Учебнометодическое пособие по формированию грамматической компетенции (английский язык) для студентов второго образовательного уровня
 Скачать 0.83 Mb.
|
GerundГерундий – это неличная форма глагола, имеющая признаки как существительного, так и глагола и выражающее действие, как процесс. Герундий образуется путем прибавления окончания – ing к основе глагола и выражает отвлеченное понятие о действии, не указывая на число, лицо и наклонение. Самостоятельно вне контекста на русский язык не переводится, так как в русском языке аналогичных форм нет. Формы герундия
Свойства герундия
Функции герундия в предложении Так как в русском языке нет соответствующей формы, то герундий, в зависимости от его функции в предложении, переводится отглагольным существительным, инфинитивом, деепричастием или целым предложением (чаще придаточным). Обороты с герундием широко используются в научно-технической литературе. 1. Герундий в функции подлежащего может переводиться существительным или инфинитивом: Существительное Using virtual environments has considerably widened the range of training possibilities. - Использование виртуальной реальности существенно расширило возможности обучения. Инфинитив Measuring temperatures is necessary in many experiments. - Измерятьтемпературунеобходимопримногихопытах. 2. Именная часть составного именного сказуемого переводится существительным или инфинитивом: One more fact is worth mentioning. - Стоит упомянуть ещё один факт. I can’t help being surprised at their success. - Немогунеудивляться их успеху. 3. Герундий в функции дополнения. Герундий в функции прямого дополнения переводится существительным, придаточным предложением, инфинитивом. Most memory training systems involve associating the things you want to remember with something you already have safely stored in your head. - Большинство систем, тренирующих память, включают процесс ассоциирования вещей, которые вы хотите запомнить, с чем-то, что вы уже надежно запомнили. Герундий в данной функции употребляется: 1) после глаголов, выражающих предпочтение: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer и т.д. и после глаголов, выражающих начало, конец и продолжение действия: start, begin, continue, finish, и т.д. Нужно иметь в виду, что после них может употребляться и инфинитив, без особого изменения значения высказывания. 2) после глаголов stop, regret, remember, forget, mean, go on может употребляться и герундий, и инфинитив, но значение высказывания при этом меняется, что, соответственно отразится и на переводе: STOP+ герундий – обозначает прекращенное действие They stopped discussing the news. Они перестали обсуждать новости. STOP + инфинитив - выступает в функции обстоятельства цели They stopped to discuss the news. Они остановились, чтобы обсудить новости. Герундий в функции предложного дополнения переводится существительным или придаточным предложением. There are many stories about dolphins saving sailors from drowning. - Существует много историй о том, как дельфины спасали тонущих моряков от гибели. The present project aims at promoting an active role of the astronomers. - Данныйпроектнацеленнаформированиеактивнойролиастрономов... There’s a common interest in developing in Naples a laboratory for measurements. - Все заинтересованы в открытии в Неаполе лаборатории для измерений… It looks like raining. They insisted on prolonging the negotiations. 3) после названных глаголов всегда употребляется герундий:
4. Определение. В этой функции герундий обычно употребляется с предлогами “of”, “for”, “in”. Переводится существительным с предлогом или неопределенной формой глагола, а также существительным в родительном падеже. Запомните следующие существительные, после которых употребляется герундий в функции определения: ability(способность), advantage ( преимущество), chance (возможность), merit (достоинство), necessity(необходимость), possibility (вероятность), reason (причина, основание), difficulty(трудность). After his illness he had no chance of passing the examinations. - После болезни у него не было никакой возможности сдать экзамены. Let’s hope that they will reject any and every excuse for delaying negotiations.- Будем надеяться, что они отклонят любые предлоги приостановки переговоров. The difficulties in designing these devices led to the development of a new technological method. - Трудностивразработкеданныхприборовпривеликразвитиюнового технологическогометода. 5. Обстоятельство. Герундий в этой функции употребляется с предлогами и переводится существительным с соответствующим предлогом или деепричастием.
