Fig. 4.Pathway of air from the nose to the capillaries of the lungs.
Adenoids Tonsils
t *
tension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity. Air is constantly renewing in the lungs. The capacity of the air passages is increasing. Any muscular effort, e.g. even standing up, increases the number of respirations.
Упражнение 15. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзацы 5 и 6 переведите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и шчитайте их.
1. What gases are involved in breathing? 2. What parts of the respiratory system does the air pass on its way to the alveoli? 3. What are the other structures connected with the system? 4. Does the diaphragm contribute to the extension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic
cavity? 5. Any muscular effort increases the number of respirations, doesn't it?
3) Составьте план текста A. Упражнение 16. Подберите к латинским словам английские эквиваленты.
trachea voice box
cilium hair
pharynx oral cavity
larynx windpipe
Упражнение 17. Подберите пары синонимов.
to consist of, to take part in, fine, air passage, to occur, respiratory tract, to happen, minute, to be involved in, to be made of
Упражнение 18. Образуйте пары антонимов к данным словам, используя приставку ех-, и переведите их.
to inhale, inspiration, to include
Упражнение19.Образуйте форму множественного числа от данных латинских слов.
trachea, broncus, alveolus, cilium, pleura Упражнение 20.Выберите верный перевод
Each lung is выделенных слов
1. surrounded by a double-folded membrane, the pleura, (окружает, окружило, окружено) 2. The tonsils are located in the oropharynx, (былирасположены, расположат, расположены) 3. Numerous questions were being discussed at the lesson, (обсуждались, обсуждают, будутобсуждены) 4. The concept of respiration was based directly upon the work of Lavoisier, (былаоснована, основывают, основана) 5. The total number of alveoli in the lung has been estimated as 750 millions, (насчитывают, насчитали, насчитал)
Упражнение 21. Переведите следующие предложения. Запомните перевод данных глаголов, требующих после себя определенных предлогов.
to refer to, to speak of, to take care of, to send for, to wait for, to think of
1. Respiration is usually thought of as the mechanical process of breathing. 2. Disease germs are sometimes referred to as bugs. 3. Those patients have been taken care of by the nurses. 4. By the discovery of
tubercule bacillus Robert Koch'had been already much spoken about.
This lecture has long been waited for.
Упражнение 22. Переведите предложения, используя разные способы перевода страдательного залога.
1. During the experiment all the work was being done automatically. 2. The lungs are separated from other organs of the body in a movable rigid-box - the chest cavity. 3. The boy with pneumonia was given necessary treatment. 4. In this journal, the method of examination of bronchi has been spoken of. 5. Air is breathed into the lungs 20 times a minute all our lives. 6. Foreign substances in the blood stream are known as emboli.
Упражнение 23. Переведите предложения, определите, где словоoneне переводится.
1. One must consider respiration essentially as exchange of gases - one in the lungs and one in the tissues. 2. Pneumonia may be caused by one of the different kinds of bacteria (germs), pneumococcus. 3. The thoracic cavity that consists of ribs and muscles is the one for heart, lungs and other viscera. 4. The lungs are built of alveoli and through the bronchi, larynx, pharynx, mouth cavity and nasal one they expire carbon dioxide (C02) and inspire oxygen. 5. In the cross-sections one can see how the lungs are separated from the chest wall by the pleura.
Упражнение 24.Переведитеследующиесловосочетания.
1. life-giving gas, life-giving gas exchange; 2. tissue masses, tissue masses structures; 3. respiration waste products, respiration waste products removal; 4. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide exhalation; 5. double- walled membrane, double-walled lung membrane; 6. blood capillaries, blood capillaries dense network; 7. thoracic cavity volume, thoracic cavity volume increase; 8. body cell oxygen, body cell oxygen supply.
Упражнение 25. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Дыхание свойственно всему живому — как животным, так и растениям. 2. В процессе дыхания ткани поглощают кислород, а углекислый газ выводится из организма. 3. Воздух, который мы вдыхаем, содержит около 20% кислорода. 4. Бронхи делятся на мелкие воздухоносные пути, называемые бронхиолами. 5. Прекращение дыхания даже на несколько минут приводит к смерти.
Часть II
Слова к части II
exhange [iks'tfeincfe] nобмен; vобмениваться) alveolus [ael'vialas] (pi.alveoli
[ael'vialai]) nальвеола alveolar [ael'viols] а альвеолярный dense [dens] а плотный transverse ['traenzva:s] а поперечный flatа плоский
flatten ['flaetn] уделать(ся) ровным, плоским
since [sins]advс тех пор;prpс (како- го-л. времени);cjтак как, поскольку
content ['kontant] п содержимое eliminate [i'limineit] vвыводить, удалять
elimination [ilimi'neijn] nвыведение, удаление contribute [ksn'tribjut] v (to)содействовать, способствовать through [Oru:]prepсквозь, через
Упражнения Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова. Проверьтесебяпословарю. maximum, production, pleural, passively, position, elasticity, tract, pulmonary, ventilation Упражнение 2.Подберитепарысинонимов. interior, per minute, to take place, because, to occur, since, internal, each minute, a minute Упражнение 3. Образуйте от данных слов антонимы, используя приставки ex-, un-, in-. interior, decrease, inspiratory, important Упражнение 4.Прочтите и запомните перевод словrest, activity.
