Учебнометодическое пособие по формированию грамматической компетенции (английский язык) для студентов второго образовательного уровня
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ParticipleПричастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая обладает признаками глагола, прилагательного и наречия. В современном английском языке имеются два причастия: причастие I (Participle I) и причастие II (Participle II). Participle I (Simple, Perfect) образуются при помощи инфинитива без частицы “to” с прибавлением суффикса –ing. Participle II образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола суффикса -ed (правильные глаголы, e.g. look+ed). Participle II неправильных глаголов является их третьей формой (см. таблицу неправильных глаголов, e.g. gone, spoken, taken, etc.). Participle II имеет только форму страдательного залога. Формы Participle I, II.
Функции причастия I в предложении Причастие I активного залога (Participle I, Simple, Active) может выполнять в предложении функции определения и обстоятельства. 1. В функции определения Participle I, Active может стоять перед определяемым словом (левое определение). Переводится на русский язык причастием настоящего времени с окончаниями –ущ, -ющ, -ащ, -ящ или причастием прошедшего времени с окончанием –вший. They looked at the flying plane – Они смотрели на летящий (летевший) самолет. Если причастие I стоит после определяемого слова (правое определение), то на русский язык оно переводится причастным оборотом или определительным придаточным предложением. Amagnetattractsonlyobjectscontainingiron – Магнитпритягиваеттолько предметы, содержащиежелезо. 2.Причастие I страдательного залога (Participle I, Passive) на русский язык переводится причастием страдательного или действительного залога с суффиксами -мый, -щийся или определительным придаточным предложением. The bridge being built across the river is very beautiful. – Мост, строящийся через реку (который строится через реку), очень красивый. 3. В функции определения причастие I (Participle I, Simple, Active or Passive) может стоять в начале предложения (иногда с союзами when, while) или в конце предложения. Переводится: - деепричастием с суффиксами а(сь), я(сь): He spent the whole day preparing for his exams – Он провел весь день, готовясь к экзаменам. - обстоятельственным придаточным предложением. Being repaired recently the bridge was in good condition. – Будучи недавно отреставрированным, мост был в хорошем состоянии (Так как мост недавно отремонтировали, он был в хорошем состоянии) - существительным с предлогом “при” When translating a scientific article he met a lot of difficulties. – Переводястатью (при переводе, когда переводил статью) он встретился со многими трудностями 4. Participle I, Perfect, Active (having analysed) может переводиться на русский язык деепричастием совершенного вида, оканчивающимся на ––я или придаточным предложением. Having analyzed the properties of the substance they made some new conclusions. – Проанализировав свойствавещества, они сделали новые выводы. Participle I, Perfect, Passive (having been given) переводится, как правило, придаточным предложением. Having been given all the instructions he began his work. –Послетого, каконполучилвсеуказания, он начал работать. Функции причастия II в предложении 1. Если причастие II является левым определением, то на русский язык оно переводится причастием страдательного залога с суффиксами –ный, -тый, -мый. Thedescribed method is widely used in industry. – Описанный метод широко используется в промышленности 2. Если причастие II является правым определением, то на русский язык оно переводится причастным оборотом или определительным придаточным предложением. The equipment tested requires further improvement. – Испытываемое оборудование требует дальнейшего усовершенствования. Если причастие II употребляется в функции обстоятельства, то оно может стоять в начале предложения (перед подлежащим) и в конце предложения. Перед Participle II могут употребляться союзы if (если), unless (если не), while (в то время как), when, as и др. и на русский язык причастие переводится: - обстоятельственным придаточным предложением Ifheated, molecules of the material move faster. – Еслимолекулывеществанагреть, они движутся быстрее. - существительным с предлогом “при” Whenofferedworkabroad, Popov refused to leave his country. – Когда Попову предложили работу за границей, он отказался покинуть свою страну. - “будучи” + краткая форма причастия Occupied by his thoughts he didn’t hear my question. – Будучи погруженным в свои мысли, он не услышал мой вопрос. Exercises 1. Fill in the present participle and translate into Russian. 1. an (interest) book 2. a (sleep) child 3. two (play) dogs 4. the (win) number 5. several (travel) bags 6. the (move) power 7. a (touch) moment 8. an (excite) film 9. a (work) man 10.(run) water 2. Fill in the Past Participle and translate into Russian. 1. the (lose) son 2. an (interest) audience 3. a (break) leg 4. an (empty) bottle 5. a (close) door 6. a (decorate) room 7. two (pack) bags 8. the (write) letters 9. the (sell) car 10.the (buy) apples 3. Define the functions of Participle I in the following sentences and translate them. 1. The scientist working at this design is well known. 2. Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments. 3. These new devices are replacing their older equivalents. 4. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details. 5. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering. 7. Being cooled water turns into ice. 8. The electric current passing through a wire will heat it. 9. Transistors contain no moving parts. 10. The scientist is carrying on an important research. 11. Developing the new method they achieved good results. 4. Choose the sentences with Participle I from the ones given below and translate them. 1. The falling water has kinetic energy. 