Учебное пособие для бакалавриата и специалитета Ульяновск 2019 ббк 81. 432. 19я73 удк 811. 111(075. 8) Е30
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COMPREHENSION Exercise 11. Fill in the gaps using the words given below, and translate the sentences into Russian. rude defend politeness shake proud fireplaces behavior keep hospitable straightforward respect kiss 1. Russians are much more … than British. They will never smile at a person if they don’t like him. 2. In Russia you shouldn’t … hands in a doorway. 3. It’s very … in Britain to start smoking before other people finish eating. 4. Russians never allow anyone to criticize their country and always … it. 5. In Russia when close female friends greet each other they … on the cheeks. 6. … is one of the main distinctive features of British. They will always say to you: “Please”, “Thank you”. 7. The British people are proud of their traditions and carefully … them up. 8. The Oxford and Cambridge student life is quite modern, but the traditions are kept and the students are … of them. 9. According to moral values, human … may depend upon the common, usual, unusual, acceptable or unacceptable behavior of others. 10. Kelly is a very … hostess. She is always glad to receive guests. 11. A lot of houses in Britain have … instead of central heating. 12. Every teenager should … old people and give up their seat to those who are standing. Exercise 12. a) Match the verbs on the left with the nouns on the right.
b) In the sentences below replace the Russian expressions with the phrases you have got. Use these expressions in the necessary form. 1. My father passed Ph.D. defense and (гордится своим достижением). 2. My cousin is a friendly person and (имеет хорошее чувство юмора). 3. Friendless and jobless, he wondered how he would (выживет в этой стране). 4. Jimmy (преодолел много трудностей) to graduate with a first-class degree. 5. The English have a reputation for (быть сдержанными). 6. Instead of (яростно защищать) traditional values, the church frequently seems weak-kneed and irresolute. 7. The poster warns children not (разговаривать с незнакомцами). 8. We haven’t seen the Smiths for a week. Where are they? – They (уехали в путешествие) around Europe. 9. When my mother gets together with her friends, the usually (обсуждают традиционные вопросы). 10. The English (хранят традицию) to have turkey on Christmas day. Exercise 13. Choose the most suitable word in each sentence. 1. His eating customs/habits are extraordinary. 2. They briskly exchanged greetings/welcomes before starting the session. 3. Each country has its own characteristic features/qualities distinguishing it from other cultures. 4. I was waiting in the bus chain/queue when two men pushed in front of me. 5. He is very shy and never makes eye connection/contact. 6. The princess was photographed trembling/shaking hands with AIDS victims. 7. That watch had belonged to his grandfather and had great sentimental value/cost. 8. The villagers were very sociable/hospitable to anyone who passed through. 9. I always make/do a cake for my birthday. 10. Invitations/preparations for the holiday took a lot of time. WRITING AND COMMUNICATION Exercise 14. Write an essay on one of the given topics. 1. Customs and traditions in my family. 2. British character. 3. Russian character. Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. 1. Зная характерные черты представителей других наций, мы можем лучше понять политические и общественные взгляды их стран. 2. Англичане не любят к кому-либо прикасаться. Разумеется, они обмениваются рукопожатиями, но всегда стараются сделать это легко и быстро. 3. Она – прямолинейный человек и всегда говорит правду в лицо, не боясь обидеть собеседника. 4. Русские обладают невероятной способностью преодолевать трудности, не теряя при этом чувство юмора. 5. В отличие от русских, которые любят проводить выходные вечера в ночных клубах, молодые люди Англии, как правило, устраивают вечеринки дома. 6. Англичанам свойственна тоска по дому, и для них нет ничего дороже обычаев и традиций. 7. Пить чай в пять часов вечера – многолетняя английская традиция. 8. Англичане очень гостеприимны и вежливы. 9. Зрительный контакт играет важную роль при проведении беседы. 10. Ее поведение не поддается никакому оправданию. PROJECT WORK Giving presents is a good tradition. What is the most unusual present you have ever got/made? Present it to the class. Unit 6. hobby Warm up Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word combinations. Learn them by heart. Hobby; main hobby; collection hobbies; competition hobbies; hobbyist; creative hobby; observation hobbies; outdoor hobby; to ride hobby; to go in for a hobby. Exercise 2. Match the English words on the left with their Russian equivalents on the right. Learn the words by heart.