rest остаток: the rest of the students, the rest of blood, for the rest востальном; покой: at rest всостояниипокоя, a resthome домотдыха
activity 1.неиснислдеятельность: respiratory activity; активность: political activity of the masses; 2.обычн. pi.деятельность (вопред. области): his social (political) activities
atrestв состоянии покоя attimesвременами, иногда atallвообще, совсем atfirstсначала Упражнение 5. Прочтите и запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания с предлогомat.
atlastнаконец atthesametimeв то же самое время
atleastпо крайней
%
(меньшей) мере
Упражнение 6. Просмотрите текст В (время 10 мин). 1) Скажите, на сколько частей можно разделить текст. 2) Найдите предложения, где употребляются: а) глаголы-сказуемые в PassiveVoice; б) слово one (ones); в) существительные в функции определения. 3) Переведитеэтипредложения.
Text ВRespiration
The term «respiration» means the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) which takes place between the living organism and the environment. One must consider that in higher organisms this exchange takes place at several different levels. An initial exchange must occur between the air in the lungs, from which the oxygen is being continually taken up and into which carbon dioxide is being continually poured, and the external air. This is the process of external respiration.
The composition of the air inside the lungs is different from that of the air which we inhale. The content of alveolar air is very constant, especially the one of carbon dioxide, the partial pressure of which is normally 40 mm of mercury. This constancy is the result of a self-regulating mechanism by which the respiratory activity is governed by the amount of carbon dioxide which has been eliminated from the organism.
The exchange of gases varies according to the size and activity of the organism. In man at rest the absorption of oxygen reaches about 0.25 litre a minute and the elimination of carbon dioxide 0.2 litre. At a time of maximum muscular activity, the consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide may both exceed 4 litres a minute.
The movement of air into the lungs is brought about by an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity with the action of the respiratory muscles. The lungs follow this movement passively. Some of the inspiratory muscles have a fixed point on the ribs; when the ribs are being raised the muscles increase the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the thoracic cavity (costal respiration). Another important muscle is the diaphragm, a thin dome-shaped «sheet», which closes the lower part of the thorax and separates it from the abdomen. The diaphragm contracts and flattens; it contributes in this way to the extension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity and raises the ribs (abdominal respiration). At the time of expiration, the thorax returns to its initial
/
position, and air is expelled through the same tracts that had been used by fresh air during inspiration.
In an individual at rest the number of inspirations per minute is 10 to 15; the pulmonary ventilation, or the volume of air which passes through the respiratory system each minute, is about 6 litres per minute. During intense muscular activity the inspiration rate may rise to 50 and the ventilation to 150 litres or more per minute.
Упражнение 8. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль этих суждений.
1. The term «respiration» means the exchange of gases. 2. An initial exchange between the air in the lungs and the external air is called external respiration. 3. The exchange of gases varies according to the size and activity of the organism. 4. The content of alveolar air is very constant. 5. The diaphragm contracts and flattens.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 4
Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в страдательном залоге.
1. Oxygen is being continually taken up from the lungs. 2. The exchange of gases varies according to the size and activity of the organism.
Some of the respiratory muscles have a fixed point on the ribs. 4. Air is expelled through the tracts that have been used by fresh air during inspiration. 5. The heart wall is composed of two layers.
(Ответ: 1, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 14 Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 2. Прочтите предложения, где словоone— числительное. Переведитеэтипредложения.
1. The lungs are two in number and one of them is in the right half of the thoracic cavity. 2. One must know that smoking is harmful. 3. The right lung is separated from the left one by the mediastinal septum.
There is one movable bone in the skull. 5. The right and left pleural cavities are serous sacs with visceral layers and parietal ones.
(Ответ: 1, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 36 Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 3. Опишите органы дыхания, используя рис. 4.
Lesson 5О 83
LESSON FIVE
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Неопределенные местоименияsome, any, noи их производные (§ 7)
Дополнительные, определительные и обстоятельственные придаточные предложения (§ 29)
Функции и перевод слова it(§ 35)
Часть I
Слова к части I
pelvis ['pelvis]п таз pelvic ['pelvik]а тазовый enclose [in'klouz] vзаключать, ссужать ^K'/ OOL. .
stomach ['sUmak] nжелудок weigh [wei] vвзвешивать, весить weight [weit] nвес
wide [waid] аширокий
widen ['waid(a)n] v расширять(ся)
width [widO] nширина
long[1эг)1 а длинный
length [1ег)0] n длина
lengthen [legOan] v удлинять(ся)
inch [intf] n дюйм
narrow ['naerou] аузкий; v сужаться
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some, any, по и их производными.
&
1. Are there ... gramijiar^exercises in this textbook? 2. Give the patient ^analgetic.3.Can sbow me the way to the Rectorate? 4^/was allowed to visit the boy because of the quarantine. J. My eyeglasses Шёbad, I can't see ... now. 6. You may ask ... to help you.
