И.Ю.-Марковина-З.К.-Максимова-М.Б.-Вайнштейн. Учебник для медицинских вузов и медицинских специалистов Серия xxi век Рекомендовано угчЮ по медицинскому и фармацевтическому образованию
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 James: Oh, it would be very interesting to visit it. Do you think it's possible? Саша: Конечно. Давайте пойдем в этот музей в среду в три часа после лекции по физиологии. Alan: That will be wonderful. So, good-bye till Wednesday. Упражнение 11. Прослушайте (прочитайте) диалог и скажите, какие вопросы интересуют английского профессора. Dialogue An English professor is interviewing his American colleague. Dr. Kelly: I'm glad to have this opportunity to talk to you, Dr. Barton. Do you mind my asking some questions about medical school in America? Dr. Barton:Certainly not. What do you want to know? Dr. Kelly: First, can students go to a medical school free of charge? Dr. Barton: No, everyone must pay a tuition fee. The amount varies from state to state and from one school to another. A student's total expenses throughout the year are about several thousand dollars. This creates financial hardship for some people. Though each school offers a number of grants, many of the students have to work to pay part of their expenses. Dr. Kelly: What degree does a Medical School offer? Dr. Barton:After completing 4 years all students receive the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. Dr. Kelly: That clears up most of my questions, Dr. Barton. It's good iоhave this information from someone directly connected with the world of medicine. I hope to visit two medical schools — the Pritzker School and the Kansas University Medical School — while I'm here in the United States. Dr. Barton: It was a pleasure to talk with you. Упражнение 12. а) прочитайте диалог (упр. 11) и найдите английские жвиваленты следующих словосочетаний: бесплатно учиться в медицинском вузе; плата за обучение; общие (суммарные) расходы; создавать финансовые/материальные итруднения; предоставлять гранты; получать звание (степень). ft) используя диалог в качестве модели, составьте новый диалог между российским и американским студентами-медиками. Расспросите друг друга об изучаемых предметах, о вступительных экзаменах и конкурсном отборе и т.д. Упражнение 13. Вы участвуете в конференции «Медицинское образование в США». а) Четыре студента вашей группы подготовили доклады по следующим темам: 1. The selection of students to a medical school. 2. Pre-medical and medical subjects studied at medical schools. 3. The work of a resident. 4. The work of young doctors after residency. б) Прослушайте доклады и задайте вопрос каждому выступающему. HEALTH CARE IN THE USA Упражнение 1.Прослушайте и повторите за диктором (преподавателем) следующие слова. Обратите внимание на ударения. » society [ss'saiati], physician [fi'zijn], relationship [ri 'leijnfip], staff [sta:f], trauma [Чгэ:тэ], insurance [in'Juarsns], atherosclerosis [, aeOsrssklia 'rousis] Упражнение 2. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания. in case, government-financed hospitals, intensive сатеunit, health insurance, place of employment, maternal and child health care, retirement benefits Упражнение 3. Прочтите следующий ряд слов. Выпишите слова, относящиеся к теме «Медицинское обслуживание». medical, health, need, patient, gradually, hospital, program, illness, disease, week, nausea, importance, death, chief, forget, disability, pregnancy, arthritis, cancer, opinion, emphysema, chronic bronchitis Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите текст. 1 1 1 ^ j Health Care System in the USA The second meeting of Dr. Nelson and his colleagues with the Professors and students of the Medical Faculty of the Moscow Medical Academy was devoted to problems of medical service in the USA. Dr. Nelson: Dear colleagues, it is a great pleasure for all of us to meet you again,. Today we'll speak about medical service in our country. As for the health care system in my country, it exists on three levels: the level of the family doctor, the medical institution or hospital and the United States Public Health Service. Dr. Kruglov: Do many Americans seek medical help from private doctors? Dr. Haddow: Not many, I should say. A private doctor, we call him a family doctor, gives his patients regular examinations and inoculations. In case professional care is needed, the family doctor arranges for the patient to see a specialist or to go to a hospital. The family doctor receives pay directly from the patient. Most physicians have private practices. They make use of the hospital's facilities whenever necessary. >A family doctor either has his own private office or works with several other doctors in a so-called group practice. Sasha Nikiforov: Dr. Haddow, what is characteristic of American hospitals? Do all patients pay for their treatment at hospitals? Dr. Haddow: I should like to point out first that many Americans have no family doctor and they come directly to the hospital for all their medical needs. The hospital provides health care to the sick and injured. We have government-financed and private hospitals. The patients are admitted to hospitals or clinics staffed by consulting physicians, residents, interns and highly skilled nurses. The nursing staff is very important. Nurses and patients are in close contact throughout the patients' stay in the hospital. Social services are available to the patients and families regarding personal, emotional, and financial problems that may arise from continued illness or disabilities. Most hospitals have at least