READING Exercise 3. Read and translate the text on what is a hobby. Use the dictionary when necessary. WHAT IS A HOBBY? Hundreds years ago there was no problem of what working people could do with their spare time. Their hours of work were so long that they had hardly any leisure. Nowadays it’s even hard to name all the activities, entertainments and hobbies run by people in their free time. A hobby is an activity or interest that is undertaken for pleasure, typically done during one’s leisure time. Hobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby according to your character and taste you are lucky because your life becomes more interesting. Hobbies are divided into 4 large groups: doing, making, collecting and learning things. Russian people have many hobbies. Older people prefer gardening, fishing, knitting, car repairing. Hobbies popular among young people include sport, games, outdoor recreation, performing arts, collecting different items, cooking, reading, etc. The most popular hobby is doing things. It includes a wide variety of activities from gardening to traveling, from chess to volleyball. One of the most popular one is a game. This hobby is becoming more and more popular. A game as a hobby is a structured or semi-structured recreational activity, usually undertaken for enjoyment. Known to have been played as far back as prehistoric times, games are generally distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration. Because a wide variety of activities are enjoyable, numerous types of games are developed. What creates an enjoyable game varies from one individual to the next. Age, understanding of the game, intelligence level, and personality are factors that determine what games a person enjoys. Games generally involve mental and/or physical stimulation. Many games help develop practical skills and serve as exercise or perform an educational, stimulation or psychological role. Many children like to play outdoor games that involve physical activity such as cops and robbers and hide and go seek. Adults may play games, such as in the form of card games, board games, and in recent times, computer games and a bowling game. Some hobbies result in an end product. Examples of this would be drawing, painting, woodworking, photography, moviemaking, jewelry making, software projects such as Photoshopping and home music or video production, creating models out of card or paper called papercraft up to higher end projects like building or restoring a car. The hobby of collecting consists of acquiring specific items based on a particular interest of the collector. These collections of things are often highly organized, carefully cataloged, and attractively displayed. Since collecting depends on the interests of the individual collector, it may deal with almost any subject. The depth and breadth of the collection may also vary. Some collectors choose to focus on a specific subtopic within their area of general interest. There are also individuals, who take up collection of coins as their hobby. Some collections are capable of being completed. Collectors who specifically try to assemble complete collections in this way are sometimes called “completists”. Rich people often collect paintings, rare things and other art objects. Often such private collections are given to museums and libraries. Learning something new is always good for keeping the mind alert and active, as is maintaining a long-term interest in something that enthralls you. This will also make your more of an interesting person than a person who is addicted to Facebook, watching TV, or doing other time wasting and unhealthy tasks, such as stuffing your gut. Reading, such as reading books, magazines, comics, or newspapers, along with surfing the internet is a common hobby and one that can trace its origins back many hundreds of years. A love of literature later in life may be sparked by an interest in reading children's literature as a child Exercise 4. Consult the text and find English equivalents to the words combination. 1. досуг/свободное время; 2. бороздить интернет; 3. выполнять для удовольствия; 4. особый интерес; 5. заниматься коллекционированием монет; 6. развивать практические навыки; 7. долгосрочный/длительный интерес; 8. общий интерес; 9. предпочитать садоводство; 10. потеря времени. Exercise 5. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Hundreds years ago people had a lot of leisure. 2. Young people prefer gardening, fishing, knitting, car repairing. 3. Collecting depends on the interests of the individual collector. 4. Drawing, painting photography, jewelry making are hobbies that involve physical activities. 5. The most popular hobby is doing things. Exercise 6. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a hobby? 2. What do older people prefer doing as a hobby? 3. What four large groups are hobbies divided into? 4. What do young people prefer doing as a hobby? 5. What does the hobby of collecting consist of? 6. What is the most popular hobby? 7. What are the factors that determine which games a person enjoys? 8. What do games involve? 