Ог. » Mn. ^octAjJeO^
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения с неопределенными местоимениями some, any, по и их производными.
1. The diseases of the respiratory system depend in some way on its anatomy and functions. 2. The laws of disease are as definite and well- known as those of an^ other biological processrT.'The earliest symp- toms of bronchitis rtrast be known to everyone. 4. Anybody may catch a respiratory disease at some time or other. 5. No student has been absent from the lecture today.
Упражнение 3. В следующих предложениях определите придаточные предложения: определительные, дополнительные и обстоятельственные. Переведитепредложения.
1. Whil^ oxygen is being taken into the blood, carbonic acid gas, or carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the lungs and is breathed out. 2. If you hold your breath, the carbon dioxide immediately begins to
Л •
accumulate in the blood. 3. The tonsils can be removed in later life, pfbvidfed the infection seems severe. 4. The right lung that is slightly larger of the two is divided into three lobes. 5. The teacher explains that the diaphragm contracts and descends with each inspiration. 6. ^henthelungsarefull, thediaphragmrelaxes.
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения согласно образцу; обратите внимание на перевод местоименияit.
Образец: Water is liquid. Вода - жидкость.
It is necessary for life. Онанеобходимадляжизни. It is necessary for health to drink distilled water. Для здоровья необходимо пить дистиллированную воду.
1. Medicalstudentsstudyanatomy. It is difficult for them. It is difficult for them to study it. 2. The amount of air which the body needs varies from time to time. It is necessary for the body. It is necessary for the body to regulate it. 3. Blood is a red fluid. It is easy to see it when it escapes from a blood vessel. 4. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs. It is dangerous for life. It is easy to diagnose it. 5. The larynx contains the vocal cords. It is surrounded by pieces of cartilage for support. It is
possible to examine it with special instruments. , ;Л
i• » i
Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, в каких предложениях словоitне переводится.
1. It is possible to remove one lobe of the lung without any damage to the rest. 2. The upper part of the respiratory system conducts air and produces the voice; it consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi. 3. It is known that internal respiration is the exchange of gases. 4. Cold on the surface of the body can change the amount of blood in the nose or lungs when it is needed there. 5. It is by means of the organs of respiration that air is taken into the lungs and oxygen is given to the blood.
Упражнение 6. Прочтите следующие слова. Переведите их.
chest [tfest], abdomen ['aebdaman], mechanical [mi'kaenikal], chemical ['kemikal], diaphragm ['daisfraem], muscle ['mAsI], behind [bi'haind], to bind [baind], liver ['livs], across [a'kros], to participate [pa:'tisipeit], i оsituate ['sitjueit], substance ['sAbstsns], reservoir ['rezavwa:], palate I'paelit], to consume [kan'sjuim], diameter [dai'aemita]
Упражнение 7. Отработайте чтение следующих предложений:
The 'abdomen is the 'largest /cavity... . It is bounded a/bove..., it is separated by the 'great 'muscle of respi/ration... . 'Laterally and in /front | it is en/closed by the 'lower /ribs | ... and be/hind, | it is enclosed by the spinal \column.
Упражнение 7. Запомните значение суффикса-ic.Образуйте прилагательные от следующих существительных.
-ic (-ical) образует от основ существительных относительные прилагательные, которые обозначают принадлежность или признак: pelvis— pelvic; physiology— physiological, physiologic.
history, chemistry, mechanism, toxicity, spleen <a- (j J.
i'
Упражнение 8. Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда елок:
y)J! . " Cj '
1. to bound, boundless, boundary; 2. to weigh, weight, weighing, weighed; 3. wide, to widen, width, widely; 4. long, length, to lengthen
Упражнение Прочтите и переведите ^ед^ющие словосочетания.
pelvic girdle, specific (atomic, molecular) weight, to refer a patient to a specialist, reference book, a wide variety of
Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, какие органы брюшной полости описаны в данном тексте. ,
Text Ау . .
L эе j
The AMomen
The abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. It is bounded above by the l horax or chest and below by two pelvic bones which meet in front. From the cavity of the thorax jj is) separated by the great muscle of respiration - the diaphragm. Laterally and in front it is enclosed by the lower ribs and abdominal muscles. Behind, it is supported by the spinal column.
r\; .
Esophagus Diaphragm
Spleen
Jejunum Pancreas
Descending colon
Sigmond colon
Rectum
Appendix Fig. 5.The digestive system. Gallbladder Duodenum Ascending colon Ileum Caecum The organs of the abdominal cavity are the liver, the gall-bladder, the • I * V i stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys and the bladder. , TJe liver lies under the right ribs and extends across to the left of the epigastritini. The liver is a large organ that weighs about 1,5 kg. Every- body must know that the liver plays a very important role in the activities of the organism. It is the liver thatf §efcretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver. The gall-bladder lies beneath the right lobe of the liver. The gallbladder serves as a bile reservoir. The stomach lies under the left ribs and extends across to the right. It is known that its smaller end situates in the epigastrium. The stomach serves as a container of food, which is partly digested in it. The size and shape of the stomach vary with any amount of food that is consumed and the extent of contraction of its wall. The stomach when it is filled with food is usually compared with a chemical retort. Its capacity is some 1—2 litres. The intestines («internal» — Latin) occupy chiefly the central portions of the abdominal cavity. From the stomach the food passes in small portions into the small intestine where it undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes. As the contents of the small intestine cannot move back they may freely pass into the large intestine. The «small» and «large» refers to the width, rather than the length. The small intestine is only 1 1/2 to 2 inches in diameter at the point where it leaves the stomach and it narrows somewhat thereafter. The large intestine is up to 2 1/2 inches wide. Упражнение 11. Прочтите и переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста А. 1. The liver plays a very important part in the vital activity of the organism. It secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver. 2: From the stomach the food passes in small portions into the small intestine where it undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes.
