Fig. 2. Types of muscles.
muscles visceral muscles. The visceral muscles react relatively slowly to changes within the body and do so without the intervention of the will. \
The walls ofjh^ blood ^vessels are contracting or expanding when they j respond to feeflam ch&lfccals in the blood or in response to the effect of j temperature but we cannot deliberately cause them to lift our arm or open our mouth. For this reason, we may call them involuntary muscles. Smooth muscle tissue consists of long cells. Smooth muscle fibres are bound (связаны) into bundles by connective tissue which contain blood vessels and nerves.
^matea muscle "tSssaie ^or^^of1laige rorel irifhe form of bmfifies?^ Striated muscles are most for manipulation of the bones of the skeleton. Those are the muscles necessary for walking, running, turning the head and so on. That's why we sometimes call them skeletal muscles. This type of muscle tissue includes the lai^e muscle masses of the body, the muscles of the arms, legs, back etc.1 It includes all those muscles which must react quickly to changes in the environment, i.e.2 those that become active through an effort of will. For this reason, we call striated muscles voluntary muscles.
Cardiac (heart) muscle is, in a sense, a cross between the previous two. A characteristic feature of cardiac muscle is that fibres have neither a beginning nor an end. In other words, the heart is simply a huge net of muscles in which all elements are continuous with each other. Cardiac muscles («heart» — Greek) have the strength and force of contraction of the skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is under complete involuntary control. In that, it resembles visceral muscle.
Notes
etc. (Lat. et cetera) [it'setrs] = and so on итакдалее
i.e. (Lat. id est) - читаетсяthat is, namely тоесть
Упражнение 13.1)Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзацы 4 и 5 переведите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и зачитайте их.
muscles? 4. What is the difference between the cardiac and'skeletal
1 О , » / f lr, . ^
muscles? ^ >r '-^ V
Упражнение 14. Подберите к латинским словам английские эквиваленты.
viscera heart
cardiac lower jaw
mandible internal organs
esophagus gullet
Упражнение 15. Подберите пары антонимов.
voluntary, beginning, separated, to include, the former, to exclude, (he latter, connected, end, involuntary
Упражнение16.Дайтесинонимыкследующимсловамисловосочетаниям, injury, backbone, brain case, to be placed, to include
Упражнение 17. Прочтите следующие предложения и определите, какой мастью речи являются выделенные слова, найдите их значение в словаре. Переведитепредложения.
1. The word «muscle» means «little mouse» in Latin. 2. A positive test means the presence of bacteria in the blood. 3. Tendons, fasciae, various organs and the bones function by means of muscles. 4. . Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control. 5. The involuntary muscles control the beating of the heart. 6. Nerve impulses cause the muscle to contract. 7. We do not know the cause of his illness.
Упражнение 18. Прочтите предложения, поставив глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужное по смыслу время группыContinuous.Переведитепредложения.
1. The students (to work) in the physical laboratory from 9 to half past 10 yesterday. 2. When he came they (to classify) the bones of the upper extremities. 3. The walls of the blood vessels (to expand) when they respond to certain chemicals in the blood. 4. We (to discuss) the characteristic features of cardiac muscles now.
Упразднение 19. Замените времена группыIndefiniteвременами группыContinuous,дополнив предложения обстоятельствами времени:now, at11 o'clock, whenyoucame, from...to, alltheday,где необходимо. Переведитепредложения.
and Involuntary Muscles» at home. 4. We translated 5 sentences from this text. 5. Last Monday we had a practical lesson on the structure and functions of smooth muscles.
Упражнение 20. Ответьте на вопросы по данному образцу:
Образец:Why can't you go home? (to attend the lecture)
I cannot go home, because I must attend the lecture. 1. Why can't you consult a doctor? (to go to the Institute) 2. Why can't you give me your book? (to return it to the library) 3. Why can't she finish her test? (topreparefortheexamination)
Упражнение21. Переведите следующие предложения с модальными глаголами:can, may.
1. The joints between bones can move more or less easily. 2. In the ear we can only see the external ear and the external passage. 3. We may call the numerus, armbone, but there is no special name for radius. 4. We may use this drug three times a day.
Упражнение 22.Переведите следующие предложения, определите функции словthat (those).
