Pancreatic juice
Bile
rA ot;'-'-
t;
r
{
>J
±
Small intestine i
Large intestine
I
Anus
r
Feces leave the body
Fig. 9.Pathway of food through the digestive tract. liver, gall-bladder and the pancreas. Each gland produces secretions i hat function in the digestive process, and each is therefore part of the digestive system. ,_/V с / ■ o( , t-f: i
The process of digestion is due to the activity of many enzymes, chemicals, and physical processes within the digestive tract. According to I he area in which digestion is carried on, these digestive processes may be classified as salivary digestion, when occurring in the mouth; gastric digestion in the stomach; and intestinal digestion in the small intestine. In I he large intestine (the last section of the digestive tube) no digestion takes place. Here water is absorbed, bacteria grow, and the unabsorbed solid-residue wastes of digestion collect and are excreted as feces.
The absorption means the passage of digested foods through the lining of the intestines into the blood or lymph. Practically all absorption takes place in the small intestine. A few drugs and alcohol are absorbed through the walls of the stomach, but no foods. Glucose is an exception, but it must be present in such high concentrations as to cause vomiting. Furthermore, we eat very little glucose, which is formed mainly in the small intestine due to the action of the dissaccharide-
splitting enzymes. Therefore, absorption of food does not normally occur through the stomach walls.
7. Water is absorbed throughout the length of the small intestine and also, as has been noted, in the ascending limb of the colon. With normal digestion, between 95 and 100 per cent of all carbohydrates, fats, and animal proteins are absorbed. Plant proteins, such as beans or peas, are protected by the plant cell membrane, so that only 60 to 70 per cent are absorbed. The remaining 30 to 40 per cent undergo bacterial decomposition in the intestine, which results in the formation of large amounts of intestinal gas («flatus»). To study the pathway of food through digestive tract is very important for explanation of the process of digestion. Упражнение 8. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Второй абзац переведите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и прочтите их. 1. How are nutrients supplied to the body? 2. What processes are known as digestion and absorption? 3. What do we call the parts of the digestive tube from the mouth up to the anus? 4. Is glucose absorbed from the stomach or the small intestine? 5. Water and drugs arc absorbed through the stomach walls, aren't they?
Найдите в каждом абзаце предложения, выражающие основную мысль первого абзаца.
Составьте письменно план текста А
Упражнение 9. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположное по значению первому слову ряда. 1. soluble - decomposed, dissoluble, diluted, insoluble; 2. to include - to conclude, to exclude, to leave out; 3. solid — hard, weak, soft, firm, soluble; 4. ascending - going up (down), descending, sitting down Упражнение 10. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функции инфинитива. 1. The present investigation is carried out to determine the liver functions in experimental dogs. 2. An attempt was made to correlate metabolism with humidity, light, or average daily temperature. 3. One of the purposes of this work is to prevent the action of the dissaccharide-split- ting enzymes. 4. In order to ensure more adequate oxygenation the fluids bathing the mucose were recirculated. 5. From the curves of the blood ammonia concentration it is possible to obtain necessary information. Упражнение 11. Определите в следующих предложениях конструкцию сравненияthe... the.Переведитепредложения. 1. The greater amount of the substance was added to the nutrient, the more significant change in three or four experiments was produced. 2. The more specialized the animal is, the more differentiated its enzymes become. 3. The more food with an appetizing smell you digest, the more digestive juices will be poured out. 4. The greater the difference in temperature is, the more rapidly will heat be lost from the body. 5. The younger the individual is, the higher the caloric requirement — i.e. the more nutrition is needed. Упражнение 12. Переведите следующие предложения; определите функции словdue, dueto. 1. Jaundice is the yellow colour of skin sclerae and mucous membranes due to an increase of bilirubin in the plasma. 2. It was found that during infusion oxygen consumption decreased, due to an increase in spirometer gas volume. 3. The secondary rise in oxygen consumption in normal cats may be due to the reconversion of lactic acid to glicogen in the liver. 4. It has been shown that the decrease in resistance across the stomach wall of the experimental dog is due to a decrease in the resistance across the external muscle layers, 5. Physiologists have raised the question as to whether the rhythmic activity of the heart muscle is due to some rhythmic power located within the heart muscle fibre. Упражнение 13. Переведите на английский язык. 1. Пищеварительный тракт человека — это длинная мышечная трубка до 7,6 м длиной. 2. В процессе пищеварения усваивается 95—100% углеводов, жиров и животных белков. 3. 30—40% белков распадаются под действием бактерий. Часть II Слова к части II