The small intestine is only 1 1/2 to 2 inches in diameter at the point where it leaves the stomach and it narrows somewhat thereafter.
Упражнение 12. Прочтите и переведите текст А. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и зачитайте их. 1. Where is the largest cavity of the body situated? 2. What organs does I he abdominal cavity contain? 3. What are the characteristics of the liver?
What does the gall-bladder serve for? 5. What are the characteristics of (he stomach? 6. How do we distinguish «small» and «large» intestines?
Упражнение 13. Составьте план текста А Упражнение 14. Подберите пары синонимов. spinal column, to participate, beneath, thorax, chest, under, to take part, backbone Упражнение 15.Подберитепарыантонимов. above, in front of, small, lower, to the left, to pass in; upper (higher), to the right, to leave, behind, below, large Упражнение 16. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Определитетиппридаточныхпредложений (см. § 29 Грамматическогосправочника) 1. After the food leaves the stomach it is acted on by several digestive enzymes. 2. The stomach is a bag the walls of which are largely made up of involuntary or smooth muscle fibres. 3. The liver is a large and extremely important organ whose work is somewhat intermediate between digestion and nutrition. 4. The esophagus is a 9 to 10 inch muscular tube that extends Irom the pharynx to the stomach. 5. The food material which is taken into t he mouth must be digested mechanically or chemically as it travels through I he gastro-intestinal tract. Упражнение 17. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите функции словаit(см. § 35 Грамматическогосправочника) 1. It must be noted that the role of the stomach is to prepare the food chemically and mechanically. 2. When a group of organs performs a vari- fied series of functions we call it a system. 3. It is the gastric glands in the stomach that secrete gastric juice, which is acid and acts on meals. 4. It is through the capillary network of the villi that digested foods pass to enter the bloodstream. 5. It is possible to refer painful intestines to bacterial or amoebic infection of the gastro-intestinal tract. 6. After the food is properly prepared it is absorbed into the lymph-vessels and blood vessels. Упражнение 18. Переведите на английский язык. 1. Диафрагма - это большая мышца, которой грудная полость отделяется от брюшной. 2. Известно, что печень, расположенная в правом подреберье, является одним из самых крупных органов. Она выполняет несколько жизненно важных функций. 3. Именно в печени обезвреживаются некоторые токсичные вещества. 4. Толстый кишечник на 1—1,5 дюйма шире, чем тонкий. Упражнение 19. Опишите органы пищеварения, используя рис. 5. Часть II Слова к части II
digest [di'cfeest] vпереваривать(ся) digestion [di'cfcestJn] nпищеварение digestive [di'cfeestiv] а пищеварительный
feature ['fi:tfa] nчерта mucous ['mjurkas] а слизистый line [lain] vвыстилать lining ['lainir)] nвнутренняя оболочка
secrete [si'kri:t] vсекретировать, выделять
secretion [si'kri:Jn] n секрецияlongitudinal [lond5i'tju:din(9)l] апродольный
lack [laek] v нехватать, отсутствоватьjuice [cfcu:s] n сокsaliva [ss'laiva] n слюнаsalivary ['saelivsri] аслюнныйbe situated [sitju:eitid] v бытьрасположеннымcommunicate [ka'mju-.nikeit] v сообщаться
Упражнения Упражнение 1. Образуйте от данных слов прилагательные,- используя суффиксы-al, -ive, -ous,и переведите их. abdomen, intestine, mucus, to digest, defence, fibre, chemistry, mechanic, serum Упражнение 2. Прочтите и запомните перевод следующих слов и словосочетаний.