2. While testing the motor we put down the results. 3. There is no simple explanation of the functioning of transistors. 4. Obtaining new data engineers can improve their knowledge. 5. Look at the reading of the device. 6. Robots are helping research scientists to answer many difficult questions. 7. By the beginning of the 20th century man had learned something of the structure of the atom. 8. When applying these automatic devices we shall be able to control automatic lines. 9. The applying of lasers enables us to amplify electromagnetic waves. 10. A person beginning some experiment should be very careful and attentive. 5. Translate the sentences. 1. Esperanto is a language introduced in 1887 by Dr L.L. Zamenhof after years of development. 2. Limited vocabulary systems, requiring no training, can recognize a small number of words. 3. Using COM, programs can easily be coded in multiple languages. 4. Given such a statement, we can attempt to construct transformation. 5. Having gained physical access to the application, the engineer can decompile it. 6. While working on this new method of detecting flying objects, scientists began studying an unusual and little-known class of solids called semiconductors. 7. Depending on the type of the process parameters it is necessary to use different estimation methods. 8. When selecting new technologies to solve their problems, people in industry are always conservative. 9. Analyzing this message you can find the error. 10. In this part you will learn how to get required information. 11. Linguistic rules describing the control system consists of two parts. 12. Conventional controllers are derived from control theory techniques based on mathematical models of the open-loop models. 13. Given this system equivalent circuit, the voltages can be computer using circuit analysis. 14. The approach being based on the mathematical methods is concerned with structural considerations. 15. Given such a statement, we can attempt to construct a transformation. 6. Define the functions of Participles in the following sentences and translate them into Russian. 1. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering. 2. Speaking about the new methods of work the engineer told us many interesting details. 3. Having performed the flight around the Moon Zond VI automatic station returned to Earth. 4. Being heated a magnet loses some or all of its magnetism. 5. Having been carefully tested the device was put into operation. 6. A neutron is a particle having the same mass as a proton, but carrying no electrical charge. 7. Hydrogen is the lightest substance known. 8. If heated molecules of the material move faster. 9. Probably, the first metals used by man were gold, silver and copper, these metals being found in nature in the native or metallic state. 10. Oxygen combining with another substance, an oxide is formed. 7. Chose the sentences with Particles I, II from the ones given below. 1. The falling water has kinetic energy. 2 While testing the motor he put down the results.3. Look at the readings of the device. 4. Robots are helping scientists to answer many difficult questions. 5. By the beginning of the 20th century man had learned something about the structure of the atom. 6. A person beginning some experiment should be very careful and attentive. 7. If frozen, water becomes ice. We call the element discovered by Pierre and Mari Curry radium.8. The importance of the scientific researches and discoveries is growing with every year. 9. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering. 8. Translate the following sentences. 1. Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes. 2. When making the experiment he made notes. 3. The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone cause vibrations in an electric current. 4. This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver. 5. Electronics in our country has developed into hundreds of research institutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people. 6. Having been discovered many years ago this metal found a wide application in industry only last year. 7. While being checked the motor showed good performance. 8. Rostov region today is building high-capacity atomic power stations. 9. The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty. 10. Cybernetics is gaining a growing importance. 9. Rewrite the sentences and use The Present Participle. 1. She was talking to her friend and forgot everything around her.Talking to her friend she forgot everything around her. 2. Since we watch the news every day we know what's going on in the world.3. They are vegetarians and don't eat meat.4. The dog wagged its tail and bit the postman.5. While she was tidying up her room she found some old photos.6. He was a good boy and helped his mother in the kitchen.7. As they didn't have enough money they spent their holidays at home last year.8. The man was sitting in the cafe. He was reading a paper9. Since I didn't feel well I didn't go to the cinema.10. She walked home and met an old friend. 10. Rewrite the sentences replacing the italic part with The Past Participle. 1. I have a cat that is called Tara. ----I have a cat called Tara. 2. The dinner was more expensive than they had expected. 3. He was accused of murder and arrested.4. She was shocked by the bad news and burst into tears. 5. The event is organized by our team and will surely be a great success. 6. The film is based on real events and tells the story of a reporter. 7. She was born in Hollywood and knows all the famous movie stars. 8. The car was taken to the garage. It was repaired within an hour. 9. She was admired by everyone and began to grow arrogant. 10. He was dumped by his girlfriend and felt really lousy. 11. Choose the correct form of the participles used as adjectives in the following sentences.