the following major departments or units: suqjery, obstetrics and gynaecology, pediatrics and general medicine. They may also have trauma and intensive care units, neurosurgical and renal care units, and a psychiatric unit. The Emergency Room (unit) is a very special area in the hospital. The emergency patients receive immediate attention. Dr. Nelson: Let's not forget about the high cost of medical care in our country. Two thirds of the population have private health insurance. Some people have health insurance, life insurance (financial assistance for the relatives in case of death), disability insurance and retirement benefits at their place of employment. fcMost employees and their families now pay more than 50 per cent of the costs of health insurance. The great cost of medical care in the country and the great number of people who could not pay for it forced the federal government to devel op two health insurance programs — Medicaid and Medicare. Medicaid, started in 1966, is a federal program providing free medical care for low-income people, the aged, the blind and for dependent children. t)ean of the Faculty:Dr. Kendall, I've read that Medicare is a health insurance program for the elderly and disabled. What age group does the Medicare program provide for?4 Dr. Kendall:Medicare, started in 1967, is a federal program providing free medical care for aged Americans over 65, for those who in the past Ijad the greatest medical expenses. Dr. Kruglov:Dr. Nelson, what are the scientific problems facing American medicine? Dr. Nelson: Well, in my opinion, the chief scientific problems facing American medicine are the same as those facing Russian medicine, they are heart disease and cancer. The chief causes of suffering and death today are cancer and cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, jstroke and atherosclerosis. |Also much medical research is done on /illnesses of aging, disabilities caused by arthritis, mental illness, drug addiction, and genetic problems. The Dean of the Faculty: Dear colleagues, you've given us a clear picture of the American health care system. We all want to thank you and wish you the best of luck in your woi^c. Active Words and Word Combinations private doctorчастныйврачto inoculateделатьпрививкуinoculationпрививкаconsulting physicianврач- консультантdisabilityнетрудоспособность, инвалидностиthe disabledинвалидыretirement benefitsпенсионные выплаты emergencyunitотделение неотложной помощи theinjuredпострадавшие, раненые theblindнезрячие, слепые Medicareправительственная предусматривающая частичную оплату медицинского обслуживанияJпрестарелым за счет программа, обеспечивающая | бесплатное медицинское | обслуживание беднякам и jинвалидам f dependent children несовершеннолетниедети the aged (syn. the elderly)  страхования, остальную часть — за счет государства Medicaidсоциальная правительственная пожилые, старые люди программа, strokeинсульт mentaldiseasesпсихические 'drugaddictionпристрастие к заболевания наркотикам, наркомания Упражнение 5. Задайте вопросы, ответами на которые будут следующие предложения. Model: A family physician provides health care for the entire family. Who provides health care for the entire family? 1. Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and disability in the USA. 2. Nine million people suffer from emphysema and chronic bronchitis because of smoking. 3. Smoking and hypertension are two major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. 4. Nausea, shortness of breath, shoulder or arm pain, or chest pain can be symptoms of a heart attack. Упражнение 6. Ответьте на вопросы вашего товарища. Используйте в ответах слова и словосочетания, данные в скобках. 1. What kinds of hospitals are there in America? (government-fi- nanced, private hospitals) 2. Who comprises the staff of hospitals or clinics in America? (consulting physicians, residents, interns, highly skilled nurses) 3. What departments do American hospitals have? (surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, pediatrics, general medicine, neurosurgical, a renal care unit, a psychiatric unit, an Emergency Room) 4. What is Medicaid? (a federal program, to provide free medical care, low income people, the aged, the blind, dependent children) 5. What is Medicare? (a federal program, a health insurance program, the elderly and disabled, to provide free medical care, aged Americans) Упражнение 7. Расскажите вашим товарищам о работе частного врача в США. Используйтевсвоемрассказеследующиесловосочетания. private doctor, family doctor, to give regular examinations, to arrange for the patient to see a specialist, to make use of hospital facilities, private office, group practice Упражнение 8. Прочтите следующие утверждения и выразите свое согласие или несогласие. Начните свои ответы со следующих фраз:Quiteso./ Exactly. /Yes,Ithinkthat... Или: I don't think that is correct.... I can't agree with the fact that.. . No, I don't think you are right... 1. Medicaid is a federal program, which provides free medical care for low income people, the aged, the blind and for dependent children. 2. Medicare is a federal program, which provides free medical care for aged Americans over 65. 3. Most employees and their families do not have their health insurance. 4. Many people in America have health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance and retirement benefits at their place of employment. 