result [ri'zAlt] п результат, исход, следствие; toobtain (toyield) good (bad) resultsполучать (давать) хорошие (плохие) результаты; asaresultof (operation, treatment, exercise) в результате (операции, лечения, нагрузки); v (in) давать в результате, приводить к...; toresultfromследовать, вытекать, явиться результатом
through [0ru:]prepчерез, сквозь; из-за, благодаря, при помощи, посредством, путем; throughthebody, throughthewalls
Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст В (10 мин). 1) Скажите, с точки зрения какой науки дается описание пищеварительной системы. 2) Найдите и переведите предложения, где употребляются: а) слово«it»;б) местоименияsome, any;в) словаthrough, result.3) Найдите в тексте придаточные предложения и переведите их. TextВ f TheDigestiveSystem, . . - 'Yhn^r 8'>■' - ' The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and digestive glands. The digestive tract is some 8—10 m long and is divided into the following parts: oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The structures of the different parts of the tract have some special features.(}/ ff- i((, j. The wall of the greater part of the digestive tract consists of three tfoats: internal - mucous, middle — muscular, and the external — serous. The mucous coat is lined with the epithelium outside which is a connective tissue with a thin layer of smooth muscle fibres. The mucous coat is pink in colour because it has many blood vessels. The numerous small glands in this coat secrete a viscous coat of the digestive tract. It facilitates the movement of food and protects the mucous coat from the damage by solid particles of food and various chemical substances. One must remember that the mucous coat of the digestive tract begins with the esophagus, contains lymph nodules which also have a protective function. The greater part of the muscular coat of the digestive tract consists of two layers: an internal layer with circular muscle fibres and an external layer with longitudinal muscle fibres. The wall of the pharynx and the superior part of the esophagus, and the tongue and the soft palate all contain striated muscle tissue. It is the muscular coat of the other parts of the digestive tract that consists of smooth muscle tissue. Contractions of the muscular coat move food along the digestive tract. The serous coat that covers the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity is called the peritoneum. The peritoneum has two layers, visceral and parietal. In the esophagus the serous layer is lacking and the outer coat is fibrous in nature. , , , The digestive glands secrete digestive juices that contain enzymes and some other substances which take part in the chemical processes of digestion. In addition to the small glands in the mucous coat of the digestive tract, there are also large glands: the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas. Though these glands are situated outside the digestive tract, they communicate with it through ducts. Any part of the digestive tract and the digestive glands are equipped with nerve fibres and their endings. The nerves of the digestive glands regulate the secretion of digestive juices. It is known that the nervous system not only regulates the activity of each organ, but also coordinates their activities. Упражнение 5. Прочтите каждое суждение. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данного суждения, и прочтите их. 1. The digestive tract is divided into some parts. 2. The viscous coat of the digestive tract facilitates the movement of food. 3. The muscles of different types form the walls of the intestine. 4. The serous coat doesn't cover all the oigans of the digestive system. 5. Enzymes take part in digestion. 6. Salivary glands, liver and pancreas are situated outside the digestive tract. 7. The nervous system regulates and coordinates the work of the digestive organs. Часть III Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 5 Упражнение 1. Найдите предложения с усилительной конструкциейitis...thatи переведите их. 1. It is known that the abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. 2. It is the liver that weighs about 1,5 kg. 3. It is essential to explain the anatomy of the digestive system. 4. It is the nervous system that regulates the activity of each organ. 5. It is the slippery mucus that protects the esophagus. (Ответ: 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите §35 Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, в которыхanyимеет значение «любой».
1. Any lymph nodule of the mucous coat has a protective function. 2. Are there any blood vessels in the mucous coat? 3. Unlike the organs of the abdominal cavity the esophagus does not possess any serous layer.
Any digestive glands secrete digestive juices that contain special enzymes. 5. Are there any large glands in the digestive system?
(Ответ: 1, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 7 Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 3. Найдите и переведите определительные придаточные предложения.
1. The upper portion of the stomach which is called the fundus is at the top. 2. The stomach when it is full becomes pear-shaped. 3. The gastric juice is unusual for a body fluid as it is strongly acid. 4. The enzymes that the digestive juices contain take an active part in the process of digestion.
Nutrients are substances that help your body to grow and develop. (Ответ: 1, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 29 Грамматического справочника.)
LESSON SIX
THE URINARY SYSTEM
Эквиваленты модальных глаголов (§ 17)
Употребление форм настоящего времени вместо будущего в условных и временных придаточных предложениях (§ 30)