observe[зЬ'гз:у] vнаблюдать, замечать
observation [,obz9:'veiJn] п наблюдение
inordertoдля того, чтобы shape [Jeip] п форма visible[Vizibl]а видимый
thelatter [laeta] п последний (из двух
названных) swallow ['swolou]vглотать, проглатывать
sufficient [ss'fifsnt]а достаточный constrict [kan'strikt] vсокращать, сужать interfere [,int9'fi3] (with)vвмешиваться, мешать interferenceLints'fiarsns] nвмешательство, интерференция orifice ['onfis] nотверстие constriction [kdn'strikjn] nсокращение, сужение excise [ek'saiz] vвырезать, отрезать, удалять
excision [ek's^n] nудаление, иссечение
Упражнения Упражнение 1. Отработайте чтение следующих слов, переведите их. baruim sulphate, substance, process, human, limited, especially, resistance, contract, peristalsis, series, mix, axial, origin Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к данным производным и переведите их. movement, observation, constriction, shapeless, interference, tubular, muscular, insufficient, digestion Упражнение 3. Прочтите текстВ (10 мин). 1) Разделите текст на 4 части и назовите тему каждой из них. 2) Найдите в тексте предложения, где: а) инфинитив выполняет функцию подлежащего; б) обстоятельства; в) употребляются словаdue, dueto.3) Переведите эти предложения. Text В The Movements of the Stomach It is advisable to study the movements of the stomach by direct observation by means of the X-rays. In order to make the shape of the stomach visible the food — bread and milk — is mixed with a quantity of barium sulphate. The presence of this substance does not interfere with the processes of digestion, but renders the gastric contents to the Ront- gen rays. In the human stomach the term fundus is limited to that part of the stomach situated above the cardiac orifice (in the erect position). The body of the stomach is marked off from tne pyloric part by the incisura angularis on the lesser curvature represented in many animals by a strong «transverse band». The pyloric portion consists of the pyloric vestibule (or antrum) and the pyloric canal, the latter being a tubular portion with thick muscular walls about 3 cm in length, especially well marked in children. When food has been swallowed (in the erect position) its weight is sufficient to overcome the resistance of the contracted gastric wall and some of it rapidly passes to the pyloric part. The remainder stays in the body of the stomach. It is due to constant pressure on its contents, that is forced them towards the pylorus/ Peristalsis begins almost at once, each constriction starting near the middle of the stomach, and deepening as it slowly progresses towards the pylorus. These waves succeed one another, so that the pyloric part may present a series of constrictions. Their effect is to force towards the pylorus the food which has been mixed with gastric juice. The longer the pylorus remains -closed the longer the food cannot escape and therefore is squeezed back, forming an axial reflux stream towards the body. These contractions last throughout the whole period of gastric digestion, and become more marked as it proceeds. Due to their action a thorough mixture of food and gastric juice results. Movements of the stomach may be observed even on a stomach which has been excised and placed in warm water-salt solution. They must therefore have their origin in the walls of the stomach itself. Упражнение 5. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль суждений, и прочтите их. 1. It is advisable to study the movements of the stomach by means of X-rays. 2. The pyloric portion consists of the pyloric vestibule. 3. When food has been swallowed some of it passes to the pyloric part of the stomach. 4. Peristalsis begins near the middle of the stomach. 5. The contractions last throughout the whole period of gastric digestion. Часть III Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 9 Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию а) подлежащего; б) обстоятельства. 1. Тоrender surgical assistance, a surgeon should have a lot of knowledge and skill. 2. It is difficult to analyse the natural movements of the stomach in the empty and full states. 3. Since all parts of the stomach are not in the same transverse position it is therefore almost impossible to speak of a normal position or shape of the stomach. 4. Enterokinase increases the activity of all ferments in the pancreatic juice but acts as a co-ferment to activate trypsin secreted in inactive form. 5. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise a kilogram of water one degree Centigrade. (Ответ:a) 2, 3; 6) 1, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 25 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 2. Найдите предложения с конструкцией сравненияthe... the.Переведитепредложения. 1. When a small quantity of liquid is swallowed into the empty contracting stomach, the liquid passes at once into the antrum. 2. The sooner he finishes his experiment on mechanical action of smooth muscle contraction, the sooner we start a new one. 3. The emptying rate of the stomach increases progressively from the onset of the completion of digestion. 4. The more high vitamin diet you try, the sooner you will recover. 5. The more appetizing smell the food has the more digestive juices will be poured. (Ответ: 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 4 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 3. Найдите и переведите предложения с составным предлогом dueto. 1. Pancreatic juice is a clear alkaline secretion due to the presence of sodium bicarbonate. 2. The gastric secretion begins with food in the stomach due partly to mechanical distension, partly to chemical stimulation. 3. Nervous mechanisms permit due communication between widely separated portions of the gastro-intestinal tract. 4. The effect of stimulation of the splanchnic nerves is explained by the complication of asphyxia due to simultaneous vasoconstriction. 5. Disturbances of digestion may be due either to absence of certain secretions or to their presence in insufficient amounts. (Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 39 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 4. 1) Подберите к англо-американским единицам измерений соответствия в метрической системе. 1) inch, 2) foot, 3) ounce, 4) pound
28.35 г, 2) 453.59 г, 3) 2.54 см, 4) 30.48 см
(Ответ: 1-3, 2-4, 3-1, 4-2.)
Переведите в метрическую систему.
5 inches, 4 pounds, 25 feet, 3 ounces Упражнение 5. Опишите процесс пищеварения, используя рис. 9. Lesson 10 4 127 LESSON TEN NUTRITION
Инфинитив в функции определения (§ 25)
Бессоюзные придаточные предложения: (§ 32)
Функции и перевод словаfor(§ 37)
Часть I Слова к части I
yield [ji:ld] vдавать (плоды, результаты)
oxidation [pksi'deijn] п окисление repair[п'реэ] vисправлять; восстанавливать provide [prg'vaid] vснабжать, обеспечивать theformer[Ъ:тэ] а первый (из двух
названных) distribute [dis'tribjut] vраспределять equal ['i:kwsl] а равный equality [ik 'woliti] nравенство abundant [^'bAndant]а обильный abundantlyadvобильно upset [Ap'set] vнарушать; расстраивать; опрокидывать determine [di'tamin] vопределять;
обусловливать; детерминировать essential [i'sen/1] а существенный, ва:жный
Упражнения Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания; скажите, чем выражено определение. attempts to increase the endogenous iron; the observations to be described; capacity to clear blood ammonia; an analysis based on; blood vessels surrounding the wall of the small intestine; the proteins to be absorbed; protein diet; complex foods to be broken; obesity to be prevented; food absorption Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите: а) вид бессоюзных придаточных предложений; б) какой союз пропущен. 1. Studies in vivo we discuss here indicate that intestinal absorption is an important pathway to regulate the quantity of iron in the body. 2. The methods we present here were modified and gave satisfactory reproducible results. 3. Mechnikov thought ©Id age was brought on by the absorption of the products of the proteolytic group of organisms. 4. We know digestive enzyme of the stomach is pepsin. 5. I.P. Pavlov showed (hat the digestive juices flow at the sight and especially at the smell of lood. Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения со словомfor. 1. For the assay of enzyme activity the animals were killed, the liver quickly removed, washed thoroughly with cold distilled water and placed in a beaker with cracked ice. 2.Protein is essential for growth and repair. 3. Heart pain persisted for half an hour so we had to dial 03 for the doctor to come. 4. The patient is to keep the bed, for his disease may affect the heart. Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов. 1. oxide, to oxidize, oxidation, oxygen, to oxygenate; 2. to distribute, distribution, distributing; 3. equal, equally, equality; 4. abundant, abundantly, abundance Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст А и определите тему каждого абзаца. Text АFoods Foods are substances which when taken into the body yield energy on oxidation, build new tissue, repair old tissue and play an essential role in growth and nutrition. We know the oxidation of foods produces heat thus maintaining the body temperature and providing kinetic energy for work. Supplying bodily heat and energy and leaving waste materials behind the food is «burned up» in combination with the oxygen to be furnished by the air we breathe.