9. What does collecting consist of? 10. Who is a completist? Exercise 7. Give a short summary of the text. Exercise 8. Now read and translate the text on hobbies and leisure activities in Britain. Use the dictionary when necessary. HOBBIES AND LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN BRITAIN Over recent decades the number and range of available leisure activities has mushroomed, in Britain. It is fair to say that Britain, in common with most Western countries, has become a leisure-orientated society. For example, gardening and growing roses is the most common hobby among Englishmen. Both grown-ups and children are fond of playing different computer games. It has become one of the numerous hobbies. Western people have also become extremely health-conscious, and for many young people keep-fit is a very important part of their lives. In addition there is a widespread preoccupation with healthy eating: trying to avoid fatty and fried foods and cutting down on sugary products, eating vegetables and fruit. Many young people, especially young women, regularly go to the gym to do aerobics, weight-lifting, and so on. Aerobics is equivalent to what the Russians call “Shaping”. Such Keep-fit centres offering these kinds of exercises have sprung up all over Britain and there, mostly women-of all shapes, sizes, and ages, gather together to do light exercises often to the latest hit records. Many people say that the experience is a very exhilarating one, that their adrenalin flows, and that attending aerobics classes becomes akin to an addiction but a healthy one at least! A “hobby” is usually something that a person does alone. But British families sometimes like to do things together too. Some British families have quite a lot of money to spend on their recreation. They can all enjoy their holiday home or their boat somewhere in the country away from it. British love to get out of town into the wild and many go holidays or long weekends into the thirty-five fabulous national parks. Some people have animals as hobbies. They keep rabbits or go fishing. They train dogs to do tricks or keep pigeons to race and carry messages. Some are crazy about plants. Others are mad about their car or their motorbike. They spend their Saturdays and Sundays washing them and painting them. But British people do not only spend their free time having fun. Children and teenagers are great collectors. Millions take part-time courses in writing, painting and music and at the weekends the museums, art galleries and concert halls are full. Everyone in these countries is very interested in culture. Some of the people turn their hobbies into their profession. Although, only few people can get so lucky but it is undoubtedly a great experience to use your hobby as your profession. It can give you an extra income if you turn your hobby into a profession. Example of this can be Jamie Oliver known as an English chef, restaurateur and media personality. He is well-known for his food-focused television shows, cookbooks and more recently his campaign against the use of processed foods in national schools. His hobby helped him become famous. No matter what kind of hobby a person has, he always has the opportunity of learning from it. By reading about the things he is interested in, he is adding to what he knows. Learning thing can be the most exciting aspect of a hobby. So everyone should have a hobby, it is like the target of your life. Exercise 9.Match each definition with the correct word. Translate the words into Russian and learn them by heart.
Exercise 10.Choose the right answer. 1. What can give you a hobby as a profession? a) more troubles; b) extra income; c) health; d) opportunity. 2. What does a person have if he has any kind of hobby? a) money; b) fame; c) target; d) opportunity of learning from it. 3. What do British people take to be good in writing, painting and music? a) gym; b) fatty food; c) part-time courses; d) profession. 4. Where do British NOT love to get out of town? a) into the wild; b) into national parks; c) into the country; d) into restaurant. 5. What is equivalent to what the Russians call “Shaping”? a) keep-fit; b) aerobics; c) weight-lifting; d) shape. 6. What society has Britain become? a) lazy; b) crazy; c) a leisure-orientated; d) fantastic. 7. As whom was Jamie Oliver NOT known? a) sportsman; b) chef; c) restaurateur; d) media personality. 8. Who is fond of playing computer games? a) children; b) grown-ups and children; c) grown-ups; d) nobody. 9. What is a very important part of live for Western young people? a) keep-fit; b) computer; c) games; d) money. 10. What do some of people turn their hobby into? a) profession; b) leisure; c) collecting; d) TV shows. COMPREHENSION Exercise 11. Fill in the gaps using the words given below, and translate the sentences into Russian. variety took up develop spend activities income turn into prefer particular attend creative opportunity 1. Many people go in for sport and some of them … aerobics classes. 2. My hobby is photography; I … it … at the age of fifteen. 3. There are many … which people do as hobbies. 4. Do you … to exercise indoors or outdoors? 5. It is always good to … your free time doing something which you like the most. 6. I am looking for a job which will enable me to … my skills. 7. She does a ... of fitness activities. 8. A hobby gives the … to make new friends with a similar interest. 9. It helps your mind to become and stay … . 10. Some of the people … their hobbies … their business. 11. As he gets older, my son is developing a … interest in history. 12. It can give you an extra … if you turn your hobby in to a profession. Exercise 12. a) Match the verbs on the left with the nouns on the right.