Функции и перевод словsince, as(§§ 37,38)
Часть I
Слова к части I
urine[ juarin] п моча urinary[ juarindri] а мочевой urethra [jus'rirOrd] п мочеиспускательный канал ureter [jud'rfctd] п мочеточник excrete [eks'krfct] vвыделять excretion [eks'kri:Jn] nвыделение, отделение, экскреция fine [fain] а тонкий, мелкий margin[ ma:d^m] nкрай, полоса, грань hilus ['haifos] nворота органа (например, легких) apex ['eipeks] nверхушка finndus [ fXnd9s] nдно органа numerous ['njuimsrgs] а многочисленный
convey [kdn'vei] vпередавать straight [streit] а прямой lumbar['1лтЬэ] а поясничный straighten ['streitn]outувыпрямлять- bean-shapedа бобовидной формы (ся), распрямляться) Упражнения Упражнение 1. Напишите следующие предложения в a) PastIndefinite; б)FutureIndefiniteсогласно образцу. Образец: Неmust pass the examination in anatomy. i к' He had to pass the examination in anatomy. 1 He mil have to pass the examination in anatomy. 1. The students may take all necessary textbooks from the Institute library. 2. He can help you with your translation. 3. You must repeat the material of the lectures before the examination. 4. They cannot translate these articles without a dictionary. ■ . < I i ^ Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголамиcan, may, must, should. j, 1. In man, obstruction of the common ductof produce abdominal symptoms and increase of serum amylase. 2. An ulcer UKjoccur only on an epithelial or mucosal surface. 3. Appendicitis i^, be of different grades of intensity. 4. In an attack of acute appendicitis nb food ... be taken by mouth and no water except in very small sips. 5. There was general agreement that the patient's diet ... be rich in protein and carbohydrates, but poor in fat. v ( пилеу ^ Упражнение 3. Замените в следующих предложениях модальные глаголы их эквивалентами1. The doctor says that you may walk. 2. The vitamins are substances which must be found in the diets of animals in order that they can utilize the organic foodstuffs to best advantage. 3. When the appetite is impaired and nausea and vomiting are common, meals must be small and be given at frequent intervals. 4. With the disappearance of symptoms the patient with infective hepatitis may leave his bed for purposes of toilet. . Упражнение 4.Переведите следующие предложения. Определите время глагола-сказуемого в главных и придаточных предложениях. 1. When dehydration occurs from excessive vomiting, parenteral feeding will be used. 2. If the diagnosis is correct, the patient will be properly treated. 3. If coma develops, the patient will be transferred to hospital as soon as possible. 4. If some infectious fever is diagnosed, the patient is moved to the hospital in an ambulance. 5. If you hold your breath, carbon dioxide will immediately begin to accumulate in the blood. Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какую функцию выполняет словоas. 1. In the process of metabolism certain waste products must be cast off as the body has no use for them. 2. The liver clears the body of bilirubin pigment which is produced as hemoglobin is broken down and red blood cells are destroyed. 3. Bile acts as an emulsifier, with deter- gent-like effect on the fats in the duodenum. 4. The pharynx serves as a passage-way for air from the nasal cavity to the larynx as well as for food. 5. As the man smells something he likes to eat, the gastric juice is poured out in large quantities. /, 1\ Упражнение 6. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какую функцию выполняет словоsince. 1. Since penicillin was discovered a vast amount of information has been accumulated concerning its use. 2. Senna is a favourite cathartic, since it can be made up into a sweet mass. 3. Since the liver of poliki- lothermic animals is less demanding than that of mammals, the liver of the frog is generally used for different kinds of investigations. 4. IhavestudiedEnglishsince2001. Упражнение 7. Отработайте чтение следующих предложений. The urinary 'system is the /system | which ex'cretes the 'largest 'part of the 'waste 'products of the \body. It con'sists of the /kidneys, | right and \left I, the /ureters |, a 'tube from each /kidney |, which con'veys the urine to the \bladder, | the /urethra |, a 'tube | which leads from the /bladder along which the 'urine is 'passed 'out of the \body. Упражнение 8. Запомните значение нижеприведенных суффиксов и префиксов. Образуйте и переведите производные слова согласно модели. 1. -ment— образует существительные от глаголов: tomoveдвигаться) — movementдвижение. to nourish кормить, питать, to improve улучшать(ся), to develop развиваться) 2. a) -en— образует прилагательные от существительных, обозначающие материал: woodдерево —woodenдеревянный. goldзолото, woolшерсть, leadсвинец b) -en— образует глаголы от именных основ: deepглубокий—todeepenуглубляться). strengthсила, moistвлага, lessменьше, straightпрямой, lengthдлина Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда слов. 1. excrete, secrete, excretion, secretion, excretory, secretory; 2. urine, urinary, urethra, ureter, urea; 3. pelvis, pelvic; 4. number, to number, numerous, numberless Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, какие части мочевой системы описаны в тексте. Text А / ' - V f' Т1>еUrinary System
The uriuary system is the system which excretes the largest part of the waste products of the body. It consists of the kidneys, right and left, the ureters, a tube from each kidney which conveys the urine to the bladder, the urethra, a tube that leads from the bladder, along which the urine is passed out of the body.
Prostate Urethra
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Fig. 6.The organs of the urinary system.
