И.Ю.-Марковина-З.К.-Максимова-М.Б.-Вайнштейн. Учебник для медицинских вузов и медицинских специалистов Серия xxi век Рекомендовано угчЮ по медицинскому и фармацевтическому образованию
 Скачать 1.07 Mb.
|
 Fig. 3. Diagram of the heart. Aorta Superior vena cava Right ventricle Blood vessels that receive blood from the ventricle and lead it away from the heart and towards other organs are arteries («air duct» — Greek). The vessels received this name because the early anatomists assumed that they had been empty in dead persons and had carried air.The artery that takes up theblood from the right ventricle and carries it to the lungs is the («lungs» — Latin). The pulmonary artery divides in two - one branch leads to the right lung, the other — to the left. The arteries continue to divide and subdivide and form smaller and smaller vessels with thinner and thinner walls. The smallest arteries are the arterioles and these finally divide into capillaries («hairlike» — Latin). We name them so because of their fineness, though actually they are much finer than hairs. Gradually the capillaries begin to join into larger vessels. Such larger blood vessels that carry blood to the heart from the organs are the veins. The smallest of these are the venules. The particular vein into which the capillaries and venules of the lungs finally unite is the pulmonary vein. The pulmonary vein carries the freshly oxygenated blood to the left auricle. The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein make up the pulmonary circulation. The contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood through a one-way valve into the aorta («to lift up» — Greek). Thp aojjta is the largest artery in the body. It movfes upward at first (the ascending orta), but then arches over dorsally (the arch of the aorta). In its downward course, the aorta passes through the diaphragm. The blood is a red fluid, which coagulates when escapes, from a blood vessel. It consists of a colourless fluid, plasma or and many millions of minute bodies, the corpuscles. Notes inch(сокр.in.) = 2,54 cm (centimetres) ounce(сокр.oz.) = 28,33 gram (grammes) Упражнение 12. Подберите к латинским словам английские эквиваленты. male female thorax dorsal spinal chest man woman Упражнение 13. Подберите пары синонимов. substance, to supply, to nourish, because of, because, minute, tiny, to provide, to obtain, due to, fine, as, matter, to feed Упражнение 14.Подберитепарыантонимов. larger, upward, ascending, colourless, thick, colourful, thin, descending, downward, smaller Упражнение 15. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова. 1. The number and even nature of the clots in the veins and arteries differ according to their size. 2. Under the microscope we can see the membrane which consists of a number of separate cells. 3. Blood includes minute bodies, which give the blood its colour. 4. Theheartmakes70-80 contractionsaminute. Упражнение 16. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите временную форму глагола-сказуемого. 1. The heart is beating in the experimental animals even when we destroy the nerve supply. 2. The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood which has passed through the body to the right atrium. 3. During diastole, the atrium of the heart is filling with blood from the venae cavae and the pulmonary vein. 4. We were discussing the anatomy of the heart at the English lesson yesterday. 5. We shall still be working at this problem for another week. 6. The teacher corrected the tests which the students had written the day before. Упражнение 17. Поставьте прилагательные в следующих предложениях в сравнительную или превосходную степень. 1. The veins are (large) than capillaries. 2. The aorta is the (large) artery which distributes the blood throughout the body. 3. I know the structure of the heart (good) than that of the lungs. 4. Anatomy is (difficult) subject for me. 5. The human heart weighs (little) than a pound. Упражнение 18. Найдите в каждой колонке прилагательное в сравнительной степени. л) shoulder b) other с) thinner longer liver father closer smaller thicker larger summer greater Упражнение 19. Переведите следующие предложения, выбрав подходящее мо смыслу слово в скобках. 1. The capillaries got their names (because, because of) they resemble hairs. 2. The blood reaches the arteries (because, because of) the contraction of the heart. 3. The two blood streams do not readily mix in the ventricle (because, because of) the muscular meshwork within its cavity. 4. (Because, because of) arteries carry blood away from the heart, they must be strong enough to withstand the high pressure of (he pumping action of the heart. 5. If we stimulate the nerve in the ear by electricity, the ear becomes blanched (because, because of) the arteries contract. Упражнение 20. Переведите на английский язык. 1. Сердечно-сосудистая система включает сердце, артерии, вены и капилляры. 2. Кровь возвращается к сердцу по венам (посредством вен). 3. Правая и левая части сердца состоят из двух камер: предсердия и желудочка. 4. При сокращении левого желудочка кровь проталкивается в аорту. 