b) In the sentences below replace the Russian expressions with the phrases you have got. Use these expressions in the necessary form. 1. I go in for sport so I (хожу в тренажерный зал) three times a week and attend aerobics classes. 2. He (интересуется культурой), so going to museums, art galleries and theatres is his favourite pastime. 3. Don’t (трать свое время) surfing the internet; take up your homework. 4. Due to my job as a travel agent I (есть возможность) for travelling. 5. Those who have a lot of money (тратят их на отдых) and travelling all over the world. 6. You won’t have to work a moment in your life if you (превратишь хобби в профессию). 7. Nowadays a lot of people lead a healthy life; they do variety of sports and (не употребляют (избегают) жирную и жаренную пищу). 8. Collecting (зависит от интереса) of the individual collector. 9. Last summer our family went to the seaside for two weeks; we (получили удовольствие от отпуска); it was fabulous. 10. I started to attend private classes in order to (усовершенствовать навыки) in photography. Exercise 13. Choose the most suitable word in each sentence. 1. The new job will provide you with invaluable skill/appearance. 2. My daughter is developing a particular/selective interest in ballet. 3. There is not much enjoyment/entertainment in this town, just the cinema and a couple of pubs. 4. Known to have been played as far back as prehistoric times, plays/games are generally distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration. 5. Imaginative/Creative hobbies result in an end product of sorts. 6. Try to avoid/prevent food which contains a lot of fat. 7. What do you do in your pleasure/leisure time? 8. Whatever you do, do not list a hobby/activities just to get you a job. 9. She claims that most human behavior is socially determined/developed. 10. We live in a multicultural mankind/society. WRITING AND COMMUNICATION Exercise 14. Write an essay on the given topics and retell it. 1. Your hobby. 2. The most popular hobbies in Russia. 3. The most popular hobbies in the UK. Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. 1. Моя мама – творческая личность. В детстве она увлекалась шитьем и шила великолепные платья. Когда ей исполнилось 25, она превратила хобби в профессию. Сейчас она – известный дизайнер и имеет великолепный доход. 2. Хобби – это какое-либо увлечение человека, которое приносит ему удовольствие и удовлетворение. 3. В настоящее время люди тратят много времени сидя в интернете вместо того, чтобы найти себе какое-нибудь увлечение. 4. В нашем городе много развлечений, и у каждого есть возможность прекрасно провести время. 5. Чтобы усовершенствовать навыки игры на пианино, мой сын посещает частные занятия по музыке. 6. Многие люди в часы досуга предпочитают заниматься спортом. Некоторые из них особый интерес уделяют дайвингу. Выбранный вид спорта зависит от личной заинтересованности. 7. Британия известна своими садами и большинство британцев обожают садоводство. 8. Я получаю огромное удовольствие от занятий спортом. 9. Среднестатистический британец проводит 75 часов в неделю перед телевизором, либо у радио, читая газеты или книгу. 10. Не останавливайте свой выбор на чем-то одном, позвольте себе разнообразие: вяжите, путешествуйте по горам и изучайте китайский язык, коллекционируйте проездные билеты и занимайтесь спортом. PROJECT WORK Do all people have hobbies? Can a hobby make our life more interesting? Speak about the most unusual hobby you have ever heard of? Unit 7. SPORT Warm up Exercise 1. Match the English words on the left with their Russian equivalents on the right. Learn the words by heart. Use them in the sentences of your own.
READING Exercise 2. Read and translate the following text. Use the dictionary when necessary. WHAT IS SPORT? Physical activities were always a part of human leisure activity. Those that held first place among primitive people were activities of warlike nature and of hunting. Dance and recreational pastimes took place in time of peace. The ancient Greeks admired the beauty of human body, and the Romans loved military and gladiatorial games and professional exhibitions. The Middle Ages were famous for their knight tournaments and religious festivals. Definition of sport used in the dictionary says: Sport is an outdoor or indoor game, competition, or activity needing physical effort and skill and usually carried on according to rules. Some people say that sport is a physical activity governed by rules and played by individuals seeking to outperform opponents, while others can understand sport as organized spontaneous exercises or games, or as a competitive or non-competitive process through which an individual obtains physical skills, mental relaxation and bodily fitness. A UNESCO Committee defines sport as: “Any physical activity which has the character of play and which involves a struggle with oneself or with others, or a confrontation with natural elements”. They added: “If this activity involves competition, it must then always be performed in a spirit of sportsmanship. There can be no true sports without the idea of fair play. Sport is governed by a set of rules or customs. In sports, the key factors are physical capabilities and skills of the competitor when determining the outcome (winning or losing). Activities such as card games and board games, are classified as “mind sports” and some are recognized as Olympic sports, requiring primarily mental skills. Non-competitive activities, for example jogging or playing catch are usually classified as forms of recreation. Physical activity such as scoring goals or crossing a line first often defines the result of a sport. However, the degree of skill and performance in some sports is judged according to well-defined criteria. This is in contrast with other judged activities such as beauty pageants and body building, where skill does not have to be shown and the criteria are not as well defined. Records are kept and updated for most sports, while failures and accomplishments are widely announced in sport news. Sports are most often played just for fun or for the simple fact that people need exercise to stay in good physical condition. However, professional sport is a major source of entertainment. While practices may vary, sports participants are expected to display good sportsmanship, and to be respectful of opponents and officials. Sport gives people enjoyment, happiness, friendship, satisfaction, health, fitness, popularity, recognition, the feeling of victory and success, but on the other hand, it may be boring, cause sadness, sorrow, disappointment, fatigue, exhaustion, injuries, illness, and in some cases even death. Exercise 3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1. The first physical activities among primitive people were activities of warlike nature and of hunting. 