5. The chief scientific problems facing American medicine are heart disease and cancer. Упражнение 9. Ведущий радиопередачи «В мире медицины» («IntheWorldofMedicine») беседует с американским врачом-гомеопатом д-ром Карлом Робинсоном. Используя приведенные ниже текст и диалог, составьте и разыграйте радиоинтервью. Ведущий: представляет доктора Робинсона, сообщая краткие сведения о нем (см. Текст), и предлагает д-ру Робинсону ответить на вопросы радиослушателей (см. Диалог) Доктор Робинсон: отвечает на вопросы ведущего и радиослушателей (см. Текст) Text Dr. К. Robinson received his B.A. from Yale University, his M.D. from Hahnemann Medical College in Philadelphia and he did his residency in internal medicine in Ney York City. Then he studied homeopathy at the Royal Homeopathic] Hospital in London. Now Dr. Robinson practices in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The word «homeopathy» is derived from the Greek language. «Ho- meo» means «like», «pathy» means «suffering». Homeopathy means «like suffering» or «like disease». Homeopathy is a scientific medical practice, which treats the whole person, that is the body, the mind and the emotions, which are affected when a person is sick Homeopathy is a natural medicine. A homeopathic medicine is used to stimulate the person to heal himself. It is a system of therapy based on the law «Similia similibus curentur». In other words, homeopathy is a scientific system of medicine based on the discovery that a substance can cure the same problems that it causes — usually by varying the dosage of the substance. Homeopathic remedies are made from natural animal, vegetable or mineral sources. Homeopathic medicines are not used to treat any particular oi^gan of the body. Side effects such as tissue destruction do not occur in homeopathy treatments. dialogue Interviewer. We have some questions dealing with homeopathy. The questions were sent to the National Center for Homeopathy in Washington. We invited Dr. Karl Robinson to answer our listeners' questions. Now I'll introduce Dr. K. Robinson to you... And now, Dr. Robinson, would you answer the first question of our listeners: What is homeopathy? Dr. R.: Interviewer. Is homeopathy a scientific system of medicine or is it based more on the intuition of the practitioner? Dr. R.: Interviewer. What are homeopathic remedies made from? Dr. R.: Interviewer. Do homeopathic medicines cause side effects? Dr. R. : Interviewer:Dr Robinson, thanks very much for your answers. With this we will end our program. Good-bye. Упражнение 10. а) Прослушайте (прочитайте) фрагмент беседы профессора Андерсона со студентами Медицинского колледжа университета штата Огайо. Скажите, какие вопросы были затронуты во время этой беседы, б) Прочитайте текст выступления профессора Андерсона и найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний: здоровье нации; общественное здоровье; личные/индивидуальные привычки; оказывать огромное воздействие; профилактическая медицина; здоровый образ жизни; главная цель; умеренная физическая нагрузка; поддерживать вес; иметь избыточный вес; курильщики; выбор образа/стиля жизни. This is what professor Anderson said about the effect of life style and personal habits on the standards of health of a nation: «There is perhaps no more important principle in the field of public health than the realization that life style and personal habits have a great effect on the standards of health of a nation. The promotion of preventive medicine through a healthy life style is a major goal of the Federal Bureau of Health Education. Billions of dollars could be saved if the following lifelong habits were established in the US population. Eat three meals a day at regular time; avoid snacks. Eat breakfast every day. Engage in moderate exercise at least three times a week. Sleep seven or eight hours a night. Don't smoke. Maintain weight at or slightly below the «ideal» level. Statistics show that 40% of all Americans are 20 or more pounds overweight and that smokers have a 70% greater chance of developing coronary heart disease than non-smokers. American physicians claim that the best way to improve the health statistics in the USA is to make people aware of the necessity of choosing a healthy life-style. Упражнение II.Составьте 8-10 вопросов к тексту Упражнения 10 и разыграйте беседу американского профессора с российскими студентами-медиками. Упражнение 12 Вы участвуете в викторине «Что я знаю о медицинском обслуживании в США». Несколько студентов вашей группы подготовились к викторине в качестве экспертов по следующим темам. 1. The three levels of health care in the USA. 2. The work of the family doctor. 3. The system of Medicaid. 4. The system of Medicare1 5. The medical units at American hospitals. 6. ThechiefscientificproblemsofAmericanmedicine. Составьте по три вопроса к каждой теме и задайте их экспертам. Определите, кто лучше знает свою тему и, следовательно, является победителем викторины. \ \ MEDICALEDUCATIONINGREATBRITAIN i Упражнение 1. Прослушайте (прочитайте) и запомните следующие слова и словосочетания. Переведите предложения. to charge a tuition fee взиматьплатузаобучениеcharge плата; free of charge бесплатный In Great Britain higher medical education is not free of charge. Tuition fees are charged in all medical schools in Great Britain. the degree of Bachelor of Medicine степеньбакалавравобластитерапии In Great Britain the degree of Bachelor of Medicine is given to a medical student after passing his final examination. a thesis диссертация. In order to obtain the degree of Doctor of Medicine in Great Britain a post-graduate must write a thesis based on original work. Упражнение 2. Прослушайте (прочитайте), следующие гнезда слов и определите, какой частью речи является