И.Ю.-Марковина-З.К.-Максимова-М.Б.-Вайнштейн. Учебник для медицинских вузов и медицинских специалистов Серия xxi век Рекомендовано угчЮ по медицинскому и фармацевтическому образованию
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Часть I Слова к части I empty ['empti] а пустой; vопорож-perspiration [,pa:sp3'reijn] я потение; нять(ся), выливать пот; испарина up proximate [g'proksimit] априбли-intake ['inteik] n поглощение, вса- зительный сывание, приемвнутрь approximately [a'proksimitli] advпри-result [ri'zAlt] (in) v приводитьк близительно чему-л. average ['aevaricfe] «среднее (число);frequency ['fri:kw9nsi] n частота vсоставлять в среднем urination [Jusri'neiJn] п мочеиспус- cvaporate [ivaepareit] vиспарять(ся); кание выпаривать pure [pjua] а чистый evaporation [i,vaep9'reijn] nиспаре-overheating ['ouva'hi:tir)] nперегрев, ние; выпаривание \ перегревание Р - ') Упражнения ( Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите сложное подлежащее. 1. The body is known to utilize six kinds of food-stuffs - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, mineral salts and vitamins. 2. When burned, the carbohydrates, proteins and fats are sure to yield a certain definite and measurable amount of heat energy. 3. Many substances which are readily absorbed by the organism prove to be harmful, and many harmless substances prove to be difficult for the organism to absorb. 4. Proteins are found to be absolutely sssenti^l to the proper nourishment of the human body. 5. Vitamin С1 appear! to be lacking in seeds, white bread, fats, yeast, purified protems and carbohydrates. 6. Vitamin D is known to be the antirachitic substance. , . i Упражнение 2.Переведите следующие предложения, определите, какую функцию выполняют словаaswellиaswellas. г 1. A calorie is a definite amount of heat as well as a centimetre is a definite amount of length. 2. The character of proper food substances for animals as well as for plants is different. 3. Every organism needs the organic materials to build new protoplasm and variety of purely inorganic substances as well. 4. Besides carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the food contains necessary mineral substances as well. Упражнение 3. Дайте исходные сл<>ва к следующим производным. Переведитеих. ! '/ . Г various, harmful, excretory, namely, greater, evaporation, frequency Упражнение 4. Познакомьтесь со значениями данных ниже приставки overи суффиксаfful.Образуйте слова согласно модели. Прочтите и переведите их. over- + различные части речи = соответствующая часть речи со значением избыточности. Соответствует русским приставкам сверх-, над-, пере-:heatingнагревание —overheatingперегрев. to work, busy, to feed, to build, work, production, weight Существительное (глагол) + -fill= прилагательное со значением «обладающий качеством, выраженным основой»: harmвред —harmfulвредный. success, care, beauty, joy, use, help Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов. , I 1. empty, to erflpty, emptiness; 2. average, to average; 3. vapour, to evaporate, evaporation, evaporable; 4. frequent, frequency, frequently; 5. urea, urine, urination, urinary, ureter, urethra, urology, uremia Упражнение 6. Просмотрите текст А, разделите его на 3 части и назовите тему каждой части. \ х >V Text А Excretory Organs Various harmful and unnecessary substances are continually being formed in the human body. These substances entering the blood are eliminated from the body by the excretory organs, namely the kidneys, the skin and the lungs; the latter are passing out carbon dioxide and water vapour. The quantity of water lost through the lungs probably varies within small limits only. The quantity lost through the sweat varies, of course, with temperature as well as with exercise. It may be said that the amounts of water secreted through the kidneys and skin are of an inverse proportion to each other, that is, the greater the amount lost through the skin, the less will be secreted by the kidneys. Through these three organs but mainly through the kidneys blood is being continuously depleted of water and the loss must be made up by the ingestion of new water. Most of the body wastes are found to be eliminated in the urine by the urinary organs. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Urine is formed in the kidneys, which are the main organ of excretion. It then passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder which serves as a reservoir. The bladder is emptied through the urethra, which leads to the exterior of the body. The wastes are excreted as urine, which is normally composed of approximately 96 per cent water, plus urea and various salts. The density of urine appears to vary from 1.015 to 1.020; the PH averages about 6. The healthy adult .eems to excrete an average of about 1.5 litres of urine from the body daily. From 40 to 65 per cent of all fluid taken into the body is eliminated as urine, the rest, by evaporation from the body surface, evaporation horn the lungs, etc. When the loss of water through evaporation or perspiration is increased, as in summer months, the urine volume is reduced; if the water intake is increased, the volume of urine increases us well. The combination of a warm, rainy day, increased liquid intake as well as moist air that prevents evaporation from the skin results in great frequency of urination. The urine is being formed in the kidneys from many waste and harmful substances contained in the blood. Blood flows into the kidneys ihrough the blood vessels. In the kidneys the blood is cleansed of these substances. Thus, the blood leaving the kidneys is pure while urine formed in the kidneys flows down special ducts — the ureters, passing into the bladder from which it is eliminated. An excretory function is also performed by the skin. The skin being the cover of the body protects it from harmful external influence and serves at the same time as an excretory organ passing the sweat out. Sweat is formed in tiny perspiration glands found in the skin. It consists of water in which substances similar to those in the urine are formed but in smaller quantities. The evaporation of perspiration is known to cool the body and protect it from overheat as well. Упражнение 7. Прочтите и переведите текст А. Первый абзац переведите письменно. Найдитеизапомнитезначениесловthe latter, through, only, that is, the greater ... the less. Упражнение 8. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и прочтите их. 1. How are harmful substances eliminated from the body? 2. What organs pass out carbon dioxide and water vapor? 3. What are the organs of the urinary system? 4. How is water eliminated from the body? 5. When is the volume of urine increased or reduced? 6. What process takes place in the kidneys? Упражнение 9. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположное по значению первому слову ряда. 1. various — sum, some, same, seem; 2. the latter - former, the former, formal; 3. greater — lessen, lesson, lesser, less; 4. to increase — to decrease, to decide, to decree, to demand; 5. to cool — to want, to water, to warm, to warn Упражнение 10. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, перевод которого дан в начале ряда. 1. внешний, наружный - exterior, interior, exteriorly, exteriority; 2. внорме — normal, normality, normally; 3. посредством, путем — throughout, through, though, throw; 4. очищать, дезинфицировать — to clean, to claim, to cleanse, to clear Упражнение 11. Прочтите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова. Переведитепредложения. 1. Most of the body wastes are eliminated in the urine by the urinary organs. 2. The bladder is emptied through the urethra which leads to the exterior of the body. 3. The wastes are excreted as urine which is normally composed of approximately 96 per cent of water plus urea and various salts. 4. In the kidneys the blood is cleansed o/harmful substances. 5. Sweat is formed in tiny perspiration glands found in the skin. Упражнение 12. Определите, чем выражено подлежащее в следующих предложениях. Переведитеданныепредложения. 1. The rate of urinary flow is known to be increased by various agents known in medicine as diuretics. 2. Three hours after injection 38-45% of the injected mercury was found in the kidneys.3. Renal tubular excretory transport of selected sulfonamides is assumed to require д, physicochemical interaction. 4. Under these conditions it was difficult to estimate the actual rate of tubular excretory transport. 5. The bladder is more likely to be affected with a direct pus-forming infection than by any other disease. 6. It is found that the process of urine secretion goes on constantly at the rate of about a drop every thirty seconds from each kidney. Упражнение 13. Переведите следующие предложения со словамиaswellasиaswell. 