The overall composition of the body is about 59 per cent water, 18 per cent protein, 18 per cent fat and 4,3 per cent minerals. At any time there is less than 1 per cent carbohydrate in the make-up of the body.
Scientists have studied the problem of food classification for many years. Foods are to be divided into two general classes. These are inorganic and organic foods. The former class includes inorganic salts and water. The latter class includes carbohydrates, fats and proteins. There are accessory foodstuffs called vitamins which are essential to growth and freedom from deficiency diseases 1.  Fig. 10.Composition of food. I'liese substances which make up the body are not distributed equally in ill organs. For example, the percentage of water varies from 90—92 per cent in blood plasma to 72—78 per cent in muscles, 45 per cent in bone, ;md only 5 per cent in tooth enamel. Proteins are found most abundantly in muscles. Fat is concentrated in the adipose (fat) cells under the skin and around the intestines. Carbohydrates are found mainly in the liver, muscles and blood. Carbohydrates are known as the chief source of energy. The absence of carbohydrates upsets the fat and protein metabolism. As for the minerals, high levels of calcium and phosphorus form part of (he bones and teeth, sodium and chloride are found mainly in the body fluids (blood plasma and lymph), potassium is the main mineral in muscles, iron is essential to red blood cells, and magnesium is found throughout the body. These are the main minerals to be supplied to the body as food but many other minerals are essential to the human body in proportionally smaller amounts. They too must be ingested with our food| Other types of food (vitamins) needed in very small amounts for various functions of the body are essential. You determine how you will feel throughout each day by the type of breakfast you eat. Your breakfast establishes how readily your body can produce energy that day or, more specifically, the amount of sugar in your blood. Your energy production, which corresponds to the quantity of sugar available, determines how you think, act and feel. Energy is produced in your body when sugar alone or sugar and fat together are burned (oxidized). It should be noted, sixty more nutrients are needed to build health. For example, cheese is an excellent source of protein but is largely lacking in carbohydrate. Black currants provide a rich source of ascorbic acid though they make little contribution to the calorie intake of the body. Milk we usually use is regarded as the most excellent food, for it contains much protein but little sugar. Therefore, it is neccessary to select a well balanced diet containing all the essential nutritional substances to maintain health and to prevent illness. Notes 1. deficiency diseases авитаминоз Упражнение 6. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзац 3 переведите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и зачитайте их. 1. Does the oxidation of foods produce heat or energy? 2. How is the food burnt up? 3. What substance is the most abundant one in the body?
What substances are present in the body? 5. What is the percentage of different substances in different organs?
