Учебное пособие для бакалавриата и специалитета Ульяновск 2019 ббк 81. 432. 19я73 удк 811. 111(075. 8) Е30
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Unit 3.MARRIAGEWarm up Exercise 1. Match the English words on the left with their Russian equivalents on the right. Learn the words by heart.
READING Exercise 2. Read and translate the following text. Use the dictionary when necessary. Forms of Marriage Marriage is a socially recognized union between two or more individuals that typically involves sexual and economic rights and duties. It marks the start of a nuclear family or the expansion and continuation of an extended family. In either case, marriage is backed by strong social sanctions. Although we may feel that we are “free” to make our own decisions about whether and whom to marry, there are, in fact, powerful social forces pushing us into marriage and into selection of an “appropriate” partner. One way societies undertake to regulate marriage is through norms that define the range of potential marriage partners available to an individual. Endogamy is a rule that requires a person to marry someone from withinhis or her own group – tribe, nationality, religion, race, community, or other social grouping. Exogamy is a rule that requires a person to marry someone from outsidehis or her own group. These regulations frequently operate as a circle within a circle. The rule of exogamy bars marriage within a small inner circle, whereas the rule of endogamy stipulates the limits of the outer social circle that the individual is not to exceed. Among the early Hebrews, for instance, incest taboos operated as exogamous norms curtailing marriage among close relatives whereas endogamous norms forbade marriage with non-Jewish outsiders. Within the United States rules of exogamy have extended incest taboos outward roughly to second cousin relationships, whereas rules of endogamy, until loosened in recent decades, served to forbid interracial and in some cases interethnic and interreligious marriages. Marriage relationships may be structured in four basic ways: monogamy, one husband and one wife; polygyny, one husband and two or more wives; polyandry, one wife and two or more husbands; and group marriage, two or more husbands and two or more wives. Although monogamy is found in all societies, only about 20 percent of the 238 societies in Murdock’s cross-cultural sample were strictly monogamous. In contrast, four-fifths of the societies permitted polygyny. But in most of these societies, few married men actually had more than one wife. Typically only economically advantaged men can afford to support more than one family. Thus in China, India, and the Moslem nations, polygyny was usually limited to the wealthy. Polyandry is quite rare, being found in less than 1 percent of the societies in Murdock’s sample. And where it is found, it typically does not allow women free sexual choice of male partners. The most prevalent form of polyandry is fraternal, or the sharing of a spouse by brothers, the practice among the non-Hindu Todas of southern India. Apparently few disputes or jealousies arose among Todas brothers because they did not view women as sexual property. Since the biological father of a child remained unknown, the Todas socially established paternity by a ceremony in which one of the husbands would present a toy bow and arrow to the mother-to-be. It seems that the polyandrous arrangement evolved among the Todas as an adjustment to poverty. Their subsistence being precarious, a man could have a wife and child only by sharing the burden of their support with other men. Further, polyandry kept the birthrate in check. Since a woman could have only one child a year, it did not matter how many sexual partners she had. Group marriage also appears relatively rarely and then not as the preferred cultural arrangement. It has been reported among the Kaingang of Brazil, the Dieri of Australia, the Chuckchee of Siberia, and the Marque-san Islanders. On occasion it arises out of some combination of polygyny and polyandry or out of the sharing of sexual privileges among couples. Exercise 3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Marriage marks the start of an extended family. 2. Among the early Hebrews incest taboos operated as exogamous norms curtailing marriage among close relatives. 3. Monogamy means one husband and two or more wives. 4. Group marriage has been reported among the Kaingang of Brazil, the Dieri of Australia, the Chuckchee of Siberia. 5. There are usually many disputes and jealousies among husbands in polyandry. Exercise 4. Answer the following questions. 1. What is marriage? 2. How does society regulate marriage? 3. What is the difference between endogamy and exogamy? 4. What are the main structures of marriage relationships? 5. In what countries can men have several wives? 6. How often is polyandry found in modern societies? 7. What is the main reason for polyandry? 8. How can we differentiate a nuclear family and extended family? 9. What form of marriage prevails in our country? 10. Is the institute of marriage popular among your peers? Exercise 5. Give a short summary of the text. Exercise 6.Match each definition with the correct word. Translate the words into Russian and learn them by heart.