Penis
The kidneys («renes» — Latin) are placed one on each side in the lumbar region of the spine, on the posterior abdominal wall, at the level of the twelfth thoracic and first-second lumbar vertebrae. A kidney weighs about 150 grams and is covered by membranes. The connective tissue membrane which directly adheres to the kidney is called the fibrous capsule. This capsule is surrounded by perirenal fat and is called the adipose capsule. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs. The kidneys contain one mil
lion small tubes, which have to excrete products of metabolism and con- I rol the concentrations of most of the constituents of body fluids. These small tubules make up the parenchyma of the kidney. They are very fine and may be of various shape. Since dissolved (растворенные) wastes may be excreted by diffusion through the various cell membranes there is little evidence that such excretion occurs.I ^ Г
The inner margin of the kidney is known as the hilus. At the hilus (he ureter which conveys urine is a tube about 30 cm long. When the ureter leaves the hilus it descends along the posterior abdominal wall into the cavity of the pelvis where it perforates the wall of the bladder and opens into its cavity. As the muscular coat of the ureter contracts it has to perform peristaltic movements. ^
The bladder is a reservoir for urine. It is situated in the cavity of the pelvis. The bladder has three parts: the superior part or apex, the middle part or body, and the inferior part or fundus. The wall of the bladder consists of three coatings — mucous, muscular and connective tissue. The mucous membrane of the bladder forms numerous folds. If the bladder fills, the folds of thevjnucous coat will straighten out. The mus-
V V ... -  cular coat consists of three layets of smooth muscles which are able to extend in different directions. It should be known that the capacity of the bladder of an adult is about 350—500 ml. JW>j^ fa, Упражнение 11. Прочтите и переведите текст А. Третий абзац переведите письменно. Упражнение 12. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и считайте их. 1. What are the parts of the urinary system? 2. Where are the kidneys placed? 3. What are the functions of the fine tubes which make up the parenchyma of the kidney? 4. What route does the ureter pass? Упражнение13.СоставьтеплантекстаА. Упражнение 14.Подберитепарысинонимов. to consist of, to excrete, fine, capacity, fundus, volume, bottom, to he made up of, to pass out, minute Упражнение15.Подберитепарыантонимов. to ascend, large, the same, to discover, inferior, superior, to cover, small, various, to descend Упражнение 16. Переведите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова. Найдитеихзначениевсловаре. 1. The tubules which make up the parenchyma of the kidney are very fine. 2.The weather was fine on holidays. 3.As the bladder fills the folds of the mucous coat straighten out. 4. All higher animals have a backbone or vertebral column as it is called. 5. Smooth muscles form the muscular coat of internal organs such as esophagus, stomach and so on. They are also present as single cells or as cylindrical bundles of cells in the skin. 6. The ' muscular substance of the heart is known as myocardium. Упражнение 17. Найдите модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты в следующих предложениях. Переведитепредложения. 1. All nitrogenous waste products must be thrown off by the body first because they are useless, second because in some instances they are poisonous.
Many substances can affect the kidney epithelium so as to render it more or less reduced in ability to excrete urine. 3. Physiotherapeutic treatment of patients with chronic pyelonephritis should be advisable only in combination with medicamental therapy. 4. The kidney has to put back into the bloodstream all the materials that the body needs. 5. The process of filtration in the kidney is dependent upon the character of the membrane which may vary in permeability. 6. The effect of complex therapy in patients with chronic pyelonephritis may be only achieved when urodynamics is restored.
/ Упражнение 18. Переведите следующие предложения. Запомните значение слов as, since. 1. As the blood courses through the capillary glomeruli, the kidney cells take up water, salts and waste bodies. 2. Pathogenetic therapy includes such antiinflammatory preparations, as salicylates, dichlorophene, lydasa, aloe.
The wastes are substances which are taken in with the foods or as foods.
The phenomena of coagulation have received great attention from physiologists since the earliest times. 5. Since the arterioles of each renal artery are small, blood passes through them slowly, but constantly. 6. Since plasma sodium concentration remained unchanged, the experiments establish the ability of cadmium to increase tubular sodium reabsorption.
Упражнение 19. Переведите следующие предложения. Объясните, в каких случаях форма глагола-сказуемого в настоящем времени переводится будущим временем. 1.After the kidney cells remove the end products of food from the blood these substances are washed out of the tubules into the pelvis of I he kidney down the ureter into, the bladder. 2. When the man smells something that he likes to eat, the gastric juice will be poured out in large quantities. 3. If the kidney is diseased and cannot excrete urine, (he amount of urea in the blood is increased. 4. When no nerve impulses go to the heart-muscle, it will not beat regularly and rhythmically. 5. When the sympathetic nerve in the neck of a rabbit is cut, the blood vessels in the ear on that side become very much dilated. Упражнение 20. Переведите на английский язык. 1. Большая часть продуктов распада выводится из организма почками. 2. Паренхима почки состоит из 1 ООО ООО маленьких трубочек, которые могут быть различной формы. 3. По мере того как мочевой пузырь наполняется, складки слизистой оболочки расправляются. 4. Емкость мочевого пузыря составляет в среднем 350-500 мл. Упражнение 21. Назовите органы мочевыделительной системы, используя рис. 6. Часть II Слова к части II
quantity ['kwontiti] п количество fat [faet] п жир
concave ['konkeiv]а вогнутый, впалый
extend [iks'tend] vвытягивать, растягивать, расширять, распространять
extension [iks'tenjn] п вытяжение,
растяжение, распространение knot [not] п узел
surface ['s9:fis] п поверхность convex ['konvaks]а выпуклый, выгнутый
glomerulus [gh'merulss] (pi.glomeruli
[gb'merulai]) nклубочек unit[ ju:nit] nединица solid ['solid] nтвердое тело; а твердый
urea ['juioris] nмочевина poison ['poizn] vотравлять; nяд