1. The special feature of that textbook on anatomy is that it has many pictures. 2. One of the most interesting problems in medicine is that of pathogenesis. 3. Note that in the middle the bone consists of very compact tissue. 4. Will you name the diseases that are not infectious? 5. Metabolic diseases are those in which certain physiological processes become disturbed.
Упражнениеч23. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. По структуре и функции мышцы можно разделить на три группы. 2. Гладкие мышцы сокращаются непроизвольно. 3. Соединительная ткань гладких мышц включает нервы и кровеносные сосуды. 4. Поперечно-полосатые или скелетные мышцы реагируют на изменения в окружающей среде. 5. Волокна сердечной мышцы непрерывны.
Часть II
Слова к части II
produce [pra'dju:s] vпроизводить, uterus[ ju:t9ras] nматка
образовывать, давать elongate ['ehngeit] vудлиняться)
consist [ksn'sist] v (of)состоять (из) .vary [veari]vизменять(ся), варьи-
tongue [tAo]nязык ровать
larynx ['laerigks] nгортань, глотк£ adult ['aedAlt] nвзрослый, совершеннолетний supply [sa'plai] vснабжать, обеспечивать; nснабжение, обеспечение complex['komplaks] а сложныйbymeans [mi.nz]ofпосредством, при помощи
attach [a'taetf] v (to)прикреплять (к) esophagus [I'sofsgss] nпищевод intestines [in'testinz]npi.кишечник, кишки various ['vearias] а различный
nucleus ['nju:klias] n ядро
both ... and [bouO ... and] cjкак ...
таки ..., и ... и ... disturb [dis'ta:b] v нарушатьdisturbance [dis'te:b9ns] n нарушениеsource [so:s] n источникsubject [sab'd3ekt] v подчинять, подвергатьвоздействиюsubject ['sAbd3ikt] nпредмет, темаreach [ri:tj] достигать
Упражнения Упражнение 1. Прочтите следующие слова в единственном и множественном числе: ед. число мн. число nucleus ['nju:klias] — nuclei [ai] nucleolus ['nju:klialas] — nucleoli [ai] trabecula [tra'bekjub] - trabeculae [i:] fascia [Тефэ] - fasciae [i:] vertebra ['vatobra] - vertebrae [i:] Упражнение 2.Переведите следующие предложения со словосочетаниями aswell (as). 1. Smooth muscles form the coat of some internal organs as well as a part of the capsule of the spleen. 2. Smooth muscles form the coat of some internal organs and a part of the capsule of the spleen as well. 3. You are to know physiology as well as anatomy. Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст В (время — 10 мин). 1) Скажите, каково строение поперечно-полосатых и гладких мышечных тканей. 2) Найдите предложения, где упогребляются: а) глаголы-сказуемые в формеContinuous; Г>) словаthat (those).3) Переведитеэтипредложения. Text В Skeletal and Smooth Muscles Muscles are the active part of the motor apparatus: their contractions are producing various movements, when they are active. Functionally we divide all muscles into two groups: voluntary and involuntary muscles. Voluntary muscles consist of striated muscle tissue and contract by I he will of the man. This group includes all the muscles of the head, trunk and extremities, i.e., the skeletal muscles, as well as those of some internal organs (tongue, larynx, etc.). The skeletal muscles are the organs of the muscular system. There are more than 400 skeletal muscles in the human organism: in adults they make up about two-fifths of the total body weight. Each skeletal muscle has an arterial, venous, lymphatic and nervous supply. Muscles must always act in groups. Skeletal muscles are complex in structure. They consist of muscle fibres of different length (up to 12 cm); the fibres are usually parallel to each other and are united (соединены) in bundles. Each muscle contains many such bundles. There are tendons at the ends of muscles by means of which they are bound (связаны) to bones. Smooth muscles form the muscular coat of internal organs such as esophagus, stomach and intestines, bladder, uterus and so on. They also form a part of the capsule and the trabeculae of the spleen; they are present as single cells or as little cylindrical bundles of cells in the skin. They also form the walls of arteries, veins and some of the larger lymphatics. JSmooth muscles are not rich in blood vessels, as are striated muscles. |A smooth muscle is capable of spontaneous contraction and can contract in two ways. Firstly, individual cells may contract completely and secondly, a wave of contractions may pass from one end of the muscle to another^ Smooth muscle cells are usually elongated cells. In the skin and intestines they are long and thin, but in the arteries they are short and thick. They vary in length from 12—15 mm in small blood vessels to 0,5 mm in the human uterus but their average length in an organ such as the intestine is about 200 m. These cells have an oval nucleus that encloses nucleoli, and when the cell is contracting the nucleus may become folded or twisted.j Muscles have both motor and sensory nerve fibres. Impulses (signals) about the state of the muscle reach the brain along the sensory fibres. The nerve impulses which cause the muscle to contract come from the brain along the motor fibres. Injury to the nerves which innervate muscles causes disturbances in voluntary movements (muscular paralysis). Упражнение 5. Прочтите каждое суждение. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данного суждения, и прочтите их. 1. The skeletal muscles are the organs of muscles system. 2. Skeletal muscles are complex in structure. 3. Smooth muscles form the muscular coat of internal organs, blood vessels and skin. 4. Smooth muscles are capable of cdfhraction. 5. Smooth muscle cells have some characteristic features. 6. Muscles have nerve fibres. ЧастьIII  I Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 2 Упражнение 1. Укажите, в каких предложениях глагол стоит в формеContinuous. 1. The muscles are contracting under stimulation. 2. Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibres. 3. The walls of the blood vessels are con- t racting or expanding in response to a stimulus. 4. Striated muscles are necessary for manipulating the bones of the skeleton. (Ответ: 1,3. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 11 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 2. Укажите и переведите предложения с модальными глаголами. 1. The muscles which we can control are called the voluntary muscles. 2. We do not control smooth and cardiac muscles. 3. Each type of muscles must perform definite functions. 4. Involuntary muscles control all the processes of the body. 5. We may divide all muscles into two groups. (Ответ: 1, 3, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 17 Грамматического справочника.) Упражнение 3. Укажите, в каких предложениях словоthatпереводится а) «что»; б) «который»; в) замещает существительное. 1. We call the muscles that form internal oigans are called visceral muscles. 2. We know that the cardiac muscle forms the heart. 3. The structure of smooth muscles differs from that of cardiac muscles. (Ответ:a) 2; 6) 1; в) 3. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 34 Грамматического справочника.) LESSON THREE THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
ВременагруппыPerfect (Active Voice)(§ 12)
Степени сравнения прилагательных (§ 3)
Функции и перевод словbecause, because of(§ 37)
Часть I
Слова к части I
cardiovascular[ ka:diou'vaeskju:b] a
сердечно-сосудистый circulate ['sakjuileit] vциркулировать circulation [,sd:kju:'leijn] nкровообращение
circulatory [,s9:kju:leit9ri] ациркуля-
торныйartery ['a:tsri] n артерияvein [vein] n венаcapillary [ka'pilari] n капиллярthorax ['0o:raeks] n груднаяклеткаthoracic [09'raesik] агруднойatrium ['eitriam] n предсердиеauricle ['o:rikl] n предсердиеventricle ['ventnkl] n желудочекvalve [vaelv] n клапанpump[рлшр] v накачивать; n насосaorta [ei'o:ta] n аортаdissolve [di'zolv] v растворять(ся)nourish['плп/] v питать(ся) nourishment ['nAriJmsnt] n питаниеwhile [wail] cjвтовремя, как; тогдакак
impurity [im'pju:driti] ппримесьfluid ['fluid] пжидкостьminute [mai'nju:t]амаленький, мельчайший
Упражнения Упражнение 1. Назовите основные формы следующих глаголов. to keep, to flow, to mean, to think, to come, to give Упражнение 2. Найдите в каждом ряду глагол во временах группыPerfect(см. таблицу в § 12 Грамматического справочника). 1. called; has called; is calling; 2. had thought; think; is thought; 3. shall have come; came; comes; 4. have given; gave; will give; 5. distinguish; has distinguished; distinguishes Упражнение 3. Определите время и форму глагола-сказуемого в следующих предложениях. 1. We have just learned the general structure of the body. 2. The bones of the skull protect the brain structure from injury. 3. All the bones of the body are of different types. 4. Muscles are constantly assisting in the body movement. 5. The doctor had already examined the girl's heart when the professor came in. 6. We shall have got the books in anatomy by tomorrow morning. Упражнение 4. Прочтите следующие группы слов. Найдите прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени. more flexible bony tissue, lower arm, less compact bone, inner portion, the longest bone, the most difficult test Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения; определите, какую функцию выполняют словаbecauseиbecauseof. 1. Penicillin is an important antibiotic because of its antiseptic prop- erties. 2. Many infectious diseases are dangerous because it is difficult to treat them. 3. The false ribs received this name because they join the seventh rib at the point before they reach the sternum. 4. Acetabulum got its name because of its resemblance to a rounded cup which the Romans used for acetum. Упражнение 6. Прочтите следующие слова и переведите их. atrium ['eitriam], serum ['sidram], to contain [kan'tein], tricuspid Itrai'kAspid], valve [vaelv], oxygen ['эк$к1з(э)п], diaphragm ['daidfraem], blood [bUd] Упражнение 7. Отработайте чтение следующих предложений.