3) Найдите в каждом абзаце предложение, выражающее основную мысль абзаца. Упражнение 7. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, синонимичное по значению первому слову ряда. 1. to supply — to give, to furnish, to support, to provide; 2. to upset — to set up, to disturb, to improve, to distress; 3. food — nourishment, foodstuff, provision; 4. deficiency — need, luck, shortage, imperfection;
to yield - to send, to give, to submit, to produce
Упражнение 8. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположное по значению первому слову ряда. 1. the former - the last, the latest, the latter; 2. general — particular, local, definite, in detail; 3. deficiency - efficacy, efficiency, efficient, effectiveness; 4. essential - unimportant, unnecessary, vital, dispensable Упражнение 9. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, определите функции инфинитива. 1. The most convenient approach to understand metabolism is to examine the properties of different sorts of foods. 2. It is interesting to see the apparatus used to determine the caloric value of different foodstuffs. 3. From the intestines glucose is absorbed and carried to the liver to be converted into a form of carbohydrate, glycogen or animal starch. 4. To reduce weight in an obese patient is an important problem. 5. Fat yields 9 calories of heat per gram instead of the 4 calories to be yielded by sugar.
Muscle fibres have the power to store glycogen.
Упражнение 10. Переведите предложения с бессоюзными придаточными. 1. Many substances the organism absorbs may be harmful, and many harmless substances may be difficult for the organism to handle. 2. We know proteins are absolutely essential to the proper nourishment of the human body. 3. There is some evidence vitamin A plays a part to protect the body against rickets. 4. It is known vitamin Сoccurs abundantly in the juices of the citrus fruits, tomatoes, germinated seeds, cabbages, carrots, beans, apples, turnips, rutabagas, raspberries, liver. 5. The carbohydrates animals most commonly ingest consist of a variety of sugars.
Упражнение 11. Переведите следующие предложения и определите функции словаfor.
1. The young animals are practically porkilothermic at birth and con- linue to be so for some days. 2. They could not translate the article for it was written in French. 3. Each organism establishes for itself a level of nitrogen metabolism which is modified only with difficulty. 4. Carbohydrates and fats are food, substances which do not contain nitrogen; they have high fuel value, and so are able to serve for the production of heat.
Упражнение 12. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами for, as, since, after, before.
1. ... it is commonly stated one of the chief distinctions between animals and plants lies in the fact that the animals depend upon highly organized foodstuffs ... their source of supply. 2. The protozoa are considered ... very primitive organisms, rudimentary ancestors of higher animals, ... they are unicellular. 3. ... the discovery of streptomycin, a great deal of information has been accumulated concerning its use. 4. Rats deprived of vitamin D ... 35 to 40 days become unable to use their hind legs.
Упражнение 13. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Продукты питания:, которые мы исцользуем, можно разделить на два общих класса. Это органические и неорганические вещества. 2. Дополнительные вещества, которые должны присутствовать в нашей диете, — это витамины. 3. Отсутствие или недостаток углеводов в организме нарушает жировой и белковый обмен.
Часть II
Слова к части II
cure [kju9] vвылечивать, излечивать reveal [ri'vi:l] vобнаруживать, открывать
conduct [kan'dAkt] vвести, проводить (исследование и т.д.)