Exercise 7. Now read and translate the text on Social Structure and Individuality. Use the dictionary when necessary. Social Structure and Individuality The assertion that human behaviour is socially patterned often provokes some initial resistance. Few human beings readily admit to being part of any kind of system, especially those who live in a culture that prizes individual autonomy. Americans, for instance, tend to emphasize individual responsibility for behaviour and highlight the unique elements of their personalities. Behaving in patterned ways, however, does not threaten our individuality. On the contrary, individuality is encouraged by social structure. First, and more generally, our humanity involves much more than physical existence. The great potential of human beings develops only through interaction with others. Within social life, distinct personalities emerge as people blend their unique qualities with the values and norms of the large culture from freely expressing ourselves. The social world can be disorienting, even frightening, to people who do not know the behaviour guidelines. Without this knowledge, people feel too uncomfortable to express their unique personalities with confidence. To illustrate, you may recall going alone to a party given by people you did not know well. Entering such a setting – and not knowing quite what to expect – is likely to cause some anxiety. At such times you generally feel self-conscious, try to make a favorable impression, and look to others for clues about what sort of behaviour is expected of you. Once you understand the behavioral standards that apply to the setting, you are likely to feel comfortable enough to “act like yourself”. Of course, social structure also places some constraints on human behaviour. By guiding bahaviour within culturally approved bounds, established social patterns discourage behaviour that is culturally defined as unconventional. Traditional values and norms in the United States and Canada, for example, still reflect the expectation that males will be “masculine” (physically strong, self-assertive, and rational) and the females will be “feminine” (physically weak, self-effacing, and emotional). The structure of society exerts pressure on individuals to fit into one or the other of these categories, ignoring the fact that most people have both “masculine” and “feminine” qualities. In this and many other ways, social structure can limit any individual’s freedom to think and act in ways that may be personally preferred. In addition, the failure to conform to established social patterns may lead to being defined by others as deviant. Exercise 8.Choose the right answer. 1. What is individuality encouraged by? a) political situation; b) social welfare; c) social structure; d) economic situation. 2. What is the source of human being potential? a) marriage; b) interactions with others; c) interest groups; d) individual anatomy. 3. What can help people to feel comfortable to express their unique personalities? a) social world; b) individual type of a character; c) personal curiosity; d) behavior guidelines. 4. How do established social patterns influence behavior? a) discourage; b) encourage; c) maintains; d) doesn’t influence. 5. What are the expectations of “masculine”? a) weak, emotional; b) strong, rational; c) self-effacing, self-assertive; d) strong, emotional. Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps using the words given below, and translate the sentences into Russian. advantage union supported forbids marriage divorce duty couple burden permit 1. She went to live abroad after the break-up of her … . 2. A … of people objected to the proposal, but the vast majority approved of it. 3. Every third marriage ends in … in Russia. 4. It would be to your … to agree to his demands. 5. Buying a house often places a large financial … on young couples. 6. She believes that the … of man and woman in holy matrimony is for ever. 7. The … of the agency is to act in the best interests of the child. 8. My father … the Labour Party all his life. 9. The law … the sale of cigarettes to people under the age of 16. 10. The security system will not ... you to enter without the correct password. Exercise 10. Choose the most suitable word in each sentence. 1. Like family, marriage is another important social university/institution. 2. Marriage and family are two aspects of the same social reality, i.e. the bio-psychic and social instincts/interest of man. 3. Marriage is one of the most ancient, important, universal and indispensable social institution which has been in existence since the inception of human social structure/civilization. 4. As an institution marriage is designed to regulate/satisfy the biological needs of the individual. 5. It also admits men and women to family life/social world and fixes certain rights and duties in respect of children born of their union. 6. As a stable social institution it binds two opposite sexes and allows them to live as group/husband and wife. 7. Marriage is a special type of duty/relationship between permissible mates involving certain rights and obligations. 8. Marriage is a universal social institution which is found in almost all countries/societies and at all stages of development. 9. Marriage is a permanent burden/bond between husband and wife. 10. Family helps in providing facilities for the procreation and upbringing/supporting of children. . Complete the unfinished words in the following sentences. All the words are related to the Unit. 1. Marriage creates mu… obligations between husband and wife. 2. The couple fulfill their mutual obl… on the basis of customs or rules. 3. Marriage is always associated with some civil and religious ce…. 4. Marriage has certain sy… like ring, vermillion, special cloths, special sign before the house etc. 5. Types or forms of marriage in different com…, societies and cultural groups differ according to their customs, practices and systems of thought. 6. In some societies marriage is a religious sacrament whereas in others it is a social co…. 7. On the basis of number of ma… marriage may be classified into three types such as Monogamy, Polygamy and Endogamy or group marriage. 8. Today the principle of mo…, i.e. one husband and one wife, is practised and emphasised throughout the world. 9. In serial Monogamous marriage the possibility of remarriage exists in case of di… or death. 10. In case of non-serial monogamy the question of remarriage does not arise by either of the cou…. Exercise 12. Match the verbs on the left with the nouns on the right. Make up sentences with the phrases you’ve got.
