Учебнометодическое пособие по формированию грамматической компетенции (английский язык) для студентов второго образовательного уровня
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ConditionalsСослагательное наклонение используется в тех случаях, когда выражаются: сомнение, неуверенность, предположение, приказание, совет, требование, чувство радости или сожаления.
В русском языке сослагательное наклонение выражается сочетанием глагола в форме прошедшего времени с частицей «бы». Сослагательное наклонение в английском языке выражается: 1) синтетическими формами – be, were, have, go, ask; 2) аналитическими формами – should, would, may, could, might + Infinitive Indefinite или Infinitive Perfect; 3) формами, совпадающими с формами изъявительного наклонения следующих времен – Past Simple, Past Progressive, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Progressive. 1. Формы сослагательного наклонения служат для выражения совета, предложения, требования, предположения и т.п., относящихся к настоящему и будущему времени: 1) в простом предложении:
2) В сложноподчиненных предложениях, вводимых союзом после безличных оборотов типа: it is necessary – необходимо it is strange – странно it is important – важно it is likely – вероятно it is essential – существенно it is unlikely – маловероятно it is desirable – желательно it is probable – вероятно
В таких предложениях сослагательное наклонение часто переводится на русский язык изъявительным наклонением. 3) В придаточных предложениях сказуемых:
4) В дополнительных придаточных предложениях после глаголов advise, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest, suppose, want, wish:
5) После глагола to wish для выражения сожаления о том, чего нет:
6) В обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях цели после союзов sothat, inorderthat:
7) В условных придаточных предложениях: а) вводимых союзами if, provided(при условии, если), unless(если не):
Однако, когда излагается содержание обсуждаемого плана, предложения, проекта, то сослагательное наклонение переводится на русский язык изъявительным наклонением.
б) с опущенным союзом и с инвертированным сказуемым в сослагательном наклонении, выраженным глаголом should, were, had, could.
В русском языке для передачи различных оттенков предположения и вероятности используются лексические средства: случись, если вдруг. 2. Формы сослагательного наклонения служат для выражения сожаления, досады, упрека, возмущения, относящихся к прошедшему времени: 1) в простых предложениях:
2) в дополнительных придаточных предложениях после глагола wish для выражения сожаления:
3) в обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях условия и сравнения после союзов if; asif, asthough (как если бы);provided(при условии):
Условное придаточное предложение является частью сложноподчиненного предложения, где главное выражает следствие условия, заключенного в придаточном. Условные предложения могут выражать реальное и нереальное условие, а главное предложение, соответственно, может выражать реальное и нереальное следствие. Придаточные предложения условиясоединяются с главным предложением союзами if (если), in case (вслучае), unless (если …не), when, as/so long as, until, even if, no matter how/who/what/where/when, provided (that) He won’t go there unless he is invited. He wouldn’t cough ifhe didn’t smoke. Условные предложения нулевого типа. If, etc. + Present Simple + Present Simple в главном предложении Выражают условие, которое всегда является верным: If you stroke our cat, she purrs Unless you are on top of a mountain, water boils at 100° С Условные предложения первого типа. If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will go swimming. Сложноподчиненные предложения первого типа (реальное условие) выражают вероятный и возможный результат в будущем: You'llgetwetifyoudon’ttakeanumbrella. В условных предложениях первого типа в главном предложении используется Future Simple (простое будущее время) со вспомогательным глаголом will + инфинитив без частицы to, а в придаточном предложении используется Present Simple (простое настоящее время). Если придаточное стоит в начале предложения, то после него ставится запятая. Если главное стоит в начале предложения, то запятая после него не ставится: IfIworkhard, I’llpassmyexam. I’ll pass my exam ifI work hard. Условные предложения второго типа. If I were you, I wouldn’t be so rude. Условные предложения второго типа выражают маловероятное или нереальное условие в настоящем или будущем:IfIwereprimeMinister, I’dincreasetaxesforrichpeople. Условные предложения второго типа образуются при помощи использования простого прошедшего времени (Past Simple) в придаточной части и вспомогательного глагола would в главной части предложения:IfIhadmoremoney, Iwouldbuildahouse. Вместо глагола was в придаточном предложении обычно используется were:IfIwereyou, I’dgotobed. Правила пунктуации такие же, как и для условных предложений первого типа. Условные предложения третьего типа. If + Past Perfect + wouldhave + past participle в главном предложении Описывает прошедшее событие, которое могло случиться, но не произошло или событие, которое не должно было случиться, но случилось. I