Учебнометодическое пособие по формированию грамматической компетенции (английский язык) для студентов второго образовательного уровня
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InfinitiveИнфинитив – это основная форма глагола. Его формальным показателем является частица to. Формы инфинитива
Неличные формы глагола не имеют лица, числа, времени и наклонения. Они могут только обозначить время относительно глагола-сказуемого. Simple Infinitive обозначает действие, одновременное действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. I am glad to see you.- Рад тебя видеть. Continuous Infinitive обозначает действие, которое развивается одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым. It is pleasant to be walking along the shady alley.- Приятно идти по тенистой аллее. Perfect Infinitive обозначает действие, которое предшествовало действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. I am sorry not to have helped you. - Мне жаль, что не смог тебе помочь. Perfect Continuous Infinitive- обозначает действие, которое длилось в течение определенного периода времени до настоящего момента. It seems to have been raining since the very morning.- Кажется, дождь идет с самого утра. Passive Infinitive. Инфинитив переходных глаголов имеет 2 формы пассивного залога (Simple and Perfect). В отрицательных предложениях перед инфинитивом ставится not: We decided not to go out because of the weather. Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется в следующих случаях:
I don’t understand.
If one cannot have what one loves, one must love what one has.
I never saw you look so well before.
Let us be friends.
What makes you think so?
You’d better go to bed. Функции инфинитива в предложении В простейших случаях английский инфинитив не отличается от русского. 1. Если инфинитив стоит в начале предложения, а за ним стоит сказуемое, то он выполняет функцию подлежащего и переводится на русский язык инфинитивом или существительным: To read is useful. – Читать полезно. 2. Инфинитив выполняет функцию части составного именного сказуемого, если стоит после глагола to be, который переводится словами «состоит в том, чтобы», «заключается в том, чтобы» или вообще не переводится: The purpose of this test is to determine the mechanical characteristics of the material.– Цель испытания – определить механические характеристики материала. В сочетании с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами инфинитив выполняет функцию части составного глагольного сказуемого: Thedesignengineermustconsidermanyfactors. – Инженер-конструктор должен учитывать многие факторы. 3. Инфинитив, стоящий после сказуемого или косвенного дополнения, выступает в функции прямого дополнения: I like to read. – Я люблю читать. Разберем основные особенности, отличающие английский инфинитив от русского и, тем самым, представляющие трудности при переводе. 4. Инфинитив, стоящий в начале предложения до группы подлежащего или после сказуемого, выполняет функцию обстоятельства цели и переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением с союзами «чтобы»», «для того, чтобы»: Laws were not made to be broken. - Законы созданы не для того, чтобы их нарушать. Инфинитив цели может вводиться словами in order to, so as: Sometimes you retreat in order to advance. - Иногда нужно отступить, чтобы продвинуться вперед. 5. Инфинитив в роли определения, стоящего после определяемого слова, чаще бывает в форме пассивного залога и переводится на русский язык придаточным определительным предложением с оттенком будущности и модальности: The strength of radio waves to be measured is expressed in microvolts. Сила радиоволн, которая должна быть измерена, выражается в микровольтах Exercises 1. Translate the sentences. 1. Various techniques are used to model data structure. 2. Keys are commonly used to join or combine data from two or more tables. 3. To increase the metric all we have to do is to add some if-statements to program. 4. The purpose of the model is to answer a set of questions. 5. At the same time chemists worked to combine atoms into new kinds of molecules. 6. This paper is supposed to be written by famous scientists in the field of nanotechnology. 7. Nobody seemed to know what had happen with those chemical elements. 8. That is very good book for you to read before making the experiment. 9. Each state indicates the sounds that are likely to be heard in that segment of the word. 10. The purpose of the feedback controller is to guarantee a desired response of the output. 11. In his work Airy was perhaps the first to explain instability in a feedback control system. 12. You can use scripting language to tell Flash what to do and to ask Flash what is happening. 13. For example, if the state is 101, this needs to be reset to 001. 14. Its developers and users use the web to exchange information ideas. 2. Read the sentences and state the function of the Infinitive. 1. To greet the guests is the hostess’ duty. 2. The boy explained seriously that the pockets were used to carry things that were absolutely necessary. 3. Mother had to repeat her request twice before her son turned his head. He seemed to have been lost in his thoughts. 4. The aim of the lesson was to introduce the words and train them in oral practice. 5. This is a hint for you to understand the whole thing better. 6. They decided to play the match on Saturday. 7. He made a remark in an angry voice to get me cross, too. 8. She seemed to have lost her temper. 9. Why do you want to be taken seriously in such a situation? 10. The people round the king were superstitious enough to have believed every word and trick of the witch. 3. Define the functions of the Infinitive in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian. 1. Our task is to study well. 2. The idea to use this substance is not new. 3. He described the device to be used in all modern systems. 