A system can be realized bymaking a superconducting tunnel junction (STJ). - Можно реализовать систему, обеспечив сверхпроводящее туннельное соединение. Onbeingheated to a sufficient temperature any body becomes a source of light. - Любое тело, нагретое до нужной температуры, становится источником света In leaving the metal surface the electrons can produce considerable currents. - Покидая поверхность металла, электроны могут создать значительный ток. After/On making a lot of experiments Faradey discovered the electromagnetic induction. - Проделав множество экспериментов, Фарадей открыл электромагнитную индукцию Exercises 1. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. For developers working with the Microsoft Windows operating system, this task has traditionally been a complicated experience. 2. Creating a program is a very interesting step. 3. Almost all digital cameras are capable of taking pictures for display on the Internet. 4. Activity modeling is a critical component of business systems engineering. 5. Building an expert system is expensive. 6. There are several different ways of describing errors affecting a physical system. 7. Progress is due to some combination of finding new algorithms, improving our understanding of the nature of intelligence. 8. To fully understand how DLL works, let’s start out by examining the whole picture. 9. As you can see, initializing a process can be time consuming. 10. It is made by modifying some of the chemical reactions that take place in natural DNA. 11. Here is an example of converting human experience for use in a control system. 12. This information can be used for altering program. 13. After completing this process you will want to restore C++Builder to its original form. 14. Having virtual directories is helpful if you have files located on another server. 15. Data analysis follows data gathering. 16. Any application written for the virtual machine can be operated on any of the platforms, instead of having to produce separate versions of the application for each computer and operating system. 17. Being practical leads to the greatest efficiency. 18. Travelling on business these days means that you still need to keep in touch with the office, no matter where you are. 19. We are interested in techniques for finding and describing structural patterns in data. 20. We believe this organization will help in understanding the interaction among different tasks. 21. This version of the program is far from being perfect. 22. Human beings will someday be able to master all problems and possibly even control the future using technology. 23. Observing and collecting measurements, as well as hypothesizing and predicting, often require extensive use of mathematics and mathematical models. 24. Computers in general are machines for converting information from one form into another more useful form. 2. Find the Gerunds, determine their functions in the sentences and translate the sentences into Russian. 1. In moving through a vacuum these electrons form an electric current. 2. For 40 years this device underwent constant improving and by 1997 it had performed so many different functions, that it seemed absurd to suppose it could ever be replaced. 3. The idea of using this technique is new and somewhat unexpected.4. It is worth mentioning in this connection that this technique found no support two years ago. 5. Its useless devoting so much time to this problem without specifying all the details of the procedure. It’s no good wasting much time in debates. 6. The way of avoiding these difficulties is unknown at present. 7. This procedure will give us the possibility of determining both the state estimation and the time delay. 8. We succeeded in simplifying the calculations of the magnetic strength. 9. We can’t help recognizing the importance of their discovery. 10. One can increase the current by reducing the resistance of the circuit. 11. There are different ways of charging a body with electricity. 12. In recent years man has succeeded in controlling chemical reactions. 13. Researchers studied the power of music by observing two groups of pre-schoolers. 3. Define the functions of the Gerund in the following sentences and translate them: 1. A laser is a machine for making and concentrating light waves into a very intense beam. 2. Go on making the experiment, 3. The idea of using lasers came from A.Prokhorov and N.Basov. 4. The laser beam is made by exciting the atoms of a suitable material. 5. Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments. 6. There can be no progress in science without experimenting. 7. Solving such problems helps us greatly. 8. Their wish is mastering the fundamentals of radio-engineering. 9. The melting point of aluminum is 657°C. 10.1 remember visiting this laboratory. 