2. Sport is an organized game. 3. Each sport can be judged by well-defined criteria. 4. Sportsmen have to be respectful to opponents. 5. In some cases sport can lead to death. Exercise 4. Answer the following questions. 1. What activities took place in time of peace? 2. What does sport mean according to dictionary definition? 3. How does a UNESCO Committee define sport? 4. What is the main idea of true sport? 5. What are the key factors in sport? 6. What activities are classified as “mind sports”? 7. What are sports played for? 8. What defines the result of a sport? 9. What can sport give to people? 10. What is judged according to well-defined criteria? Exercise 5. Give a short summary of the text. Exercise 6.Match each definition with the correct word. Translate the words into Russian and learn them by heart.
Exercise 7. Read and translate the following text. Use the dictionary when necessary. PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ITS BENEFITS Individuals are physically fit when they can meet both the ordinary and the unusual demands of daily life safely and effectively without being overly fatigued and still have energy left for leisure and recreational activities. Physical fitness can be classified into health-related and skill-related fitness. Health-related fitness has four components: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, muscular flexibility, and body composition. The components of skill-related fitness are agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed. Skill-related fitness is crucial for success in sports and athletics, and it also contributes to wellness. Physical activity is any activity that you may do to improve or maintain your physical fitness as well as your health in general. It can include everyday activities (e.g. walking or cycling to work or school, doing housework, gardening or any active or manual work that you may do as part of your job); active recreational activities (dancing, active play amongst children, walking or cycling for recreation); sport (exercise and fitness training at a gym or during an exercise class, swimming and competitive sports such as football, rugby and tennis, etc.). Adults should aim to do a mixture of aerobic activities and muscle-strengthening activities. Aerobic activities are any activity that makes your heart and lungs work harder. To gain health benefits, it is suggested that you should do at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on most days of the week. 30 minutes is probably the minimum to gain health benefits. However, you do not have to do this all at once. For example, cycling to work and back for 15 minutes each way adds up to 30 minutes. Moderate intensity physical activity means that you get warm, mildly out of breath, and mildly sweaty. For example, brisk walking, jogging, swimming, cycling, dancing, badminton, tennis, etc. In addition to the above aerobic activities, adults should also aim to do a minimum of two sessions of muscle-strengthening activities per week, although these should not be on consecutive days. Muscle-strengthening activities can include climbing stairs, walking uphill, lifting or carrying shopping, digging the garden, weight training, pilates, yoga or similar resistance exercises that use the major muscle groups. Ideally, the activities and exercises should not only aim to improve or maintain your muscle strength, but also aim to maintain or improve your flexibility and balance. A session at a gym is possibly ideal, but activities at home may be equally as good. For example, stair climbing, stretching and resistance exercises can be done at home without any special clothing or equipment. Physical activity is thought to help ease stress, boost your energy levels and improve your general wellbeing and self-esteem. There are lots of positive reasons for getting fitter, including meeting new people, discovering new interests and generally feeling better. Where exercise is concerned, there are a variety of regimens to choose from that promote physical fitness, health and wellness. Weight training, yoga and pilates are among the most common workouts today. Weight training is a type of strength training that uses weights for resistance. Weight training challenges your muscles by providing a stress to the muscle that causes it to adapt and get stronger. Weight training can be performed with free weights, such as barbells and dumbbells, or by using weight machines. Many people associate strength (weight) training only with athletes. At one time, perhaps, strength training was reserved only for athletes. Certainly the world of muscle building (apart from body building) was relatively unknown. But all that has changed in the last few generations as the health benefits of muscle strength and endurance have become known for men and women of all ages. Yoga is considered a mind-body type of complementary and alternative medicine practice. Yoga brings together physical and mental disciplines to achieve peacefulness of body and mind, helping you relax and manage stress and anxiety. Yoga has many styles, forms and intensities. Hatha yoga, in particular, may be a good choice for stress management. Hatha is one of the most common styles of yoga, and some beginners find it easier to practice because of its slower pace and easier movements. But most people can benefit from any style of yoga – it’s all about your personal preferences. The core components of hatha yoga and most general yoga classes are poses and breathing. Yoga