4. The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated. 5. To translate the text without a dictionary is difficult. 6. To make the experiment you must improve the device. 7. The engineer wanted to be sent to the conference. 8. Lodygin was the first to invent the electric lamp. 9. In order to solve these problems, scientists must make many experiments. 10. To carry out this research work requires special knowledge. 4. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the functions of the Infinitive. 1. We shall consider a very simple example in order to explain this phenomenon. 2. Computer science is to be regarded as a new discipline. 3. It is quite necessary for him to make a great number of calculations to solve the problem. 4. We know silver to be the best of conducting materials. 5. Michael Faraday had little chance to get an education. 6. An attempt to form a theory of such systems was made by Professor W. 7. We expect the article to be published next year. 8. I believe him to have changed his plans. 9. Radio and television continue to develop and to find wider application in science and industry. 10. I saw the workers repair the machine. 11. The fastest way to detect an artificial satellite is by radio. 12. We watched the robot perform many operations. 13. We are to study the main laws of physics. 14. An electronic machine has to be used to make these calculations. 5. Read the sentences and state the form and function of the Infinitive. 1. Can it be still raining? 2. She can't have been lying to everyone. 3. He could see that everybody was ready to set off for the trip. 4. Could I ask for help? 5. She can't still be waiting for us. 6. Could you have misunderstood me? 7. Helen seems to be losing her temper. 8. I want you to take Jenny to the dentist. 9. She wants to be taken seriously. 10. It was nice to be speaking Russian after a week of staying in England. 11. What I want most of all at the moment is to be left alone. 12. They were astonished to have found me in such a company. 13. The girl was delighted to have been dancing the whole evening. 14. The boy was old enough to be taken to the ceremony. 15. You are too careless to have promised Jim so much. 16. He is known to have been one of me most famous writers of the 50s. 17. I was walking so quickly that I might be thought to be following the woman in front of me. 18. Granny is supposed to be taken to hospital. 19. The cat is not likely to have been stolen. 20. At that time I happened to be working at my first book of poems. 6. Choose the right translation. 1 To read English is a great pleasure. а) читать на английском б) чтобы прочитать на английском 2. To read English well students must work hand, а) чтобы читать на английском б) читать на английском 3. The experiment to be made is very important а) эксперимент, который был выполнен б) эксперимент который надо провести 4 The problem to be solved was discussed at the last meeting а) проблема была решена б) проблема, которую надо решить 5.Tо finish this work they had to invite American experts а) чтобы завершить эту работу б) завершение этой работы. 6. To finish this work was easy а) чтобы завершить эту работу б) завершение этой работы. 7. The sum to be paid was terrible а) сумма, которую нужно заплатить б) сумма была выплачена 7. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the Infinitive. 1. I don't want her /think, to think/ me /say, to say/ a lie. 2. The doctor made them /to open, open/ the windows to air the stuffy room and /stop, to stop/ smoking at once. 3. His joke made us all /to laugh, laugh/ heartily. 4. Don't make her /agree, to agree/ with you. It will do no good - she is very stubborn. 5. She saw them /look, to look/ at the map of the city that is why she saw /they were strangers, them to be strangers/. 6. I didn't expect the weather /to change, change/ soon so I hadn't taken the umbrella. 7. Everybody believes Greg /to be, be/ a very good surgeon. 8. Why didn't you want us /see, to see/ him off to the railway station? 9. I think I was right - I let him /ask, to ask/ all the questions and answered them frankly. There is no place for tricks between the partners. 10. She didn't want anyone to see her /to cry, cry/ and wanted everyone/to leave, leave/ her alone. 8. Open the brackets and use “to” or "bare" Infinitive. 1. He was so clever that he could (to answer, answer) all possible questions. 2. The story was too short (to be read, be read), at the lesson. 3. Bob is as pleased as Punch (to have been praised, have been praised) in the class. 4. We must (to arrive, arrive) there in the morning. 5. You ought (have been, to have been) more attentive during the last test. 6. He seems (to be asking, be asking) stupid questions - look, everyone is smiling. 7. Kate asked me to show how (open, to open) the box. 9. Change the following complex sentences given below according to the example and translate them. Example: The process which will be described in this article is known as ionization. The process to be described in this article is known as ionization. 1. The method which will be used is reliable. 2. The results which will be received will be published next month. 3. The data that are to be obtained will be of great interest. 4. The measurements that must be made should be accurate enough. 5. The experiments which will be demonstrated are closely related to our research. 6. The problem that must be solved is very difficult. 7. The work that must be done is of great importance. 8. The method that will be used was developed in our laboratory. 9. The equipment that is to be installed is very effective. 10. The instrument which will be used must make precise measurements. 10. Open the brackets by using the infinitive with or without the particle “to”.