Exercise 13. In the sentences below translate the Russian expressions into English. A marriage is a contract. You can (самнаписатьконтракт) (in which case it’s called a “premarital agreement”), or you can accept the default contract written by your state legislators. Even if you never divorce, your choice among contracts can (повлиятьнаходвсеговашегобрака). Let’s (сравним 3 видабрака): a no-fault contract (where either party can obtain a divorce on demand), a mutual-consent contract (where both parties must agree to a divorce), and a covenant marriage (where even mutual consent is not enough). You might think that no-fault marriages are always the most likely to end in divorce. That isn’t true, and here’s one reason why: A lot of marital issues are negotiable – (такиекаккомуследуетмытьпосуду), who gets to operate the remote control, which one wears the anti-snore device and which one wears the earplugs, and so on. Here the negotiating process itself provides all the right incentives to (уважатьнуждывашегосупруга). What you won’t do for love, you’ll still do for a bribe. The knowledge that divorce is impossible (можетзаставитьвасборотьсясильнее) to avoid such deterioration – and it might do the same for your spouse. In a no-fault marriage, a happy spouse (будетхорошоотноситьсяквам) to prevent your leaving. Your spouse works to make you happy, which makes you want to (сохранитьбрак), which makes you work to make your spouse happy, which makes your spouse want to preserve the marriage, and so on, in a great virtuous circle. By contrast, if divorce required mutual consent, your spouse could (принятьвашипопытки) to make him or her happy without feeling a strong need to reciprocate. This prospect discourages you from bearing gifts in the first place. But when either partner (имеетсилыразорватьбрак), kindness tends to be repaid with kindness, and therefore kindness thrives. WRITING AND COMMUNICATION Exercise 14. Write an essay on one of the given topics. 1. Forms of Marriage. 2. Marriage in Russia. 3. Marriage in Britain (or the USA). Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. 1. Брак – добровольный союз между мужчиной и женщиной с целью создания семьи, вызывающий взаимные права и обязанности супругов. 2. В древнем обществе существовали эндогамные браки, т.е. браки внутри рода между дальними родственниками. 3. Затем браки стали экзогамными, т.е. в брачные отношения могли вступать только представители разных родов, а кровосмешение расценивалось как грубое нарушение обычаев и моральных норм. 4. Сегодня под эндогамными браками понимаются браки не между родственниками, а внутри социальных групп. 5. В некоторых культурах узаконены групповые, или полигамные, браки между одним представителем одного пола и несколькими другого. 6. Полигамия подразделяется на два вида: полигинию (многоженство) и полиандрию (многомужество). 7. Матриархальная семья – это семья, главой которой является мать. 8. В партнерской семье муж и жена обладают равными правами и возможностями принимать важные для семьи решения. 9. Партнерские семьи характерны для современного общества, где женщины в большинстве своем работают, и разделение обязанностей происходит по взаимному согласию. 10. Мужчины нередко выполняют обязанности, которые ранее закреплялись только за женщинами, например ведение домашнего хозяйства и уход за детьми. PROJECT WORK Think about your future family. Is marriage important for young people nowadays? Make a presentation about an ideal family. |