5. Стенки капилляров такие тонкие, что питательные вещества и кислород проходят через них в ткани. Упражнение 21. Опишите сердечно-сосудистую систему, используя рис. 3. Часть II Слова к части II close [klous]а близкий, закрытыйtiny ['taini]а очень маленький, кро- constitute ['konstitju:t] vобразовы- шечный вать, составлять dilate [dai'leit] vрасширяться) substance ['sAbstans] nвещество transparent [traens'peargnt] а прозрачный, просвечивающийся flow [flou] vтечь, протекать; nпоток, ток (крови) though[бои]cjхотя, несмотря на neckп шея bloodpressure[Ъ1лс1 'preja] кровяное давление occur[э'кэ:] vпроисходить; встречаться dilation [dai'leif(d)n] п расширение, распространение tracevследить, проследить, находить, различать thick [Oik]а густой, частый, плотный thesamepronтот же самый clot [kbt] п сгусток крови, тромб due [dju:]а должный, надлежащий; duetoвследствие, из-за, благодаря;beduetoбыть вызванным, быть обусловленным Упражнения Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания. 1. on the one side, on the other side, on the opposite side; 2. due to, in due time, with due respect; 3. according to the rule Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются выделенные слова. 1. The walls of the arteries and veins are thicker than those of the capillaries. The former are less permeable for fluid. 2. There are no blood capillaries in certain parts of the body. These are the epidermis, epithelium and some others. 3. We call the valve that separates the chambers, the atrium and the ventricle the mitral valve. 4.Both the superior and inferior venae cavae empty into the right atrium. Bothcarryvenousblood. Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст В (время 10 мин). 1) Скажите, что является предметом обсуждения. 2) Найдите предложения, где употребляются: а) глаголы-сказуемые во времениPerfect;б) прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени; в) словаbecause, becauseof. 2) Переведите эти предложения. TextВ Л L. 1 , / : f S ■ " - , Almost all parts of the body are vascular. Minute and very close-set canals, whicfy^ave opened iijtp one another traVe^se them and constitute a smaU-meshfed The canals or rather tubes have distinct but very delicat^, yajls. The walls contain a membrane that includes a number of thin epithelial cells, which af^ bound (связаны) together at their edges. There is a small oval rj^feu^ irf dach^of these cells. These tubes are the blood capillaries. ТЬёуvary in diameter from 7 to 12 mm. But there are certain parts of the body in which these blood capillaries i, :.;) . И I ^ . t Lesson 3 ❖ 71 [ Сpi оЙ. have been absent. These are the epidermis and epithejiurr^ the jnail^ and hairs, the substance of the teeth and tfre tonsp^fejit сшпеаРof the eye. Tiny rings of muscles, precapillary'-sphincters, regulate the flow of blood into capillaries. The question of nervous control of the precapillary sphincters still remains the subject of the study. лfl i ' ' The capillary tubes contain the red fluid, blood. They join on opposite sides and form larger tubes, with thicker walls, which are the smallest arteries on the one side, and veins, on the jotter, piepe apin^oirji on to larger arteries and veins, which ukimafely commu a few principal arterial'and^Veridiiii trunks with the heart. The meffe fact that the walls of thesS vessels are thicker than those of the capillaries constitutes an important difference between the capillaries and the small arteries and veins. The most important difference between these vessels and the capillaries, however, is that their walls jire pot onl^ ^thicker, but also more complex. They have got several coils* оце., at teasi, oy wftich Kas been muscular. The number and even nature of these coats differ according to the size because the vessels are not the same in the veins as in arteries, though the smallest veins and arteries resemble each other. The venous system starts with the vlfifteg into "which the capillaries empty. Sijiall veins and form larger ones. The larger veins join and form the vende tavae. superior^ vena cava collects the blood from the head, neck, arms, and thorax, and the inferior Verfrcava, from the legs and abdomen. Both empty into the right atrium. Pressure in the venous system is low. In the vein at the level of the heart the pressure would be more than 5—7 mm Hg.1 It is evident that in the erect position blood,that returns to the heart from the feet has to overcome the force of gravity through a distance of about 4 ft.2 Veins, probably because of the low blood pressure and the absence of pulse кГЛл? rDr7/1"t10 ' ! *Y / waves, are in comparison to arteries, relatively intimune to disease. Phlebitis sometimes occurs; this is the formaiton of blood clots within veins because of some infectious process in their walls. -I *. t . L ' v . ^ . Notes - f l f > 'O) J i 5—7 mm Hg- 5—7 millimeters of Mercury 4 ft—4 feet (foot = 30,5 centimetres) v Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль каждого данного суждения, и прочтите их. 1. The capillaries form a small-meshed network. 2. The blood capillaries are absent in some parts of the body. 3. There are some differences between the veins, arteries and capillaries. 4. The veins are more immune to diseases than the arteries. 5. Phlebitisisduetosomeinfection. Часть III Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 3 Упражнение 1. Укажите, где глаголtohaveне переводится. 1. We have attended English lessons since September. 2. The heart is a hollow organ and has four chambers. 