УМК англ для 1 курсов медиков. УМК англ 1 курс. Учебнометодическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов первого курса
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3.14.5. Choose the correct verb for each blank is, meet, has been, is situated, selected, contains, has designed, was built. 1. The White House ... in 1799. 2. Pentagon ... in the suburbs to the south of the Potomac. 3. Since 1800 Washington D. С ... the federal capital. 4. The French engineer, Pierre L'Enfant, ... Washington D. С 5. The Capitol... a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. 6. The Library of Congress ... more than 13 mil lion books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents. 7. George Washington ... the place for the capital. 8. The 535 members of the Congress ... here to discuss the nation's affairs. 9. Pentagon ... the residence of the US Military department. 3.14.6. Read and learn the dialogues by heart. Then act them out. Dialogue 1. - Well, Donald, could you do me a favour? - Yes, what is it, Ronald? - I know you have been living in Washington for about five years. You must know it very well. Could you tell me something about the capital of the USA? - With great pleasure, Ronald. George Washington, the first President of the USA, after whom the city was named se lected the area for the capital. A hundred square miles were taken from the states of Maryland and Virginia. It was called the District of Columbia (D.C.). - Is the city well planned? - Yes, it is. The city is divided into four sections: NW (north-west), NE (north-east), SW (south-west) and SE (south-east). Numbered streets run north and south: First Street, Second Street... Lettered streets such as A-street, B- street run east and west. - I'll try to remember it. - Bear it in mind that every section has an independent street division. If you are looking for Third Street, you should know in what section of the city it is. - What's the heart of Washington? - The Capitol is. All the tourists begin sightseeing from the Capitol and see the Senate Chamber, the Representative Hall, the Statuary Hall and so on. - Are there any monuments in the city? - Of course. The Washington Monument which is 555 feet tall is called "Pencil" because of its shape. It is three blocks south of the White House. There is an elevator which will carry you to 500 foot level observation windows. You should also see the Lincoln memorial which is west of the Washington monument and the Jefferson memorial which is south of the Washington monument near the Potomac river. - I'll follow your advice. I hear the Library of Congress is worth seeing. - That's right. It contains millions of books and manuscripts. Are you interested in churches and cathedrals? - Yes, I am. - You should see the Washington Cathedral in Massachusetts Avenue, the Arlington National Cemetery which is outside the city limits. John F.Kennedy was buried there. The famous Tomb of the Unknowns is worth seeing too. Dialogue 2. Alice: Hi! Glad to meet you. You look wonderful. Mary: Hi! Thanks. Alice: Had good holidays? Mary: Yes, I travelled about the USA. Alice: Oh? What was it like? Mary: It was great! Alice: What cities did you visit? Mary: A lot. New York, Los Angeles, San-Francisco and Washington. Alice: You are lucky! I'm going to Washington next holidays, too. What would you advise me to see in Washington in the first place? Mary: Oh! Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. Alice: Unusual! Why? Mary: First, it's the capital of the country. Washington is very green and you can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. Alice: I see. I'm looking forward to my holidays and visiting Washington. РоссийскаяФедерация. The Russian Federation The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one seventh of the earth’s surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Byelorussia, and the Ukraine. It also has a sea border with the USA. There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east. There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia. There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe’s biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers – the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena – flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean. Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world’s deepest lake (1.600 meters) is Lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom. Russia has one-sixth of the world’s forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East. On the vast territory of the country there are various of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental. Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources. Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma. The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial center. It is one of the oldest Russian cities. At present, the political and economic situation in the country is rather complicated. There are a lot of problems in the national economy of the Russian Federation. The industrial production is decreasing. The prices are constantly rising, the rate of inflation is very high. People are losing their jobs because many factories and plants are going bankrupt. But in spite of the problems Russia is facing at present, there are a lot of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in the world. I’m sure that we, the younger generation, can do very much to make Russia as strong and powerful as in used to be. Answer the questions. How much the Earth’s surface does our country occupy? How many seas and oceans is Russia washed by? What are there several mountain chains on the territory of the country? How many rivers are there in Russia? What is Europe’s biggest river? What is the world’s deepest lake? How much is it? What can you say about Russian government? What mineral resources is Russia very rich? What is the political and economic situation in the country today? Can this country to become one of the leading countries in the world? Moscow Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia. It is also the capital of Moscow Oblast, and it stands on the Moskva River. Moscow is the economic, political and cultural centre of Russia. Railways and numerous airlines link the city with all parts of Russia. Navigable waterways, including the Moscow Canal, Moskva River, and Volga-Don Canal, make the port areas of the city directly accessible to shipping from the Baltic, White, Black, and Caspian seas and the Sea of Azov. Moscow covers an area of about 880 sq. km. Concentric boulevards divide the city into several sections. At the centre of the concentric circles (and semicircles) are the Kremlin, the former governmental seat of Russia, and adjacent Red Square, which form the centre of a radial street pattern. Moscow has a modern underground system famous for its marble-walled stations. Situated on the north bank of the Moskva River, the Kremlin is the dominant landmark of Moscow. A stone wall, up to 21 m in height and 19 towers, surrounds this triangular complex of former palaces, cathedrals, and other monuments of tsarist times, some of them dating from the Middle Ages. The Great Kremlin Palace, completed in 1849, is the most imposing structure within the Kremlin. Other notable Kremlin palaces are the Granovitaya Palace (1491) and the Terem (1636). Among many cathedrals, now used mainly as museums, are the Cathedral of the Assumption (Успения) and the Archangel Cathedral, each with five gilded domes, and the Cathedral of the Annunciation (Благовещения) (13th – 14th century), with nine gilded domes. Another landmark of the Kremlin is the Tower of Ivan the Great, a bell tower 98 m high. On a nearby pedestal is the Tsar's Bell (nearly 200 tons), one of the largest in the world. A recent addition to the Kremlin is the Palace of Congresses, completed in 1961. In this huge modern building were held meetings of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and congresses of the Communist party of the Soviet Union; theatrical and other artistic performances have been held here as well. St. Basily’s Cathedral, famous for its unique architecture and coloured domes, stands at one end of Red Square. One of the best-known sections of Moscow is the Kitaigorod (Chinese City), the ancient commercial quarter lying to the east of the Kremlin. This section is now the site of many government office buildings. Other points of interest in Moscow include the Central Lenin Stadium, comprising about 130 buildings for various sports and the tall Ostankino TV tower, which contains a revolving restaurant and an observation platform. Answer the questions. What is Moscow famous for besides that it is the capital of Russian Federation? How is Moscow divided into sections? What is known about Moscow Underground system? What are the places of interest in Moscow? What is Palace of Congresses used for at present time? 3.16. Государственное устройство Великобритании, США и России. ThestatesystemofGreatBritain - ГосударственныйустройВеликобритании 3.16.1. Vocabulary. 1. monarchy ['mɔnəkɪ] - монархия 2. sovereign reigns - монарх царит 3. setoflaws - сводзаконов 4. comprise [kəm'praɪz] - содержать в себе 5. servesformally -В формально выступает 6. neutral ['njuːtr(ə)l] - нейтральный 7. tobecrowned - бытькоронованным 8. alocalconstituency [kən'stɪtjuən(t)sɪ] - местныйизбирательныйокруг 9. vote - голосовать 10. pollingthelargestnumber - тот, который получил наибольшее количество голосов 11. scrutiny - внимательное изучение 12. peer - пэр (почетный титул в Великобритании) 13. hereditary - потомственный 14. archbishop - архиепископ 15. itactsratherasanadvisorycouncil - действует более как консультативный совет 16. alliance - союз 17. to take decisions - принимать решения 18. to be (responsible for) - быть ответственным (по) 19. 'shadow cabinet - "теневой кабинет" 20. to present an alternative programme - вносить альтернативную программу 3.16.2. The state system of Great Britain - Государственный устрой Великобритании Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. The power of the Queen is limited by the Parliament. It means that the sovereign reigns but does not rule. Britain does not have a written constitution, but a set of laws. Parliament is the most important authority in. Britain. It comprises the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch in her constitutional role. In reality the House of Commons is the only one of the three, which has true power. The Monarch serves formally as head of state. But the Monarch is expected to be politically neutral and should not make political decisions. The present sovereign of Great Britain is Queen Elizabeth II (the second). She was crowned in Westminster Abbey in 1953. The House of Commons has 650 elected Members of Parliament (MPs), each representing a local constituency They are elected by secret ballot. General elections are held every five years. The country is divided into 650 constituencies. All citizens aged 18 have the right to vote , but voting is not compulsory in Britain. The candidate polling the largest number of votes in a constituency is elected. The functions of the House of Commons are legislation and scrutiny of government activities. The House of Commons is presided over by the Speaker. The Government appoints the Speaker. The House of Lords comprises about 1,200 peers. It is presided over by the Lord Chancellor. The House of Lords is made up of hereditary and life peers and peeresses and the two archbishops and 24 most senior bishops of the established Church of England. The House of Lords has no real power. It acts rather as an advisory council . There are few political parties in Great Britain thanks to the British electoral system. They are the Conservative Party, the Labour Party and the Liberal Democratic Alliance.Each political party puts up one candidate for each constituency. The one who wins the most votes is elected MP for that area. The party which wins the most seats in Parliament forms the Government. Its leader becomes the Prime Minister. As head of the Government the Prime Minister appoints ministers, of whom about 20 are in the Cabinet — the senior group which takes major policy decisions. Ministers are collectively responsible for government decisions and individually responsible for their own departments. The second largest party forms the official Opposition, with its own leader and 'shadow cabinet'. The Opposition has a duty to criticise government policies and to present an alternative programme. The new bills are introduced and debated in the House of Commons. If the majority of the members are in favour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated. The House of Lords has the right to reject a new bill twice. But after two rejections they are obliged to accept it. And finally the bill goes to the Monarch to be signed. Only then it becomes a law. Parliament is responsible for British national policy. Much legislation applies through out Britain. England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own legal systems with differences in law and practice. 3.16.3.Questions 1. What is the most important authority in Great Britain? 2. Is the Monarch expected to be politically active? 3. How are the Members of Parliament elected? 4. What are the main political parties in Great Britain? 5. What are the functions of the House of Commons? 3.16.4. Complete the sentences. Great Britain is ………….. The House of Lords comprises about ………peers. The new bills are introduced and debated in the …………... There are few political parties in Great Britain. They are………. Britain does not have a written constitution, but ………... The House of Lords has the right to reject a new bill ………. 3.16.5. The political party system of Great Britain - Система политических партий Великобритании Vocabulary 1. to date from - брать начало 2. seat - место 3. принципиально - главным образом 4. toberegistered - быть зарегистрированным 5. to be recognised - быть признанным 6. depend on - зависеть от 7. existence - существование 8. elections - выборы 9. support - поддержка The political party system, dating from the late 17th century, is an important element in the working constitution. A number of parties win seats in the House of Commons, but Britain has functioned basically as a two-party system for more than a century. The major parties are: the Conservative party, the Labour party and the Liberal party. Political parties are neither registered nor formally recognised in law, but the system depends on the existence of at least two parties in the House of Commons, each of which can form a government. Most candidates in elections and almost all-winning candidates belong to one or other of the main political parties. The leader of the party which wins most seats at a general election, or which has the support of a majority in the new House of Commons forms a government. He or she becomes Prime Minister and chooses the ministers who will together form the Government. In the general election of May 1,1997, after 18 years of Conservative rule, the Labour Party won a victory and Tony Blair became Prime Minister. Система политических партий, что берет свое начало с конца XVII , является важной составляющей конституции. Немало партий путем выборов занимают места в палате общин, и Британия более века остается, главным образом, двухпартийной страной. Основными партиями являются: консервативная партия, лейбористская и либеральная партии. Политические партии не регистрируются и не признаются законом, и система зависит от существования как минимум двух партий в палате общин, каждая из которых может сформировать правительство. Большинство кандидатов на выборы, а потом и все избранные принадлежат к той или иной главной политической партии. Лидер партии, которая набирает больше всего мест на всеобщих выборах или же имеет поддержку большинства в новоизбранной Палате общин, формирует правительство. Он или она становится премьер-министром и назначает министров, которые совместно формируют правительство. На всеобщих выборах 1 мая 1997 года, после 18-летнего правления консервативной партии, победу одержала лейбористская партия, и Тони Блэр стал премьер-министром Великобритании. |