каждое слово. Переведите. to qualify, qualification; to supervise, supervision, supervisor; to instruct, instructor, instruction, instructive; to require, requirement Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Medical Education in Great Britain A delegation of English doctors visited the Pavlov St. Petersburg Medical University. They were shown the clinics and laboratories of the University. At the end of their visit the Rector of the University invited the guests to the Conference Hall where they had a meeting with the teaching staff and students!J5r. Glenn Stanton was asked to speak about medical education in Great Britain, This is what Dr. G. Stanton said: «Dear colleagues. In Great Britain physicians are trained in either medical schools or faculties of Universities. We have medical schools in the Universities of London, Oxford, Birmingham, Bristol and Edinburgh. There are faculties of medicine in the Universities of Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow and Aberdeen. And there is the School of Clinical Medicine in the University of Cambridge. Entry to a medical school is highly competitive and usually the number of candidates is much higher than the number of the places/^ To enter a medical school in Great Britain candidates must pass entrance examinations. Entrance examinations are both oral and written. Students take these examinations at the end of their 6-year secondary-school course, generally at the age of 18—19 years. For entrance to a faculty of medicine or a medical school, it is required that the subjects of chemistry, physics and biology or mathematics should be taken at the advanced level. Tuition fees are charged. Most students receive financial assistance in the form of grants, which cover their expenses wholly or in part. ]Now about the academic year. It is divided into 3 terms, each of 10—11 weeks' duration. The terms run from October to December, from January to March and from April to June. Clinical students, however, attend for 48 weeks of the year. I must tell you that undergraduate education occupies five years, consisting essentially of two years of basic sciences and three years of clinical work. j Two pre-clinical years are occupied by human anatomy and biology, physiology and biochemistry. They also study physiology, statistics and genetics. Students attend lectures, do dissections and practical work in labs. Unlike in your country Latin is not taught in all medical schools. English and Latin spellings are similar and it is possible to write out prescriptions in English too. Beginning with the third year the students study the methods of clinical examinations and history taking, general pathology, microbiology, pharmacology and community medicine. Senior students and especially undergraduates spend most of their time in teaching hospitals, which have both in-patient and out-patient departments, or units. Daily bedside instruction in hospital wards and out-patient departments is given by teachers and doctors. Students follow up their patients and attend ward rounds. Besides the work in the wards the students attend demonstrations and clinical conferences as well as lectures in clinical subjects which are being studied j f^nd now about the examinations. As in your country examinations in our medical schools are held at the erfd of each term. In our case it is three times a year. At the end of each term and after each special course students take final exams. They are called sessionals. Most of the exams are written. They include academic and practical problems. The final examinations or finals are in Medicine^ Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Pathology. Finals also iijemde history taking and diagnosing. Before finals in Surgery students assist in operations. Before finals in Obstetrics and Gynaecology they must assist during the delivery of at least 20 babies. These examinations are both written and oral. Written test includes short and long questions and questions of multiple choice. Oral tests include diagnosing a case. So three years are spent in clinical studies to obtain degrees of Bachelor of Medicine (B.M.) and Bachelor of Surgery (B.S.). The degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery give the right to register as a medical practitioner 3 ^After the finals graduates work in hospitals for a year. This period is called internship. The newly qualified doctor must serve for six months as a house physician and six months as a house suigeon under the supervision of his medical school. House physicians and surgeons are on call every second or third night. The work of interns is very difficult and their salary is very small. After internship a young doctor obtains a «Certificate of Experience» from the medical school and he or she may work as a medical practitioner. tr!Turther specialization requires training in residency. It takes one or two years of work in a hospital in some field. Residency trains highly qualified specialists in a definite field: gynaecologists, urologists, neurologists and others. The salary of residents is higher than the salary of interns. After residency a specialist gets rather a high salary. Besides the degrees of B.M. and B.S., we have the degree of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.). This degree is a postgraduate qualification obtained by writing a thesis based on original work. It is not required for practice. Such a degree in surgery is termed a mastership (M.S.)» Glenn Stanton answered the questions of the teachers and students. Then the Rector thanked