3. I have never been to Yaroslavl. 4. The capillaries have thin walls. (Ответ: 1,3. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 12 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 2. Переведите прилагательные и определите их степень сравнения. 1. slightest; 2. most coloured; 3. more delicate; 4. more permeable; 5. less infectious; 6. normal; 7. much more complex; 8. less transparent; 9. important; 10. much thicker; 11. much lower (Ответ: положительная степень — 6, 9; сравнительная степень — 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11; превосходная степень —1,2. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 3 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 3. Укажите, в каких предложениях словоbecauseпереводится «так как», «потому что». Переведитеэтипредложениянарусскийязык. 1. The heart pumps about five litres of blood in one minute because it beats 60—80 times a minute and ejects about 130 cubic centimetres of blood at each beat. 2. The woman's heart beats 6 or 8 times a minute faster than that of the man because of the smaller size of her heart. 3. The mouse's heart flutters at 500 beats per minute because of its tiny size. The frog's heart beats 30 times per minute in warm weather because cold-blooded animals live at a much lower level of internal chemical activity. (Ответ: 1, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 37 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 4. Определите, в каких предложениях выделенное слово является сказуемым. Переведитеэтипредложения. 1. The heart beats72 times a minute. 2. The heart beats were weak. 3. The heart pumps the blood through the circulatory system. 4. The heart is a pump that forces the blood-through the circulatory system. 5.Rest is necessary after hard worjc. 6. The dark glasses rest my eyes. (Ответ: 1, 3, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 10 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения. V ■''.■-'( t " . -: * . . V 1. They obtained good results. 2. The fluid reduces friction which results from the heart movement. 3. A temperature decrease results in a slower heart rate. 4. We began our work after due consideration. 5. "His sudden weakness was due to anaemia. И.Ю. Марковина, З.К. Максимова, М.Б. Вайнштейн 1 ■1 i i U' ">Л ' v'':[ кijf ? ^Q ЦЛ'- •• , THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ВременагруппыIndefinite, Continuous, Perfect (Passive Voice)(§ 14) Функции и перевод словаone (ones)(§ 36) Существительные в функции определения (§ 1) Часть I Слова к части I respiration [respa'reij9n] пдыханиеrespiratory [ris'pai9r3t9ri] адыхательный waste products ['weist 'proctakts] продуктыраспадаremove [ri'mu:v] v удалять, выводитьinhale [in'heil] v вдыхатьinhalation [inha'leijsn] n вдыханиеexhale [eks'heil] v выдыхатьexhalation [ekshs'leijbn] n выдыханиеbreathe [bri:d] v дышатьpass [pa:s] v проходитьpassage, passage-way ['paesidj], ['paesicfcwei] n проход, воздухоносныйпуть windpipe [windpaip] n дыхательноегорло trachea [tra'kia] n трахеяbronchus ['brogkas] (pi. bronchi ['brogkai]) n бронхbronchial[Ъгэг)к1э1]абронхиальныйdivide [di'vaid] v делитьsurround [sa'raund] v окружатьinvolve [in'vDlv] v вовлекать, затрагивать involvement [in volvmsnt] n вовлечение Упражнения Упражнение 1. Прочтите следующие пары предложений и переведите их на русский язык. 1. We call three major types of blood vessels arteries, veins and capillaries. - Smaller branches of arteries are called arterioles. 2. The heart pumps the blood into the lung by circulatory system. - From the left heart the blood is pumped into the aorta. 3. Pulmonary artery divides into two branches. — The upper extremity is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. 4. The right carotid artery distributes blood to all parts of the right side of the neck, face, head and brain. - The blood from the aorta is distributed throughout the body. Упражнение 2. Прочтите следующие предложения. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Переведитепредложения. 1. These textbooks will be distributed among all the students of our group. 2. Harvey collected ideas of the circulation of blood which until then had been studied but not confirmed by experiments. 3. Lymph passes through the lymphatic glands which act as filters and keep back any poisonous material, such as germs that has been brought to them in the lymph. 4. Those who have been in close contact with the infected patients must be quarantined for a time. 5. The heart muscle is nourished by coronary arteries. 6. When the left ventricle is contracting its contained blood is being forced into the aortic artery. Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения. Определите какую функцию выполняет словоone (ones). 1. There are four chambers in the heart: two smaller ones, the auricles, and two larger ones, the ventricles. 2. One often describes the heart as consisting of a base and an apex. 3. Harvey showed that there was a double channel: in one set of vessels — the arteries, away from the heart; in another set — the veins to the heart. 4. One must remember that air is at all times full of bacteria. Упражнение 4. Прочтите следующие предложения. Замените выделенные существительные словами-заменителямиone (ones).Переведитепредложения. 