proper['ргэрэ] а правильный, надлежащий improperа неподходящий, неправильный improperlyadvнеправильно, неверно
Упражнения Упражнение 1. Прочтите следующие слова и переведите их на русский язык. actually, crystalline, substance, combination, essential, series, difference, isolation, synthesis, diet, to produce, product, spinach, cream, capsule, calcium, protein Упражнение 2. Найдите в данном ряду слово, перевод которого дан в начале ряда. Переведитеданныеслова. 1. вылечивать — curare, curative, curable, cure; 2. источник — sour, south, resource, source; 3. проводить - conclude, conduct, convey, convoy; 4. означать — means, meaning, mean, main Упражнение 3. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Выделите три основных момента, обсуждаемых в тексте по теме «Витамины». 2) Найдите предложения, где: а) инфинитив выполняет функцию определения; б) употребляется словоfor;в) бессоюзные придаточные предложения. 3) Переведитепредложения. Text В Vitamin means life. The story of vitamins actually begins in 1911, when a Polish chemist by the name of Kazimir Punk extracted from rice polishings 1 a crystalline substance. This substance was capable to cure beri-beri. Analyses of these crystals revealed the presence of nitrogen in basic combination, i.e. the «amino»-nitrogen; Punk therefore called this substance «vita-mine». The root «vita» indicates that the substance is essential to life and health. In this way, the word vitamin was born. For four years before Punk's discovery a series of studies had begun in the USA to determine the value of cereals such as wheat, corn and oats as a cattle diet. Eventually it was found necessary to resort to rats to solve the problem of cereal differences. I Today the successful isolation and synthesis of many of the substances has proved that vitamins are organic chemical compounds to be present in the diet for the maintenance of^n&tlf and health. Vitamins are substances to be found in certain foods which are necessary for the growth, development and general health of the body. There are several different kinds of these protective substances to be provided in the diet. To make sure our bodies get all the vitamins they need, it is best to include several different vitamin-containing foods in the diet. Such foods include milk and many of the products made from и, all the green leafy vegetables like spinach, cabbage, lettuce, other Iresh vegetables, fruit and fruit juices, whole-grained cereals, eggs and a number of others.f When we plan a nutrition program for any person, young and old, well and ill, we must know certain foods are the best sources each body requires.
Vitamin A: fruits and vegetables, cream, butter or margarine, eggs and liver.
The Вvitamins: yeast, liver, whole-grained breads and cereals, milk, meat.
Vitamin C: orange or grapefruit juice, any fresh raw fruit or vegetable, ascorbic acid tablets if needed.
Vitamin D: fish-liver oil or vitamin-D capsule.
Vitamin E: soy-bean oil, vegetables oils.
Vitamin K: is produced by intestinal bacteria. The diet must be adequate in milk and unsaturated fatty acids and low in refined carbohydrates; intestinal bacteria are increased by eating yogurt.
Vitamin P (rutin): citrus fruits, especially lemons.
Calcium: milk, yogurt.
Phosphorus: milk, eggs, cheese, meat.
Iron: liver, yeast, meat, bread and cereals.
Proteins: yeast, milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, fish, eggs.
Liquids: milk, fruit, juices, soup, water.
Experts in the study of foods are constantly conducting experiments. They are making their discoveries public from time to time for such knowledge enables us to select the proper foods in order to protect us against the diseases. . 1.6 i o: Notes 1. rice polishings шелухариса Упражнение 5. 1) Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их. 1. К. Punk has extracted a substance capable to cure beri-beri. 2. Vitamins are organic chemical compounds to be present in the diet. 3. Vitamins are found in certain foods. 4. Certain foods are the best sources each body requires. 5. VitaminК isproducedbyintestinalbacteria. 2) Передайте основное содержание текста, используя предыдущее упражнение в качестве плана. Часть III Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 10 Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет роль определения. 1. The secret of a proper diet depends much on the ability of the cook or dietician to prepare and serve meals which are palatable and tasty to the individual. 2. Average intake of protein to maintain nitrogen equilibrium is 42 grams per day. 3. Practically all the chloride to be involved in metabolism enters and leaves the body in combination with sodium. 4. In order to use this drug you must consult your doctor. 5. In an experiment to measure the sensitivity of the reaction good results were achieved. (Ответ: 1, 2, 3, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 25 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 2. Найдите и переведите бессоюзные придаточные предложения: а) определительные; б) дополнительные. 1. When the man smells something he likes to eat, the gastric juice is poured out in large quantities. 2. We know vitamin B, is widely distributed in nature occurring in most foods. 3. The cells select the amino acids they need and use them to construct new body tissue and such vital substances as antibodies, hormones, enzymes and blood cells. 4. The food we take and the air we breathe often contain poisonous substances and pathogenic microorganisms. 5. Chemical studies have shown vitamin D is exceedingly stable as regards oxidation and heating. 6. The four parts the pituitary consists of perform several functions and produce several secretions. (Ответ:a) 1,3, 4, 6; 6) 2, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 32 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 3. Укажите, в каких предложенияхfor:а) союз; б) предлог. Переведитеэтипредложения. 1. The ordinary intake of vitamin A by most adults is sufficient to maintain their health in good condition for administration of this vitamin decreases the susceptibility to the «common cold» (or lessens its severity). 2. Scientists have studied the deficiency diseases for many years. 3. The importance of vitamin D for growth and nutrition was established as a result of a series of discoveries. 4. The cell is not isolated