By the [з] cardio'vascular /system j we 'mean the /heart, | the |i] /arteries, | the [э] /veins | and the [э] capillaries of the [э] human \body. |
From the 'left /heart | the well-oxyge'nated /blood | is 'pumped into a 'large /artery j 'called the [i] a\orta. |
The /artery j that re'ceives the 'blood from the 'right /ventricle j and 'carries it to the /lungs j is the 'pulmonary \artery. |
Упражнение 8. Запомните значения нижеприведенных суффиксов. Прочтите и переведите производные слова.
прилагательное + -1у = наречие: gradualпостепенный— graduallyпостепенно.
anatomically, functionally, finally, freshly
-ist— встречается в существительных, обозначающих людей по профессии, занятию, убеждениям.
ecologist, chemist, anatomist, physiologist
-ate [eit] — суффикс глагола.
to communicate, to circulate, to separate, to graduate
-ate [it] (-ete, -ite, -ute)— суффикс прилагательных и существительных.
graduate, delegate, ultimate, accurate, complete, minute
-ward (s)- встречается в прилагательных, наречиях, предлогах, обозначая направление.
towards, upward, downwards, eastward, inward, backward, forward 3-846 Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда слов. 1. pure, impure, purity, impurity; 2. to weigh, weight, weightless, weighty; 3. to circulate, circulatory, circulation; 4. artery, arterial, arteriole, arteriosclerosis; 5. to separate, separately, separation; 6. to nourish, nourishment Упражнение 10. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания. molecular weight, to put on (to gain) weight, to lose weight, systemic circulation, circulating system, poor circulation, venous pulse blood, thoracic cavity Упражнение 11, Просмотрите текст А. Разделите текст на 4 части и выразите основную мысль каждой из них. Text А The Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System
The cardiovascular system is the system of blood circulation. By the cardiovascular system we mean the heart, the arteries, the veins and the capillaries of the human body.
The centre of the circulatory astern is the heart. The human heart is a cone-shaped organ, about 5 fnches1 long and 3 1/2 inches broad. It weighs aboutg in the adult male, 6 ounces in the female. It lies in the thoraiic'caity, just behind the breastbone and between the lungs. The heart is a hritlovv muscle which four chamber. The right heart consists of an tipper'chamber, the atribm or the'auricle and a
Jover chambere ventricle. Between these two chambers is a one-way lalve, the tricuspidvklve. The left heart has two chambers, but the valve that separates its chambers we call the mitral valve. Although the heart is a unit, anatomically and functionally, we may think of it as of two pumps - the «right heart» and the «left heart». The right heart receives blood from the veins and pumps it into the lungs by way of the lesser circulatory system. In the lungs the blood receives oxygen. Then it moves into the left heart. From the left heart the well-oxygenated blood moves into a large artery, the aorta. The blood returns to the heart by means of the veins. The walls of the capillaries are so thin that the dissolved nourishment that has come from the digestive system and the oxygen that has come from the lungs can pass through them into the tissues of the body and so nourish it. The capillaries form a close network all over the body. They gradually join together and get larger, and become veins.
Left
pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery
Right atrium Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve Interior vena cava
Left atrium
Mitral valve Aortic valve Left ventricle
Interventricular septum
Right pulmonary a**™
|
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