Dr. Stanton for his interesting talk and invited the British delegation to the performance of the students' amateur theatre. Active Words and Word Combinations financial assistenceфинансовая помощьexpensesрасходы, затратыto cover expensesоплачивать (букв, покрывать) расходыacademic yearучебныйгод (в высшем учебном заведении) clinicalstudentsстуденты старших курсов (занимающиеся на клинических кафедрах) basicsciencesзд. теоретические дисциплиныto write out prescriptions выписыватьрецептыhistory takingсборанамнезаto take a (case) historyсобирать анамнезcommunity medicine bedside instructionобучениеу постели больного tofollowupнаблюдать больного (после проведенного лечения) afollowupпоследующее врачебное наблюдение; изучение отдаленных результатов wardround(врачебный) обход demonstrationдемонстрация больного tobeheldпроводиться, проходить medicineтерапия deliveryродоразрешение, роды housephysicianтерапевт-интерн или ординатор housesurgeonхирург-интерн илиординатор«Certificate of Experience» эквив. русск. Сертификатспециалистаmastershipмагистратура, магистерскаястепеньM.S. (Master/ship in Surgery) магистерскаястепень, присваиваетсяхирургамВ.М. (Bachelor of Medicine) бакалаврмедицины, степень, присваиваемаяврачам-терапевтамB.S. (Bachelor of Surgery) бакалаврхирургииM.D. (Doctor of Medicine) доктормедицины, магистерскаястепень, присваиваемаятерапевтамbedside instructionобучениестудентовупостелибольногоmedical practitioner практикующийврач Упражнение 4. Прочтите вопросы, которые были заданы во время беседы доктору Стентону преподавателями и студентами Университета. Ответьтенаэтивопросы, используятекст. 1. When are entrance examinations to a medical school taken? 2.What kind of financial assistance do medical students receive in Great Britain? 3. What examinations do medical students take? 4. What degrees are given to medical students after their final examinations? 5. Is it obligatory to obtain the degree of Doctor of Medicine for all graduates of a medical school? 6. When can a young doctor start working as a medical practitioner? Упражнение 5. Прочтите следующие утверждения и выразите свое согласие или несогласие. Начните свои ответы со следующих фраз:Yes, youareright. I agree with you that...; No, . I don't think you are right ... 1.Entry to a medical school in Great Britain is a simple matter. 2. The Certificate of Experience is obtained at the end of a one-year internship. 3. The examinations in medical schools in Great Britain are only oral. 4. Different grants are available to aid those students who do not have sufficient funds to finance their medical education. Упражнение 6. В дискуссионном клубе международного молодежного лагеря вы познакомились с Дональдом Эдвардсом, студентом 4 курса медицинского факультета университета Глазго. Попросите Дональда рассказать, сколько лет учатся студенты-медики в Англии, какие экзамены сдают студенты, сколько учебных недель в каждом семестре? Можно ли получить высшее медицинское образование в Англии бесплатно? Задавая вопросы, начните со следующих фраз: Whatcanyousayabout...; Couldyoutellus...; Andwhatabout...? Вответахнавопросыиспользуйтеследующиефразы: Well, I have to say that...; As for (exams)...; I can add that...; I want to stress that... Используйтевсвоейбеседеследующиесловосочетания: the curriculum; to occupy five years; pre-clinical studies; clinical work; tuition fees; financial assistance; grants; to be available; methods of clinical examination; history taking; clinical subjects; teaching hospitals; to attend a ward round; final exams; sessionals; questions of multiple choice; oral and written tests; written exams. Упражнение 7. Расспросите Дональда Эдвардса о том, как проходит специализация выпускников медицинских школ в Великобритании. Используйтеввашейбеседеследующиесловосочетания: internship, house physician; house surgeon; under the supervision; Certificate of Experience; medical practitioner; to train qualified specialists; training in residency; to be given the B.M. or B.S. degrees; post-graduate qualification; to write a thesis. Упражнение 8. Прослушайте (прочитайте) диалог и скажите, о чем беседуют Марина и студент из Иордании, которые учатся в медицинской академии в России. Dialogue Marina: Hello, Mohammed, Where are you going? Mohammed: I'm going to the library. I'd like to take some books for my report in histology next Wednesday. Come with me. Marina: I wish I could join you now, but I'll go to the library after the lecture on microbiology. Mohammed: Do you know that attendance at lectures in the Oxford University Medical School is free? Marina: But we are not in Oxford. Who told you that? Mohammed: I was in Great Britain this summer. I visited Oxford and met two guys who turned out to be students of the Medical school there. Now I know that they have no academic groups and students work according to their own plans. But they have tutorials with their tutors. Marina:And what do the tutors do? Mohammed: As far as I remember, tutors plan the work of students and suggest the books to be read. At the end of each term students have written examinations. The students' papers are corrected and marked by the tutors. And on the last day of the term the tutors give a report on the students' work for the term. Marina: Do students meet their tutors every day? Mohammed: Certainly not. You see, each week 2 or 3 students go to their tutor, bring essays for criticism and he discusses with them the work they have done. Such classes with the tutor are called tutorials. Marina: Does the tutor deliver lectures? Mohammed: Yes. Some lectures are delivered by