1. Here are some books, which book do you want? 2. This text is very difficult to translate without a dictionary; give me another text. 3. My watch is not working well. I must buy a new watch. 4. These exercises are much easier than the exercises we translated at the last lesson. v/ Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие словосочетания. Назовите существительные, выполняющие функцию (левого) определения. blood circulation, one-way valve, cone-shaped organ, striated muscle tissue, smooth muscle cells, heart valves action, heart beat rate, tissue oxygen supply, heart blood output Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения, содержащие группы существительных. Помните, что основное слово стоит последним в ряду слов и перед ним нет ни артикля, ни предлога. 1. The blood-pressure measurement method is very simple. 2. The heart wall is composed of two layers. 3. The arterioles divide into smaller tissue capillaries which are near the body cells. 4. In this picture you can see the blood vessel size differences. 5. Smooth muscle tissue predominates in the small arteries and elastic tissue — in the large arteries. Упражнение 7. Прочтите следующие слова. Переведите их. carbon dioxide ['ка:Ьэпdai'oksaid], waste products ['weist 'prodakts], nitrogen ['naitradbpn], cilium ['siliam] (pi. cilia ['silia]), nasapharynx [ neiza'faerigks], sinuses ['sainasiz], pleura ['plusra] Упражнение 8. Напишите данные слова в 3 столбика в соответствии с чтением суффикса-edкак [t], [d], [id] и переведите их. removed, exhaled, distinguished, involved, inhaled, circulated, diffused, breathed, called, produced, included, provided, connected Упражнение 9. Отработайте чтение 4-го абзаца текста А. Упражнение 10. Познакомьтесь с разными значениями суффикса-ing. Переведите производные слова. глагол +-tag= существительное: toreadчитать — readingчтение. feeling, breathing, functioning (of the system), (the) sustaining (of life) -tag- встречается в прилагательных, развившихся из причастий настоящего времени: healingцелебный. striking, stunning, demanding, misleading, understanding Упражнение 11.Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов. 1. to respire, respiration, expiration, inspiration, respiratory, inspiratory; 2. to produce, product, production, productive, producing; 3. to inhale, inhalation, to exhale, exhaled, exhaling; 4. breath, to breathe, breathing, breathless, breathlessness; 5. to pass, passage, passing, passage-way. Упражнение 12.Переведитеследующиесловосочетания. expiratory centre, respiratory mechanism, waste product, metabolic product, the air conducting passage-ways, to inhale (breathe in) oxygen, to exhale carbon dioxide, surrounding tissues Упражнение 13. Прочтите данные группы слов и переведите их. 1. through, throughout, though, although; 2. case, cause, course; 3. some, same, sum; 4. since, science Упражнение 14. Просмотрите текст А. Назовите тему и основные положения текста. Text А The respiratory system Respiration occurs in all living things, both plants and animals.The proper function of this system is perhaps the most important one in the sustaining of life. Interruption of breathing for only a few minutes by suffocation or strangulation causes death. In the human organism, respiration consists of those processes by which the body cells and tissues make use of oxygen and by which carbon dioxide or the waste products of respiration are removed. Inhaled air contains about 20 per cent oxygen and four hundredths of one per cent carbon dioxide. Exhaled air consists of approximately 16 per cent oxygen and 4 per cent carbon dioxide. Nitrogen, which makes up about 79 per cent of the atmosphere, is not involved in the breathing process. When air is inhaled into the lungs, a portion of the oxygen is passing into the blood and is being circulated through the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide is being diffused out of the blood into the lungs and exhaled. Air is breathed through either the mouth or nose into the oral cavity, or pharynx. It then passes through the voice box, or larynx, into the windpipe, or trachea. The trachea ultimately divides into two smaller tubes, bronchi, one is going to each lung. The bronchi divide into tiny passage-ways that are named bronchioles, which lead directly to minute air sacs, or alveoli. The exchange of life-giving gases is effected through the walls of the alveoli. One must know that mechanisms in the 'upper res'piratory /tract 'serve to 'filter, and warm the 'air in its 'journey to the \ lungs. | J The 'hairs, or 'cilia, in the nostrils partially 'filter out 'dust particles as does 'sticky se'cretion, 'mucus, which has been pro'duced by 'mucous /cells. | It lines the /mouth, 'nasal /passages, | /pharynx | and \trachea. | | 'Cilia in the 'nasal 'passages and /trachea | are effective in helping to re'move 'foreign /particles | from the 'upper res'piratory \ tract. | | Other structures which have been connected with the system include: the laryngeal tonsils, which are masses of tissue in the nasopharynx or posterior portions of the nasal passages (adenoids are infected or diseased laryngeal tonsils); the sinuses, cavities in the bones in the front part of the skull that provide resonance to the voice, and the pleura, a double-walled membrane which surrounds the lungs. When the diaphragm contracts and flattens, it contributes to the ex- |