1. The most important function of the kidneys is to remove urea from the blood as well as to maintain the proper balance of water, salts and acids in the body fluids. 2. Urinalysis is an examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements as well as the presence of diabetes mellitus. 3. The purpose of this study is to determine the simultaneous rates of bronchial and renal urea excretion as well. 4. Any doctor is responsible for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases as well. Упражнение 14. Переведите на английский язык письменно следующие предложения. 1. Известно, что мочевой пузырь регулярно опорожняется. 2. Здоровый взрослый человек, как считают, выделяет в среднем 1,5 литра мочи в день. 3. Считают, что примерно 45 — 60% жидкости, поступающей в организм, выводится через легкие и кожу. 4. Повышенное потребление жидкости, несомненно, приводит к более частому мочеиспусканию. 5. Потовыделение защищает тело от перегревания. Часть II Слова к части II choice [tfbis] п выбор retain [n'tein] vудерживать, сохранять constituent [kan'stitjusnt] п составная часть glomerulus [gla'merulas] (pi.glomeruli [gb'merulai]) nклубочек glomerular [gls'merula] а относящийся к почечному клубочку excess [ik'ses] nизбыток, излишек precisely [pri'saisli]advточно distinguishable [dis'tiggwijabl] а различимый, отличимый regard [rfgcud] vпринимать во внимание; считать, рассматривать Упражнения Упражнение 1. Прочтите и запомните перевод следующих слов и словосочетаний. Переведите предложения с этими словами и словосочетаниями. except (that, for) заисключением (того, что); exception исключение; with few exceptions заредкимисключением: The elements which compose the urine, with few exceptions, exist in the blood plasma. regard n отношение; взгляд; in (with) regard to относительно, вотношении; regarding чтокасается, сточкизрения; regardless независимоот, несмотряна; v считать, рассматривать: Kidney must be regarded as the chief controller of chemical balance in the organism. Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к данным производным. Переведите все слова на русский язык. у constituent, precisely, glomeruli, distinguishable, regardless, excessive, composition, exception Упражнение 3. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Разделите его на 2 части и назовите тему каждой части. 2) Найдите предложения: а) со сложным подлежащим; б) со словами aswell, aswellas. 3) Переведите эти предложения. Text В The Excretory Function of the Kidney It has long been known that the kidney does not manufacture fully the elements which compose the urine. It is known only to extract them unchanged from the blood plasma where, with very few exceptions, they already exist. In other words, the urinary function is the excretion, but the kidney is found to exercise a choice among the numerous organic substances present in the circulating bloodi Some substances, such as the proteins, are wholly retained in the organism, although the blood plasma contains a high concentration of them (70 to 80 grams per litre). Others are entirely taken away by the kidney as well as eliminated through the urine: this is the case with certain foreign bodies such as penicillin or streptomycin as well, which the organism eliminates by means of the kidney. Most of the constituents of the plasma are excreted in the urine in variable proportions; the quantities thus taken away by the kidney are not fixed and vary even from day to day for each substance eliminated. If the amount of salt absorbed is very great or very small, the concentration of salt in the blood and the total amount of salt in the individual as well will not vary at all; if practically no salt is absorbed, no salt will be eliminated; if much salt is absorbed its rate of elimination will rise, until after a few days it exactly counterbalances the excess taken in; the quantity of salt taken away by the kidney will be equal to the excess received. Finally, we may ask ourselves what internal instrument may change at every moment the rate at which each constituent of the blood plasma is taken away by the kidney. The basic instrument of this mechanism seems to be the nephron. Each kidney is formed of about a million nephrons, joined by an interstitial tissue through which the blood vessels as well as nerves pass. Thus the nephron is the morphological and functional unit of the system determining the composition of the urine. Its