tutors, others are delivered by professors. But usually professors don't do teaching. Marina: You want to say that Professors carry on academic research, don't they? Mohammed: Quite so. Professors in Oxford mainly carry on academic research in their practical subject. Marina:You really know a lot about the British system of medical training. Could you explain to me what the words «undergraduate», «graduate» and «post-graduate» mean? I can never use them correctly. Mohammed: Well, I'll try. First of all, an undergraduate is the student who hasn't yet taken a University degree. Marina: Did you say «degree»? Mohammed: Yes. A University degree is given to a student who has finished a course of studies and passed his final examinations. By the way, a person who has taken a Degree of Bachelor, that is the lowest degree, is called a graduate, while any graduate who continues his studies or does research to receive a Degree of Master or Doctor is called a post-graduate. Marina: How very interesting! And, how very different from the Russian system of medical training. Thanks a lot. Well, bye-bye. The lecture will begin in two minutes. Mohammed: See you at the library. Bye. Упражнение 9. а) прочитайте диалог (упр.8), найдите и выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих слов, словосочетаний и фраз: жаль, что не могу пойти с тобой; свободное посещение лекций; учебная (академическая) группа; заниматься по собственному плану; занятия с руководителем/тьютором; предлагать (рекомендовать) литературу, которую следует прочитать; письменная работа студента; исправлять и оценивать (работу); критический анализ; читать лекции; проводить научные исследования б) расскажите о работе тьюторов со студентами-медиками в Великобритании, используя выписанные при выполнении задания, «а)» слова и словосочетания Упражнение 10. Джоан Петерсон — студентка медицинского факультета Лондонского университета. На встрече английских и русских студентов Джоан рассказывает о системе высшего медицинского образования в Англии. Попросите ее ответить на интересующие вас вопросы. Упражнение 11. Студенты вашей группы дают интервью корреспонденту английского молодежного журнала. Основная тема интервью - сравнение систем подготовки медицинских специалистов в нашей стране и в Великобритании. Чтовырасскажетекорреспонденту? Чтобыотметитьсходство,начнитесоследующихслов:What we have in common is...; The similar aspects are...; Both in Russia and in Great Britain... . Чтобыотметитьразличия, начнитесоследующихслов:The major difference is...; Unlike (the British system of medical training...); In contrast to (the Russian students...). Health Service in Great Britain 267 HEALTH SERVICE IN GREAT BRITAIN Упражнение 1.Прослушайте (прочитайте) и запомните следующие словосочетания. Переведите предложения. to pass an act through Parliament утвердитьзаконопроектвпарламенте The National Health Service Act was passed through Parliament in 1946. to receive the Royal Assent получитьодобрениеКоролевы. The National Health Service Act received the Royal Assent in 1948. theUnitedKingdom= theU.K. Соединенное Королевство Великобритании. The United Kingdom unites England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Упражнение 2. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором (преподавателем) следующие слова. parliament [paibmsnt], finance [fai'naens], emergency [I'maicfcansi], comprehensive [,kDmpri'hensiv], practitioner [prsk'tijna], invaluable [in'vaeljuabl] Упражнение 3. Прослушайте (прочитайте) и переведите следующие гнезда слов, указав, какой частью речи являются эти слова (обратите внимание на словообразовательные суффиксы). to administer, administration, administrative; to provide, provision, provisional; to satisfy, satisfaction, satisfactory; to specialize, specialization, specialist, specialty; to consult, consultation, consultant Упражнение 4. Определите, от каких глаголов образованы данные существительные, и переведите их. service, introduction, contribution, treatment, payment, prescription, appointment, reception, consultation, discussion Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите текст. Health Service in Great Britain A delegation of Russian doctors went to Great Britain on a return visit. They were met by the British doctors who had been the guests of the Russian Medical Workers' Union last year. The Russian doctors visited the Health Centre in Hampshire and some hospitals in London, Liverpool and Aberdeen. Now they are having a talk with their British colleagues on the health care system in Great Britain. Dr. Sharova, head of the Russian delegation: Dear colleagues. During our stay in Great Britain we visited many medical institutions. The doctors kindly acquainted us with their work. We were told that the National Health Service Act was passed through Parliament in 1946 and in 1948 this Act received the Royal Assent and was brought into operation. And what about Scotland and Ireland? Dr. McDonald: Similar services operate in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Further administrative changes were introduced by a number of other Health Service Acts. f'Z)r. Kelly:I'd like to say that most medical treatment in our country is free, but charges are made for drugs, spectacles and dental care. Free emergency medical treatment is given to any visitor from abroad who becomes ill while staying in our country. But thpse who come to England specifically for treatment must pay for it. 1 Dr. Nikitina: The National Health Service provides free medical care both in hospital and in the out-patient clinicVSo you have no private