poses, also called postures, are a series of movements designed to increase strength and flexibility. Poses range from lying on the floor while completely relaxed to difficult postures that may have you stretching your physical limits. Controlling your breathing is an important part of yoga. In yoga, breath signifies your vital energy. Pilates is named for its creator, Joseph Pilates, who developed the exercises in the early 1900s. It is a method of exercise that consists of low impact flexibility and muscular strength and endurance movements. Pilates emphasizes use of the abdominals, lower back, hips and thighs. A pilates routine typically includes 25 to 50 repetitive strength training exercises. Pilates is similar to calisthenics, such as sit-ups and pushups. In fact, some people call pilates the ultimate form of calisthenics. By practicing pilates regularly, you can achieve a number of health benefits, including improvement of core stability, posture, balance, flexibility and prevention and treatment of back pain. Exercise 8. Answer the following questions. 1. Who can be called a physically fit individual? 2. What components does health-related fitness have? 3. What should adults aim to do? 4. What activity makes the heart and lungs work harder? 5. What does moderate intensity mean? 6. What can muscle-strengthening activities include? 7. What are the most common workouts nowadays? 8. How can weight training be performed? 9. What is yoga? 10. What parts of the body are worked out in pilates? Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps using the words given below, and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Besides taking an … in sport, it is also possible just to watch sport events as a spectator or TV watcher, or to play the pools, which means to bet money on certain sport results. 2. Passive sport is also important because spectators and fans can encourage … and help improve so their performance. 3. … can be one of the income sources for sport clubs. 4. However, there are many problems with different … who arrive at stadiums, especially those that support particular football clubs. 5. … is also called sport for all and is done for various purposes, but mainly for fun and entertainment in leisure time. 6. An increasing number of people are becoming … and do recreational sport activities and various keep-fit exercises to maintain or improve their physical as well as mental fitness and health, to affect their flexibility, to strengthen their muscles and shape the body, to delay aging symptoms, etc. 7. Some people desire to learn new … through sport activities. 8. Some people might have social reasons for their … including the need of integration, friendship, team work, support, recognition, etc. 9. Competitive sport is done mainly for performance, for … in competitions, defeating opponents and becoming the winner or record holder. 10. People who do competitive sport are organized and belong to different …, clubs, associations or federations. Exercise 10. Complete the unfinished words in the following sentences. All the words are related to the Unit. 1. Amateur sp… take part in sport because of the enjoyment and satisfaction gained from the activity. 2. They train and compete in their le… time, usually after work or at weekends. 3. Pro… sport is a paid form of participation in sport events. 4. Professional athletes make living through sport, do sport as a job, are paid to com… in sport. 5. Wi… and success are the most important things. 6. The professionals usually tr… full-time and devote themselves to their sport. 7. The international governing bodies of each sport draw up ru… to decide who is amateur in their sport. 8. They decide if professionals may compete with ama…. 9. It is an organized sport event in which participants – competitors want to become winners, strive to achieve the best possible results, to show an excellent performance, to beat op…, to set or break records, or want to test their abilities and skills and compare them with those of the other competitors. 10. Officials are people who conduct competitions, assess performances of competitors, referee games, decide the re… of a competition. Exercise 11. Choose the most suitable word in each sentence. 1. An extreme / dangerous sport (also called action sport, adventure sport, or adventurous sport) is any sport featuring speed, height, danger, a high level of physical exertion, highly specialized gear, or spectacular stunts. 2. “True” extreme sports are referred to as relax / leisure or recreation activities where the most likely outcome of a mismanaged accident or mistake is death. 3. Another characteristic of activities so labelled is the fact that they tend to be individual rather than person / team sports. 4. Extreme sports include / exclude e.g. aggressive skating, BMX freestyle, bodyboarding, bossaball, bouldering, buildering, bungee jumping, canyoning, cave diving, drag racing, extreme skiing (Flying Kilometer, Ski Alpinism), freediving, freestyle motocross, hang gliding, ice climbing, mountain biking, kite surfing, mountaineering, parachuting, rally, rock climbing, scuba diving, skateboarding, skydiving, slamball, spearfishing, street luge, stunt pogo, wakeboarding, water skiing, whitewater rafting, zorbing, etc. 5. The event called the X Games is an annual multi-sport event with a focus on motion / action sports. 6. Competitors perform in many different categories and styles, trying to win medals / orders as well as prize money. 7. The games / competitions often feature never-before-seen tricks. 8. A national / international sport is a sport or game that is considered to be a popularly intrinsic part of the culture of a country or nation. 9. Although there are no official rules / parameters towards defining what a national sport is, there are some general characteristics that most national sports share. 10. Different sports can be grouped / played according to the use of similar physical activity, technique, equipment, environment or sport facility, highly specialized gear, etc. Exercise 12. In the text above find English equivalents to the following Russian expressions. Then, use them in the sentences below.