structure is not very simple. The glomerulus, a small bundle of arterial capillaries enclosed in a small round capsule, forms the head of the nephron. Although the glomeruli are small and hardly distinguishable by the naked eye1, the total quantity of blood which passes through them every minute is very great: over a litre for the two kidneys of an adult, which is at quarter of the total blood distributed to all the rest of the organism in the same time. Tnis is the first stage in the production of urine, known as glomerular filtration. Physiologically the' kidney must not be regarded as just an organ for the formation of urine, wastes. The kidney appears to be the chief controller of the delicate chemical balance necessary to life. Notes 1. by the naked eye невооруженнымглазом Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их. 1. The kidney doesn't manufacture the elements which compose urine. 2. The urinary function is that of excretion. 3. Some substances are retained in the organism. 4. Penicillin is eliminated through the urine. 5. The basic instrument of the kidney is the nephron. Часть III Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 11 Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите предложения со сложным подлежащим. 1. The chief functiqikof the kidneys is to separate fluid and certain solids from the blood. 2. The excretion of urine is thought to be possible by the selective action of the cells of the kidney tubules. 3. When tl\e kidneys fail to act solid waste substances accumulate in the blood.(j2> The formation of urine is found to begin in the glomerulus as water salts, sugar, urea and other wastes. 5. Streptococci do not seem to cause glomerular inflammation by direct invasion. 6. After the first two weeks of acute nephritis patients usually appear to make a complete recovery. (Ответ: 2, 4, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 27 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 2. Укажите, в каких предложениях asweDas, aswell: а) составной союз; tf) наречие. Переведитепредложения. 1. Acute glomerular nephritis may involve various systems of the body as well as the glomerular tufts. 2. Specific gravity is a measurement that reflects the amount of wastes as well as minerals in the urine. 3. Acids as well as other substances which the body does not need are secreted into the distal renal tubules from the blood stream. 4. Drugs can be obtained from plants, animals and chemical substances as well. 5. While examining a patient the doctor was asking him about his previous and present condition as well. (Ответ:a) 1, 2, 3; b) 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 41 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 3. Переведите на английский язык производные от данных слов. 1. excrete— выделение, выделительный, экскреция; 2. active— активность, активно, деятельность; 3. constitute- составная часть, телосложение; 4. urine— мочевой, мочеиспускание, урология; 5. sweat— потеть, потение, потный, потовые (железы) (Ответ: 1. excretion, excretory, excretion; 2. activity, actively, activities; 3. constituent, constitution; 4. uric (urinary), urination, urology; 5. to sweat, sweating, sweaty, sweat (glands).) Упражнение 4. Дайте синонимы к следующим словам. 1. to eliminate; 2. waste products; 3. manner; 4. to take place; 5. quantity (Ответ: 1. to excrete; 2. waste matter (wastes); 3. way; 4. to occur; 5. amount.) Упражнение 5. Образуйте словосочетания, используя слова из пунктов а) и б). Переведитеих. а) 1. to eliminate; 2. to carry out; 3. to excrete; 4. to get rid of; 5. to throw out; 6. excretory; 7. activity (of); б) 1. the excess of water (constituents); 2. organ(s); 3. action; 4. the kidneys and skin; 5. sweat glands; 6. muscular; 7. the function; 8. waste products (Ответ: 1-1, 8; 2-1, 7, 8; 3-1, 8; 4-1, 8; 5-1, 8; 6-2, 3; 7-4, 5, 6.) LESSON TWELVE THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Сложное дополнение (§ 26) Составныесоюзыeither ... or; neither ... nor; so ... that; not only ... but (§ 40) 1 J Less6n 12^ 145 4 i / у ,j . Часть11 j ' • v 1 Слова к части I I activity [ak'tiviti]n(обыкн.pi.) nдеятельность arouse [a'rauz] vвозбуждать voluntary [votantari] а произвольный involuntary [in'votantari] а непроизвольный thyroid ['6airoid] nщитовидная железа emergency [I'msicfesnsi] nтяжелое состояние больного, требующее немедленной помощи; экстренная необходимость Упражнения Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения с конструкцией «сложное дополнение» на русский язык. 1. We know nephron to be the histological kidney unit. 2. A great deal of experimental work showed a dilute urine to be filtered by the glomeruli and the tubules to have an absorption function. 