wouldn't have cooked a vegetarian meal unless I had thought they were vegetarians. She would have passed the exam if she had answered all the questions. Смешанные условные предложения • придаточное относится к прошлому, а главное – к настоящему или будущему I would be happily married now if I hadn't told Mary I didn't love her. She wouldn't let us go to the match unless we had finished our homework. • придаточное относится к настоящему или будущему, а главное – к прошлому He would have invited you if he wasn't already coming to the dance with his girlfriend. She would have ordered something else if she didn't like spaghetti. Модальные глаголы в условных предложениях Модальные глаголы can, could, might, etc. can be используются в первом, втором и третьем типах сослагательного наклонения. I might go to the match if there are any seats left. If she had private classes, she could pass the exam. If they had taught us how to use the machine safely, the accident might never have happened. Вежливыевыражения Предложения с глаголом would звучат более вежливо: If you wouldn't mind waiting for a moment, the porter will take your cases up to your room. Глаголshouldиспользуется в придаточных условия, чтобы оно звучало еще менее вероятно. Он чаще встречается в официальных письмах: If you should require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us. Should может также заменять if: Should you wish to contact me, I can be reached at the above address. Выражения, передающие значения условия: I wish
We all wish the exam wasn't/weren't tomorrow. I wish she was/were studying here, too.
I wish I could come to your party, but I'm afraid I'll be away that weekend. I wish it would rain.
I wish you would stop tapping your foot like that. It's driving me crazy. Don't you wish he wouldn't wear that terrible old sweater? I wish I could stop eating so much chocolate. 4)Wish + Past Perfect используется для выражения сожаления о прошедших событиях: I wish I had studied harder. She wishes she hadn't sold her apartment. If only Используется в тех же случаях, что и wish, только когда чувства говорящего намного сильнее. Часто на письме при этом ставится восклицательный знак. С глаголом would/wouldn'tупотребляется для порицания чьего-либо поведения: If only I could see her now! If only grandfather were here today. If only I didn't have to work so hard. If only she hadn't stolen the money. I'd rather (would rather)
I'd rather you didn't stay out too late tomorrow night. Would you rather I came back later? You look very busy. I'd rather the meeting started a little earlier.
I'd rather you hadn't said that. I'd rather she had gone out more warmly dressed.
I'd rather go to the beach than to the mountains. They'd rather go by bus. Suppose suppose означает 'What if...?'. Используется:
Suppose someone knows she was with us. Suppose someone sees you going into the building tomorrow morning.
Suppose she knew you loved her. What would you do? Suppose you won the lottery. How would you spend the money?
Suppose we hadn't studied so hard. Do you still think we would have passed? Suppose you had married Ted. Would you have been happy together? Exercises 1. Translate the sentences. 1. Esperanto was proposed as the second language that would allow people who speak different native languages to communicate. 2. It might be an image, a user, a document; anything referred to as a noun. 3. This may sound like a simple operation, but in fact, it sometimes involves a very complex process. 4. If you did the subtraction, you would always get the right answer. 5. No one would ever describe Microsoft as being a part of the electricity industry. 6. Perhaps DNA could be modified to create the first nanomachines. 7. If there were any variation in the sequence, it would not be possible to compare the results. 8. This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables. 9. You might be wondering whether there is a smaller rule set that performs as well. 10. In the near future it could be possible to prevent natural disasters. A scanning system would be able to provide information on the brightness and position of objects in space. 11. If there were any variation in the sequence, it would not be possible to compare the results. 12. Science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. 13. Twenty years ago the average commercial machines might have only ten thousand or so memory cells. 2. Complete the sentences. 1. Liz is tired all the time. She shouldn't go to bed so late. If... 2. It's rather late. I don't think Ann will come to see us now. I'd be surprised if Ann..... 3. I'm sorry I disturbed you. I didn't know you were busy. If I'd known you were busy, I... 4. The dog attacked you, but only because you provoked it. If... 5. I don't want them to be upset, so I've decided not to tell them what happened. They... 6. Unfortunately, I didn't have an umbrella and so I got very wet in the rain. I........ 7. Martin failed his driving test last week. He was very nervous and that's why he failed. If he… 3. Put the verbs into the right form. If you don't like this one, I (to take) … it. If you don't like this one, I won't take it. (to take).
4. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the right form.
5. Fill in the gaps.
She would call you immediately if she ….. (need) help.
6. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the most likely form of the verbs in brackets.
7. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause. 1. If I found a gun in the street, Iwould take it to the police. 2. You wouldn't have been punished ……………………… 3. If you drink all that juice………………………………… 4. If you drive so fast………………………………………. 5. If you should see Mark this evening, 6. If you had taken my advice……………………………… 7. Unless the weather improves……………………………. 8. My father would have bought me a bicycle..................... 9. He would have been very angry………………………… 10. If you aren't enjoying the film...................................... 8. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Yesterday the famous bank robber, Fingers Smith, robbed another bank in the centre of town. As usual, he only stole £10. If he 1) had left (leave) any clues, he2) ... (be) in prison now, but he's much too clever. He disconnected the security cameras: if he 3) ... (not/do) that, the police 4) ... (have) him on film now. The strange thing is, Fingers doesn't seem to be interested in the money; if he 5) ... (be), he 6) ... (can/steal) thousands of pounds by now. The police are determined to catch him, and the Chief is confident that they will. He 7) ... (think) they weren't going to arrest Fingers eventually 8) ... (leave) the police force long ago. 9. Using the bold type in the sentences, write wishes as in the example. Example:You are leaving for the airport. You can't find your passport. You say: "I wish I could find my passport." 2.You live in the suburbs. You prefer the city centre. You say 3.You argued with your mother yesterday. Today she is upset. You say: 4.You didn't clean your bedroom and your mother is angry. You say: 5.You want to go on holiday but you can't afford it. You say: 10. Write sentences as in the example. Example: You want to visit your friend but you've got too much work to do. I wish I didn't have so much work, to do. If I didn't have so much work to do, I could visit my friend. 1. You went to bed late and didn't wake up in time for work. 2. You want to go to the safari park with Michael, but you're afraid of lions. 3. You would like to write a letter to Fred but you don't have his address. 4. You went skiing and broke your leg. 5. You didn't go to the concert because you didn't know about it. 6. You have to stay in bed because you've got the flu. 7. You are lost in London because you don't have a map. 11. Fill in the correct tense When Paul 1) got (get) to work yesterday his boss 2)..... (wait) for him. "I wish you 3)..... (try) to get here on time," his boss said. "If you 4)..... (be) late again, I 5)..... (dismiss) you." "But I 6) ..... (be) on time!" Paul exclaimed. "If I 7)..... (leave) the house late, 18) (phone), but in fact I 9)..... (leave) on time." His boss 10).....(look) at his watch and then at the clock on the wall. "Oh dear," he said, "I 11) .....(forget) to put my watch back to winter time. I do wish someone 12).....(remind) me!" 12. Rephrase the following sentences using the beginnings given. Example: You'd better see a doctor. IfI were you, I'd see a doctor. 1. He won't help you if you don't ask him. Unless ….. 2. Take your medicine, otherwise you won't get better. If ….. 3. You won't make any spelling mistakes provided you use a dictionary. If 4. If you park here, you'll be fined £20. Don't….. 5. You'd better confess your crime. If ….. 6. She went home early because she was exhausted. If ….. 7. You won't understand the story unless you finish the book. If….. 8. She can't go out if she doesn't promise to be back early. Unless….. 9. The bee won't sting you as long as you stay still. Provided ….. Chapter 11 |