic achievement is the most important factor in the selection of students. In most medical schools candidates are required to pass the admission test. This is a national multiple-choice test. The test lasts about eight hours over a one-day period and include» questions in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and English. Then, L special admission committees have personal interviews with the appli- f cant in order to rissfeii the candidate's general qualities, his character | and his ability to study medicine. | Nina Mironova: Dr. Nelson, is there any competition among the ар- I plicants to medical school? ■ • | Dr. Nelson: There certainly is. I must tell you that the competition is | very high and only about half of those who apply to medical school are j accepted and begin their medical education. By the way, what we call J «medical school» is «medical institute» in your country. Dean of the Medical Faculty: Dr. Nelson, we know that the curriculum of medical schools in the USA does not greatly differ from the curriculum in our medical institutes. Is that right? Dr. Nelson: Well, the basic sciences are taught largely during the first two years of medical studies. For instance, in the first year at Johns Hopkins students study anatomy, biophysics, biochemistry, physiology, bacteriology, histology and other subjects. In the second year they study microbiology, pathology, physical diagnosis, pharmacology and laboratory diagnosis. The curriculum of the final two years includes clinical subjects. Medical students do their practicum at teaching hospitals affiliated to thew medical school. Students in small groups meet their teachers in the wards and in the out-patient departments where they participate in the treatment Of patients. v At the end of four years all students receive the Degree of Doctor of \ Medicine, that is the M.D. Then they must work for one year as interns, This course of training at the hospital or clinic is called an internship. Dr. Smirnov: Dr. Nelson, yesterday we spoke about the work of you^ig doctors. You told us thatbfter their internship young doctors must have a period of residency at the clinic^ For how many years must a doctor work as a resident? * Dr. Nelson: First of all, the period of residency is obligatory for all medical graduates. This period varies, depending on the specialty of the doctor. Generally, the period of residency is three or four years. For instance, residency in surgery and neurosurgery in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine lasts four years. Residency in internal medicine, preventive medicine and radiology- lasts for three years. After the residency, the graduate is granted a licence to practice and he may work cither in government service or in private practice. Sasha Nikiforov: Dr. Nelson, what is the cost of medical education in America? Dr. Nelson: Well, medical schools are gradually increasing their tuition Гееin all the universities of the USA. Only a small percentage of the students receive scholarships. The majority of the students have to work to pay for their studies. The government-financed universities charge less, while the tuition of the private colleges and universities is extremely high. For instance, when I was a student (and it's much higher now), the cost of medical studies for one academic year at the Medical School of Cornell University in New York, which is privately endowed, was as follows: Tuition — 9,100 dollars; books, instruments, etc. - 600 dollars; food 1,800 dollars; lodging and utilities - 1,400 dollars; health service fee 200 dollars; hospital insurance — 143 dollars, personal - 1,200. All in all it amounted to 14,443 dollars. These figures represent what used to he a typical budget for an academic year. The Dean of the Medical Faculty thanked Dr. Nelson and his colleagues for the talk and invited them to visit the clinics of the Academy. Active Words and Word Combinations higher education (syn. higher learning) высшееобразование in the first (second) year на первом (втором) курсе medicalschoolамер. медицйнский институт pre-medsстуденты младших курсов медицинского института admissionstestвступительное тестирование admissionscommitteeприемная комиссия multiple-choicetestтестовый экзамен с ответами в виде множественного выбора affiliated with/to a medical school зд. принадлежащий мединституту, входящий в структуру института participate (syn. takepart) участвовать DegreeofDoctorofMedicine, M.D. доктор медицины, (экв. русскому «Врач») звание, которое получают выпускники американских медицинских вузов personalinterviewличное собеседование residentординатор, врач, проходящий специализацию residencyрезидентура acceptпринимать (о beacceptedбыть принятым (ординатура), специализация Упражнение 9. Прочтите методические указания к курсу физиологии для студентов 2 курса медицинского факультета Университета Джонса Хопкинса. Расскажите, какорганизованэтоткурсввашеминституте. The department provides instruction in cell physiology and systems physiology for second year medical students. The general subject of physiology and certain aspects of biophysics are presented to the second year medical students in lectures given two times a week during the second trimester, and five times weekly throughout the third trimester. During the second trimester lectures on the general properties of cells are delivered. Lectures of the third trimester are devoted to systems of mammalian physiology. During the third trimester laboratory experiments are carried out on two days of each week by students in small groups, under the supervision of the teaching staff. The laboratory work of each week is summarized in small group conferences at which the significance of the findings is reviewed and discussed. Seminars in renal and electrolyte physiology are held throughout the third trimester, with an emphasis on clinical problems and pathological physiology. Упражнение 10. Группа американских студентов беседует со студентами 2 курса Московской медицинской академии. Выступите в роли переводчика, Используйте в вашем переводе данные в скобках слова и словосочетания. Игорь: Мы знаем, что вы — студенты-медики из Балтимора. Как называется ваше учебное заведение (medicalschool)? Alan: We study at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinc (медицинскийинститут). Игорь: Скажите, пожалуйста, Алан, Джонс Хопкинс был известным американским ученым? Alan: Oh, no. Johns Hopkins was a merchant (коммерсант) of Baltimore who gave 7,000,000 dollars for the establishment (^снование) of a university and a hospital. And in 1876, three years after Johns Hopkins' death, the Medical School of the University began its work. Наташа: А наша Академия названа в честь (wasnamedafter) основоположника (founder) русской школы физиологии И.М. Сеченова, Paul: Yes, we know that Sechenov was a great physiologist. He developed the theory of brain (головноймозг) reflexes. I've read his book «Reflexes of the Brain». Лена:СеченовзакончилмедицинскийфакультетМосковскогоуниверситета, азатемвозглавлял(to be the head of) кафедруфизиологии. У нас в Академии есть музей-лаборатория И.М. Сеченова. |