1. Regular exercise will maintain the performance of your lungs and heart to most efficiently … and keep your weight under control. 2. Exercise will also improve muscle strength, increase joint flexibility and …. 3. Any … like walking, swimming, biking or organized sports can contribute to your physical fitness. 4. To get the most benefit, you should begin by warming up for 5 to 10 minutes to increase your blood flow and … for activity. 5. Follow the warm up with several minutes of stretches to … and lower your risk for injury. 6. Exercise can help prevent … or help maintain weight loss. 7. When you …, you burn calories. 8. Regular … are great, but don’t worry if you can't find a large chunk of time to exercise every day. 9. No matter what your current weight, activity … (HDL), or “good”, cholesterol and decreases unhealthy triglycerides. 10. You may also feel better about your appearance and yourself when you exercise regularly, which can boost your confidence and …. Exercise 13. In the sentences below translate the Russian expressions into English. … (Определение экстремальных видов спорта) is not very clear. Generally speaking, extreme sports are activities that are associated … (с выбросом адреналина) that is felt by the participant. These activities are often dangerous and any mistake could … (привести к травме или даже смерти). For every extreme sport there is … (снаряжение и защитная экипировка) that has been developed to protect your body, enhance performance and give you an edge in the competition. For example, water sports have evolved into the rush of adrenalin and … (навыки, необходимые) wake skates, helmets and bindings. Extreme sports are growing in popularity, … (особенно среди молодых людей). New types of extreme activities … (продолжают развиваться). Some state that marketing strategies give some extreme sports a dangerous image, even though they do not involve … (риск опасности). Certain versions of extreme sports require proper training, while other types, such as mountain biking, can be performed … (без профессионального руководства). Whatever you decide to do, be sure to … (используешь подходящее оборудование) and the proper safety precautions. WRITING AND COMMUNICATION Exercise 14. Write an essay on one of the given topics. 1. Sport. 2. Types of sport. 3. Physical fitness Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. 1. Спорт – организованная по определённым правилам деятельность людей, состоящая в сопоставлении их физических и/или интеллектуальных способностей, а также подготовка к этой деятельности и межличностные отношения, возникающие в её процессе. 2. Спорт представляет собой специфический род физической или интеллектуальной активности, совершаемой с целью соревнования, а также целенаправленной подготовки к ним путём разминки, тренировки. 3. Цель спорта высших достижений – это достижение максимально возможных спортивных результатов или побед на крупнейших спортивных соревнованиях. 4. Вид спорта – это совокупность видов спортивных соревнований, объединённых по признакам схожести правил, одной спортивной федерации и т.п. 5. Виды спорта, признанные МОК в соответствии с Олимпийской хартией, называются олимпийскими. 6. Только олимпийские виды спорта могут быть включены в программу Олимпийских игр. 7. Любительский спорт тесно связан с понятием физкультуры. 8. Многие российские спортивные школы являются ведущими в мире. 9. Основу спорта составляет соревновательная деятельность. 10. Спортивная дисциплина – вид отдельных соревнований, упражнение или комплекс упражнений определённого вида спорта. PROJECT WORK Extreme sports have become rather popular recently. Do you consider them beneficial or harmful? You may speak about one kind of sport or describe extreme sports in general? |