14. I will (have) him (do) the work again! 11. Insert the particle to where necessary. 1. The brave boy helped the partisans…find the way to the railway line in the dead of night. 2. He would sooner… die than…betray his friends. 3. Suvorov was never known …retreat. 4. Why not…..start out now? We cannot wait for the weather...change. 5. Have you ever heard him …..complain of difficulties? 6. He was never heard….. complain of difficulties. 7. You'll be lonely tomorrow. You'd better…..come and…..dine with us. 8. Don't let us…..waste time. There are hundreds of things….. be done. 9. I have never known him …..do such things. 10. I know him…..have been an actor once. 11. We had better.....make haste. 12. You ought not…..sit up so late. 13. What made you…..think so? 14. 'Thanks' Andrew answered, 'I'd rather…..see the cases for myself'. 15. He was made….. do his work independently. 16. She seems…..know a great deal about music. 17. I thought I would rather….. get to the gallery alone, but I was obliged….. accept his company. 18......have gone through what you have gone through is the lot of very few. 19. I'll have him…..tell the truth. 20. Get them…..come as early as possible.. 21. There is hardly anything…..do but…..work out an alternative plan 12. Put “to” before the infinitive wherever necessary.
10. Perhaps I had better - explain the rule once more.
32. She was a startling woman ... at. (to look) 13. Complete the following using the infinitive as subject with the anticipatory it.
14. Use the Infinitive. a) as predicative:
b) Use the infinitive as object:
c) Use the infinitive as attribute (take the infinitives from the following list): to remember, not to be contradicted, to desire, to speak (to, about), to do, to be done, to follow, to worry about, to be erected, to read, to laugh at, to be answered, to answer.
d) Use the infinitive as adverbial modifier. 1) of purpose: 1. I read the story the second time (so as)..... 2. He had to work hard (in order) ….. 3. We must hurry (so as not) ….. 4. After classes we stayed ….. 5. Has he come …..? 6. You should read more out loud ….. 7. I called on him yesterday ….. 8. We stopped ….. 9. …...we must begin preparing for the exams immediately. 2) of result: 1. I was too astonished ….. 2. The boy is strong enough ….. 3. The storm was such as ….. 4. He was gentleman enough ….. 5. The wind was so strong as …. 6. The ship was too far ….. 7. I don't know him well enough ….. 8. The slopes of the hill were too steep ….. 9. You have only to see it once ….. 10. The problem was too complicated ….. 11. His illness was not such as..... 12. She was a woman enough ….. 13. The impression was such as never ….. 14. You have only to reach out your hand ….. 15. He was as fortunate as ….. 15. Translate the sentences into English. 1.Чтобы начать эксперимент необходимо изготовить новое оборудование. 2.Чтобы добраться до деревни, он вынужден был брать такси. 3. Чтобы перевести этот текст, она вынуждена пользоваться словарем. 4. Чтобы написать эту книгу, он посетил много стран. 5. Чтобы организовать встречу, он позвонил своему другу. 6. Дом, который будет продаваться, был построен в 18 веке. 7. Программа, которую необходимо разработать, будет использоваться математиками. 8. Делегация, которую нужно встретить в Москве, состоит из бизнесменов. 9. Статью, которую необходимо перевести, была опубликована в прошлом году. 10. Дорога, которую начнут строить в будущем году, будет на 200 км короче старой. 16. State the function of the Infinitive. Translate into Russian.
17. Translate into English.
Chapter 5 |