CALCIUM
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IRON
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Milk
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Beans
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Cheese
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Wholewheat
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Yoghurt
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bread
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Leafy green
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Dried fruit
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vegetables
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Cocoa
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Wholewheat
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Nuts
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bread
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Leafy green
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Potatoes
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vegetables
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Yeast
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(b)
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1 г^Й^Ю
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|
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|
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//и
УУ1\ 1» \ - \ \ * 1/i-o
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Vit. A
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B,
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B2
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B3
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B6
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B12
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Folic acid
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Vit. С
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Vit. D
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Vit. E
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Vit. К
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Carrots Spinach
Parsley
Butter Margarine
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Yeast extract
Peanuts
Bran Oatmeal
|
Almonds
Cheese
Wholewheat
bread
Dried
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Yeast extract Peanuts Wholewheat bread
|
Bran Wholewheat bread Yeast
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Eggs Cheese Yeast extract Milk
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Yeast extract
Bran
Spinach
|
Oranges
Grapefruit
Spinach
Cabbage
Black
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Eggs
Cheese
Butter
Margarine
|
Almost all foods
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Green, Vegetables
|
Dried apricots Cheese
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flour
Wholewheat
bread Peas
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peaches Mushrooms Beans Dates
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Mushrooms
Beans
Dates
|
extract Hazel-nuts Bananas Peanuts Currants
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Yoghurt Butter
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Peanuts
Almonds
Hazel-nuts
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currants Parsley Strawberries
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Sunlight enables the body to make Vft. D. in the skin.
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Vegetarians can get lots of calcium and iron in their food ... LOOK!
And here are some of the foods where you can find the vitamins you need!
Fig. 11.Vitamins you need and the food where you can find them.
from the outer world by its membrane, for it is entirely dependent on this outer world. 5. Cottonthreadisusedforligatures.
(Ответ:a) 1, 4; 6) 2, 3, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 37 Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 4. Переведите производные от данных слов.
1. oxide- окислять, окисление, кислород, насыщать кислородом; 2. provide— обеспеченный, при условии, что..., временный; 3. distribute— распределение, распределительный
(Ответ: 1. oxidize, oxidation, oxygen, oxygenate; 2. provided, provided that, provisionary; 3. distribution, distributing.)
Упражнение 5. Дайте синонимы к следующим словам.
1. to supply; 2. to upset; 3. foods; 4. deficiency; 5. to yield (Ответ: 1. to furnish, to provide; 2. to disturb, to distress;3. foodstuffs; 4. lack, shortage; 5. to produce.)
Упражнение 6. Дайте антонимы к следующим словам.
1. general; 2. deficiency; 3. around; 4. essential
(Ответ: 1. particular; 2. efficiency; 3. within; 4. unimportant, unnecessary.)
Упражнение 7. Дайте английские эквиваленты к следующим словам.
1. вылечивать; 2. обнаруживать; 3. надлежащий; 4. источник; 5. проводить
1. toconduct; 2. toreveal; 3. tocure; 4. proper; 5. source(Ответ: 1 - 3; 2 - 2; 3 - 4; 4 - 5; 5 - 1.)
LESSON ELEVEN ^TTT
V
THE EXCRETORY ORGANS
Сложное подлежащее (§ 27)
Функцииипереводсловas well as, as well(§ 40)
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