11. They succeeded in obtaining these data. 4. Choose the sentences with the Gerund from the ones given below and translate them: 1. Special instruments measuring cosmic radio signals are being installed in the observatory. 2. Penetrating into space was very important for mankind. 3. Applying the method we get better results. 4. Upon adding heat we can change the state of a substance. 5. When measuring the voltage we use a voltmeter. 6. A number of materials, including some gases and semiconductors, possess this property. 7. For many centuries men were interested in obtaining new sources of energy. 8. The engineer insisted on experimenting as the best method to solve this problem. 9. The importance of scientific researches and discoveries is growing with every year. 5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the Gerund. 1. Large-scale application of electronic technique is a trend of technical progress capable of revolutionizing many branches of industry. 2. Leningrad physicists have developed a method for using optical quantum generators for spectral analysis. 3. When atoms or molecules are excited they emit electromagnetic waves. By counting the number of waves in a certain period, a very accurate measure can be defined. 4. The operating speeds of these systems will be measured in nano-seconds.5. Telemetry is the science of seeing some place without being there. 6. Electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way of looking at electricity. 7. We know of Kondakov's having made the first synthetic rubber in the world. 8. Russian physicists saw in semiconductors the way of solving complicated engineering problems. 9. These scientists continue working in this promising field of knowledge. 10. We know of Yoffe's having contributed much to the research of transistors. 6. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
7. Use the verb in brackets as a gerund. 1. He’s good at repairing. (repair) 2……fruit is good for you. (eat) 3…… a car costs money. (run) 4. I hate …..the washing-up. (do) 5. He enjoys….. orders. (give) 6……holes is hard work. (dig) 7. Do you mind…..places? (change) 8…… beds is boring. (make) 9. What do you know about …… maps? (make) 10. You should avoid ……rules. (make). 8. Use an appropriate form of a Gerund. 1.I’m sorry for having disturbed you. (have disturb) 2. I didn’t take it. I deny ……. it. (have take) 3. I’m annoyed about ……. all that money. (have lose) 4. I appreciate ……. me. (you have help) 5. I enjoy ……. with you. (have work) 6. That explains his ( fire) from his job. 7. I don’t mind ……. above me. (his have promote) 8. I resent ……. . (have dismissed) 9. Use the verb in brackets as a Gerund. Supply the necessary preposition. 1. I have no intention … (to stay) here any longer. 2. She insisted … (to help) me. 3. Are you fond…(to play) chess? 4. He has very much experience … (to teach). 5. There’s no possibility...(to find) his address. 6. There’s little chance …(to see) her today. 7. We have the pleasure …(to send) you our catalogues. 8. I think …(to go ) to the south in summer. 9. He is afraid …( to catch) cold. 10. I’m proud …(to have) such a son. 11. The rain prevented me …(to come). 12. They had much difficulty …(to find) a house. 10. Finish the sentences.1. They succeeded in…. 2. His coming prevented us from… 3. They objected to… 4. It’s worthwhile… 5. You must thank them for…. 6. His idea of… is… 7. It’s useless…. 8. I can’t help… 11. Using the Gerund, supply any appropriate completion for each of the following.
5. I enjoy….. a long walk every morning.
a dinner party.
12. Using the Gerund as the subject speak about the ways of saving money. Example: Invite people to tea or coffee instead of dinner. Inviting people to tea or coffee instead of dinner is a way of saving money.
13. Answer these questions explaining why it's nouse (good) or it's a waste of time doing it. Example: Shall I ring him up now? It's no use (good) ringing him up now. He's not at work yet.
10. Are you going to lose your temper any time you serve a fastidious and particular customer?
14. Complete the following by translating what is given in brackets using the gerund in the function of an object. Insert prepositions where necessary.
15. Explain why somebody couldn't help doing it. Example: You fell asleep! - I was too tired that I couldn't help falling asleep.
16. Insert the correct preposition before the gerund where required.
17. He looked at me for a long time…..answering, (Cdark) 18. He felt he was going to be denounced…..daring to suggest such a thing. (Priestley) 19. I thought you had just been blaming me…..being neutral. (Snow) 17. Change the structure of the sentences so as to use the construction there is no + gerund.
7. Molly mixed up appointments! 8. You put off an urgent work! 9. Your secretary interrupted me!
18. Open the brackets using gerund of the given verb in the active or passive voice (non-perfect form):
Chapter 9 |