12. Put the verbs in brackets into appropriate form. 1. Proposition 215 is a two-year-old law (intend)….. to allow seriously ill people in California to use marijuana as medicine. 2. Such ill people carry a doctor's note (verify)…..that they suffer from chronic pain or serious disease. 3. Steve McWilliams is a person who uses marijuana daily to deal with constant pain (result)…..from several car accidents. 4. Another person who was (delight)…..when proposition 215 passed was Evan Keliher of San Diego. 5. Keliher said it was (relieve)….to use marijuana legally after thirty years of being a "closet marijuana smoker”. 6. Keliher, who is a former Marine and (retire)…..school teacher, was diagnosed with glaucoma in the 1960s. 7. He began to smoke pot in 1967 after hearing that it helped relieve intra-ocular pressure (cause)…..by glaucoma. 8. He had been using eye drops, but his eye sight was steadily (weaken)….. 9. Doctors (treat)….him at that time predicted that he would be blind by now.. 10. Though he can no longer see in his left eye, his eyesight in his right eye is (amaze)…... 11. He is so (satisfy)…..with the results from marijuana that he wrote a book called, "Grandpa's Marijuana Handbook”. 12. Kelleher wants to teach older people who are sick and (suffer)…..how to use marijuana. 13. Still, there are many problems (face)…..law enforcement officers in California. 14. Marijuana (grow)…..for medicinal purposes are legal, but how much is necessary? 13. Rewrite the sentences replacing the italic part with The Perfect Participle and translate into Russian. 1. We switched off the lights before we went to bed. --- Having switched off the lights we went to bed. 2. The boy asked his mother's permission and then went out to play. ------the boy went out to play. 3. As he had drunk too much, he didn't drive home himself. -----he didn't drive home himself. 4. We have written two tests today, so we are very exhausted. -----we are very exhausted. 5. She filled the washing machine and switched it on. -----she switched it on. 6. She had been to the disco the night before and overslept in the morning. ----she overslept in the morning. 7. We had worked in the garden all day and were sunburned in the evening. ----we were sunburned in the evening. 8. She had not slept for two days and therefore wasn't able to concentrate. ----she wasn't able to concentrate. 9. Since I had not seen him for ages, I didn't recognize him. ----I didn't recognize him. 10. I had not ridden a horse for a long time and found it very difficult to keep in the saddle. ----I found it very difficult to keep in the saddle 14. Fill in the Perfect Participle. Decide whether to use active or passive voice. 1. (stop) the car, the police officer wanted to see the documents. 2. (write) the test, we felt relieved. 3. (work) all day, we were quite exhausted in the evening. 4. (send) to counter 24, I had to return to counter 3. 5. (confess) , he was accused of even more criminal offences. 6. (arrive) at the station, we called a taxi. 7. (type) by the secretary, the letter was signed by the boss. 8. (interrupt) several times, he was rather annoyed. 9. (live) in Oxford for two years, she spoke English like a native speaker. 10. (rescue) , the injured man was taken to hospital 15. Change the complex sentences given below according to the examples and translate them into Russian. Example A: While she was preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures. While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures. 1. When he was translating the article he used a dictionary. 2. While the student was working at the problem he made many experiments. 3. When the scientist was carrying out research in the field of nuclear physics he came to Dubna to work there. 4. When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results. 5. While he was experimenting with this substance he was very careful. 6. When the engineer was improving the design he made many calculations. 7. While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples. 8. When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results. Example B: The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems. The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems. 1. The scientist who is working at the method is well known. 2. The students who are listening to the taped lesson study at the evening faculty. 3. These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory. 4. The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled. 5. The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor. 6. The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various faculties. 7. The workers who are building this house will soon finish their work. 16. Fill in the correct participle. Paul: You must be very 1) excited (excite). Paris is a 2) (fascinate) city. There are so many 3) (interest) things to do. You won't be 4) (bore). Jane: Well, I'm a bit 5) (worry) because I can't speak French very well. Paul: You should buy a phrase book and then you won't be 6) (embarrass) if someone speaks to you. They won't be 7) (annoy) if you make a mistake, and most people will be 8) (please) if you ask for something in French. Jane: I'm sure they'll find my accent very 9) (amuse). Paul: Don't be silly. I'm sure you'll have a very 10) (stimulate) holiday. 17. Translate the sentences from Russian into English paying special attention to Participle I and Participle II. 1. Открыв дверь, я увидел друга. 2. Студент, отвечающий (который отвечает) этот урок, из нашей группы. 3. Перевод, который делается студентами, очень трудный. 4. Она смотрела на играющих детей во дворе. 5. Будучи хорошим специалистом, он писал превосходные статьи. 6.Работая в читальном зале, она закончила свою статью. 7. Когда Попову предложили работу за границей, он отказался покинуть свою страну. 8. После того, как он окончил академию, его отправили за границу. 9. Проводя эксперимент, мы наблюдали новое явление. 10. Атомы, объединенные (которые объединены) в группы, называются молекулами. Chapter 7 |