Упражнения Упражнение 1. Подберите пары синонимов. waste products, much, amount, stop, also, a good deal, cease, waste matters, too, quantity Упражнение 2.Подберитепарыантонимов. large, to join, concave, inner, outwards, to separate, outer, convex, inwards, minute 4-846 Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения. Запомните значение словcertain, cause, toregard. 1. The chief function of the kidneys is to separate fluid and certain solids from the blood. 2. The kidneys may be regarded as filters through which the whole blood of the body passes, and which remove from the blood a substance that is called urea together with other impurities. 3. If the kidneys cease to work from any cause, the blood will become poisonous. Упражнение 4. Прочтите текстВ (10 мин). 1) Скажите, на сколько частей можно разделить текст и какова тема каждой из них. 2) Найдите предложения, где: а) даны эквиваленты модальных глаголов; б) словаsince, as; в) глагол-сказуемое в придаточных времени и условия употребляется в форме настоящего времени, которая переводится будущим временем. 3) Переведите предложения. ^ (\ I ^ > • TextВ VЛ - 1 > ( v. ) ^ I JTheKidneys ' I Kidneys are a pair of glands which are situated close to the spine in the upper part of the abdomen. They are on a level with the last dorsal and upper two lumbar vertebrae. I They are kept in this position by a quantity of fat, l&ose &6nnective tissue, in which they are embedded, and the large vessels which have to supply them with blood. 1" ' / Structure. In size each kidney is about 4 inches long, 2 and 1/2 inches wide, 1 and 1/2 тШthick, and weighs over 4 ounces] The size, however, may vary a good deal. The left kidney is slightly longer and narrower, and lies a little higher in the abdomen than the right. | Since the outer margin of the kidney is convex, the inner is concave.j It presents a deep depression, which is known as the hilus, where the vessels enter its substance./At the hilus the renal vein lies in front of the renal artery, the former joins the inferior vena cava, and the latter springs from the aorta almost at a right angle. v V r| Vertical s$;fion through a kidney allows to disclose three concentric sonqL The outer light-coloured zone is the renal cortex, within this is the darker renal medulla and within this again is a space — the renal sinus which is i^rmajlv occupied by fibrous sac, the renal pelvis. The cortex extends inward in a series of renal columns which divide the medulla into a number of renal pyramids. ^ Within the cortex each minute artery presents a vascular knot, a glomerulus. Each glomerulus projects into the end of its corresponding renal tubule, which is separated by a thin layer of cells, glomerular (Bowman's) capsule; Hlomerulus plus capsule forms^a renal (Malpighian) corpuscle. A renal corpuscle with tubules and blood vessels is called a renal unit, or nephron. Function. ^Эпеchief functipn of the kidneys is to separate fluid and certain solids form the bloodjjfTie glomemy^s t^filter from the blood the non-protein portion of the plasma./t is estimated that in 24 hours the total human glomeruli will be able to filterjfegtween 150 and 200 litres, 99 per vent of which is reabsorbed by ffiemjbu^ j The kidneys are to be regardicKtis filters through which the whole hlood of the body passes and which remove from the blood a substance, urea, together with other impurities, which together constitute tlje urine. I he cleansed blood passes on in its vessels, and the urine ^ffl^into the ureters and finally into the bladder. If the kidneys cealse io work the blood will become poisons because of the accumulation of the waste matters. ^ , ^ ^ Упражнение 5. Прочтите каждое суждение. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их. 1. Kidneys are situated close to the spine. 2. The vessels enter the substance of the kidney at the hilus. 3. The renal cortex, renal medulla and renal sinus are three concentric, zones of the kidney. 4. The kidneys may be regarded as filters. ■■/ 6 i\ r
H :: I' u r'I ) '
Часть IIIt*'
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку б | V
С' ^ • ы
Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите предложения, где сказуемое стоит и прошедшем времени.
Mp&jgnal blood vessels can be constricted or dilated. 2. The patient was allowed to take this analgetic. 3. The boy will be able to walk by himself. 4. The inflow of blood had to be diminished when the renul blood vessels were constricted. 1< ''"'"
(Ответ: 2, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 17 Грамматическою
справочника.) г ,
' 'J/ ^J^ V
Упражнение 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, где глагол tohavtвыражает долженствование.
1. The bowels have the function to secrete the end products of digestion. 2. The lungs have to excrete carbon dioxide and water. 3. The boy has been recently examined in a surgical department for intestinal pains. 4. Carbon dioxide is a gas which has to be eliminated from the body.
(Ответ: 2, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 17 Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 3. Найдите и переведите предложения, где выделенные гла- голы-сказуемые переводятся будущим временем.
When a person suffers from a severe pain he has to consult a doctor.
If there is any disfunction of the kidney, it will affect the process of urine formation. 3. When the renal blood vessels are dilated, the inflow of blood will increase. 4. If the renal blood vessels are constricted, less urine will be formed.
(Ответ: 2, 3, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 30 Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 4. Найдите и переведите предложения, гдеasиsinceявляются союзами.
1. Waste products such as products of albuminous nutrition are excreted by the kidneys. 2. Since water is taken into the body, some of it is excreted through the lungs and perspiration. 3. The kidneys contain a large number of nerve fibres as their work is regulated by the nervous system. 4. As the renal blood vessels are dilated, the urine formation is changed. 5. Since last week there was no protein or sugar in the urine analysis. 6. Some waste materials are carried to the bladder and excreted as urine.
(Ответ: 2, 3, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите §§ 37, 38 Грамматического справочника.)
II. Physiology
LESSON SEVEN
BLOOD. CIRCULATION
Причастия Iи IIв функции определения (§§ 20, 21)
Согласование времен (§ 18)
Функции слов after, before (§ 37)
, л t Lesson 7 ❖ 101
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