patients in Great Britain, have you? Dr. Sharland:Not quite so. People may use the NHS or they may go to doctors as private patients. In big cities there are some private hospitals which people may use. Many people who have enough money still prefer to be private patients because they think that they can in that way establish a closer relationship with the doctor or because they do not want to be put in a large room with other patients. Dr. McDonald: I'd like to add that a patient in our country can choose between NHS or private treatment at any time. Moreover he can take some of his medical care through the NHS, and some privately. If a patient is dissatisfied with his NHS family doctor or dentist, he may change to another one. In fact, 97 per cent of the population use the NHS. \ Dr. Kruglov:What is the role of the family doctor in the Health Service system? Dr. Kelly: The role of the family doctor (General Practitioner) is very important. Not all patients need highly specialized attention and the GP does invaluable work by filtering off 90 per cent or so of the total medical work^ Dr. Sharova: You told us that if a patient is dissatisfied with his family doctor he may change to another one. And what about the doctors? Does this freedom of choice apply to them? Dr. McDonald: Yes. This freedom of choice applies to doctors and dentists too. They can choose whether they want to join the NHS or not, and whether they will have NHS patients or private ones. In fact, the majority work in the NHS. Dr Kruglov: We visited the St. Thomas' and St. Bartholomew's Hospitals in London and noticed that they are small hospitals with about 200 beds. They are housed in inconvenient buildings. Can such small hospitals provide a full range of medical service? \Dr. McDonald: You see, we do have modern hospitals but half of the buildings are over 100 years old. 70 per cent of our hospitals are small, with only about 200 beds. Such hospitals are not economical and cannot provide a full range of service, which requires a district hospital of 800 beds or more. Now we have more than 150 health centres in the U.K. The first Scottish health centre was opened in Edinburgh in 1953. These health centres are an integral part of a unified comprehensive health service. Health centres provide all the special diagnostic and therapeutic services which family doctors may need, such as electrocardiography, X-ray, physiotherapy and good administrative and medical records systems. Family doctors work in close cooperation with the hospital doctors. Health centres are the basis of primary care, jr Dr. Nikitina: Are there consultant services in such health centres? Dr. Sharland:There are centres which provide consultant services in general medicine and surgery, ear-nose-throat diseases, obstetrics and gynaecology, ophthalmology, psychiatry and orthopaedics. All consultations in the centre are by appointment only. The patient is given a definite time at which to attend. This is recorded on a card for him. Each doctor decides for himself how many patients he can examine in one hour. We believe that the patient is the most important person in the health centre and that we should direct all our energy towards helping him as much as possible. Dr. Sharova: Dear colleagues, thank you ever so much for the warm reception, for this interesting discussion and for the opportunity to get acquainted with the health service system in your country. Active Words and Word Combinations National Health Service, the NHS drugлекарство, лекарственный система здравоохранения в Великобритании spectaclesочки препарат dentalсаге стоматологическая помощь topreferпредпочитать GP9 general practitionerврачобщейпрактики toapplyкасаться, относиться, быть применимым whether they want зд.хотятлиони unifiedcomprehensivehealthserviceединая система оказания всесторонней медицинской помощи administrativeandmedicalrecordssystemsсистема управления и медицинской регистрации inconvenientнеудобный, без удобств full range (of medical service) полный спектр (медицинской помощи) therapeuticлечебный tohaveaccessиметь доступ appointmentзд. назначение, предварительная договоренность byappointmentпо предварительной записи, договоренности Упражнение 6. Прочтите вопросы, которые были затронуты в беседе английских и русских врачей. Ответьтенаэтивопросы, используятекст. 1. When was the National Health Service Act brought into operation? 2. Are ther£ private patients in Great Britain? 3. Why do many people who have enough money prefer to be private patients? 4. What is the role of the family doctor in the National Health Service system? 5. What is the role of health centres in the health service system in Great Britain? 6. Are there consultant services in health centres? Упражнение 7.Подтвердитеследующиесуждения. Используйте в ваших высказываниях следующие словосочетания: Yes, I agree that...; Yes, as far as know ...; It is true that... . 1. The general practitioner services include the family doctor service, the dental service, the pharmaceutical service, and the ophthalmic service. 2.The GPs do very important work, which consists in filtering off 90 per cent of the total medical workload. 3. Health centres are institutions where various medical services, both preventive and curative, are brought together. 4. The patients are the most important people in the health centre and the doctors should direct all their energy towards helping them as much as possible. Упражнение 8. Приведенные в случайном порядке высказывания взяты из беседы врача и его пациента: а) запишите эту беседу, поставив высказывания в логической последовательности б) прочитайте свой диалог и скажите, в помощи хирурга или терапевта нуждается больной. Dr. Young:Good morning, Mr. Hollister./ Are you still taking your digitalis?