3. The experimentalists found the decrease in body temperature to increase urinary secretion. 4. Bowman in 1842 found organic constituents to be secreted by the cells of the convoluted tubules. 5. Scientists found glomerular filtration to occur in all vertebrate kidneys. Упражнение 2. Замените следующие придаточные предложения конструкцией «сложное дополнение». , , ; у (/у* 1. We know that glomeruli ao^-absent in certain fishes. 2. Most physiologists believe №kt the phenomenon of urinary secretion is due to filtration of the llon-colloid constituents of the plasma through the glomerulus. 3. Some investigators thought the rate of flow was-a paramount factor governing renal secretion. 4. The doctor supposed that the l V И.Ю. Марковина, З.К. Максимова, М.Б. Вайнштейн 1 £> ; < ' г .л 1. Experimental work has shown that removal of one-half, two-thirds and sometimes three-fourths of the kidney substances in the dog produces changes neither in urinary volume nor in urinary nitrogen. 2. дЪеlecturer demonstrated that in the frog's kidney indigo carmine, neutral red and ferric ammonium citrate not only appear in the glomerular filtrate but also in proportion to their concentrations in the serum. 3. The decreased rate of glomerular secretion results in its slower passage through the tubules so that water absorption is more complete. 4. The percentile chloride may either increase or decrease, but the total excretion is always greater. Упражнение 4.Заполнитепропускисоставнымисоюзамиeither ... or, neither ... nor, not only ... but, so ... that. 1. The cations Кand Ca induce diuresis when administered ... together ... in succession. 2. The kidney is an organ capable of altering the quantity and quality of the urine secreted the water balance and osmotic relations in the blood and tissues are kept within optimal ranges. 3. The functions of the kidney are .»jnumerous ... they require a high degree of correlation as well. 4. ... our group ... group 5 decided who will be the first to begin the experimental work on glomerular filtration. Упражнение 5. Отработайте чтение следующих слов и словосочетаний. endocrine ['endoukrain], similarly ['simitali], medulla [теЧЫэ], adrenal [ad'riinsl], failure [Teiljd], insufficient [inss'fijsnt], hypophysis [hai'pofisis] Упражнение 6. Образуйте слова согласно модели и переведите их. Запомнить значение суффикса-izeи приставкиinter-. Прилагательное, существительное + -ize (-ise) = глагол: oxideокись — tooxidizeокислять. active, material, populat, crystal, immune, special inter- + существительное, прилагательное, глагол = производное слово, обозначающее взаимодействие, взаимовлияние, положение между...: toactдействовать — tointeractвзаимодействовать. change, to connect, coastal, national, action, auricular, cellular, clavical Упражнение 7. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов. 1. to act, action, activity, activities, to activize; 2. to emerge, emergence, emergency, emergent; 3. to fail, failure, failing; 4. to ihsturb, disturbance, disturbed; '5. to suffice, sufficient, sufficiency, efficiently Vпражнение 8. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания. to put into action, in case of emergency, emergency case, movable kidney, heart failure, failing sight, to measure out a spoonful of medicine Упражнение 9. Просмотрите текст А. Разделите текст на смысловые части. •'Л 9' i ■ -I * Text АEndocrine Glands 1. There are two organ systems — the nervous system and the endo- i rines - which coordinate the activities of all others. Almost nothing can happen to the body anywhere without appropriate response either motor or perceptual, voluntary or involuntary. Similarly, various parts of the endocrine system act upon each other and other organs, stimulating them I оdo their special jobs. Thus, the thyroid gland stimulates the metabolism of all bodily parts. The adrenal medulla mobilizes the activities of many organ systems in case of the emergency. And the adrenal cortex exercises control over many body functions, so important that its removal results in failure of the functions and the death of the animal. |