/1 believe you have hardening of arteries (облитерацияартерий) with heart involvement (поражениесердца)./ How are you getting along? / Now your heart is not able to perform the work it is supposed to./ Regarding your treatment, I think you should continue to take one tablet of digitalis daily and stay on a salt free diet./ You need to do this indefinitely, otherwise (иначе) you'll get into trouble./ What seems to be the problem?/Three weeks from today. Good-bye now and be careful ./ Do you put any salt in your food? Mr. Hollister: I've not been feeling well for the last week./Well, Doctor, I've been not taking digitalis for the last week./ Doctor, could you tell me what my problem is?/When shall I come back?/ I've had some shortness of breath, and as you can see, my legs are swollen now./ Bye. See you in three weeks then./ I find it hard to eat completely without salt./ Упражнение 9. Прочитайте текст беседы врача и пациента еще раз. Скажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию беседы. 1. а) Больной жаловался на одышку и отечность ног. б) У больного не было жалоб на одышку. 2. а) Больной принимал по одной таблетке дигиталиса в течение недели, б) Больной не принимал дигиталис в течение недели. 3. а) Больной чувствовал себя хорошо, б) У больного была сердечная недостаточность. 4. а) Врач посоветовал больному придерживаться бессолевой диеты, б) Больной соблюдал бессолевую диету. Упражнение 10. Вы ведете прием. Составьте беседу врача и больного с подозрением на стенокардию. Используйтеданныеслова, словосочетанияифразы. Where does it hurt?, Can you describe the pain?, What makes it worse?, complaints, to complain of, to have troubles with the heart, to have pain in the heart, the character of the pain, dull pain, sharp pain, to have pain on physical exertion, arterial pressure, angina pectoris, cardiac failure И.Ю. Марковина, З.К. Максимова, М.Б. Вайнштейн 1 Patient James Ross: Yes, sir. I have had scarlet fever and pneumonia. Dr. H.:Have you ever had measles? Chicken-pox? Whooping cough? Patient: Yes, sir. I had all the childhood diseases. Dr. H.:How about adult illnesses, have you ever had ТВ, jaundice, heart or kidney trouble? Patient: No, I have only had the ones I just told you. Dr. H.:Have you ever been operated on? Have you ever had any operations? Patient'Yes, several. I've had my appendix out. And I've also had my tonsils operated on. Dr. H.: Did you ever break any bones? Patient: I broke my arm when I was a child and that's all. Dr.#.: Are your parents living? Patient: No, botlj are no longer living. My father died of natural causes and my mother died of cardiac insufficiency. Dr. H.: Do you have brothers and sisters? Are they in good health? Patient: I have two brothers, one is living and the other is not. He had a stroke. My sister has diabetes. Dr. H.: Are you married? Do you have any children? Patient: Oh, yes. I'm married. I have two boys and they seem to be all right. Dr. H.: Do you smoke? Patient:I smoke 10 cigarettes a day. I tried to quit twice, but with no success. Упражнение 12. Прочитайте диалог еще раз и составьте рекомендации для студентов по сбору анамнеза жизни и семейного анамнеза. Используйтеследующиефразы: Тоtake a past history and a family history, you should ... , You will also need the information about... , Remember to ask your patient ... , It is important to know .... Упражнение 13. а) прочитайте текст и скажите, какие органы и функции обследует врач при осмотре больного б) назовитеосновныеэтапыфизикальногообследования, используйтеследующиефразы:First it is necessary to...; The next step is to...; The physical examination also includes...; It is important to...; Finally, .... Doing the Physical Examination Dr. Hudson came closer to the patient. He noted the patient's general appearance and checked the skin and mucous membranes carefully. With an ophthalmoscope he examined the eyegrounds; and with the otoscope - the tympanic membranes. He checked the patient's neck and chest. Dr. Hudson asked the patient to take a deep breath and hold it. Then to blow the air out and hold it. Then not to breathe at all. Then he wanted the patient to breathe in and out through his mouth and to say - «ninety-nine, ninety-nine»... . Dr. Hudson asked the patient to lie down on the examining table and palpated the abdomen. The patient had no pain in the abdomen. After checking the patient's back and extremities, he took the reflex hammer and checked the reflexes. He then checked the patient's blood pressure. It was 120 over 70. That was normal. The doctor's plan was to have some laboratory tests done the next day including blood and urine tests, and an X-ray of the stomach. He invited the patient to come to discuss the diagnosis and treatment after he would have received the tests results. Упражнение 14. Вы участвуете в конференции на тему «Медицинское обслуживание в Англии». Студентывашейгруппыподготовилидокладыноследующимтемам. 1. The character of health service in Great Britain. 2.The types of patients receiving medical treatment and care in Great Britain. 3. The role of the family doctor (in the National Health Service). 4. Private hospitals in Great Britain. 5. Health centres in Great Britain. Прослушайте доклады и задайте вопрос каждому выступающему. GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT ИМЯСУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ(THE NOUN) |