Intravenous injection (I.V.). This injection is given directly into the veins. It is given when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be given into other tissues. Good technical skill is needed in administering this injection, since leakage of drugs into surrounding tissues may result in damage to the tissues.
Intrathecal injection. This injection is made into the sheath of membranes (meninges) which surround the spinal cord and brain. The effects of the drug administered so are usually limited to the central nervous system, and intrathecal injections are often used to produce anesthesia.
Intracavitary injection. This injection is made into a body cavity, as, for example, into the peritoneal or pleural cavity.
Inhalation. In this method of administration, vapors, or gases, are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs. Aerosols (particles of the drug suspended in air) are administered by inhalation.
Topical application. This is the local external application of drugs on skin or mucous membranes of the mouth or other surface. It is commonly used to accelerate the healing of abrasions, for antiseptic treatment of a wound, and as an antipruritic (against itching). Topical application may also include administration of drugs into the eyes, ears, nose, and vagina. Lotions are used most often when the skin is moist, or "weeping," and ointments and creams are used when the lesions are dry.
III. Language development
1. Choose the English equivalents of these words and word combinations.
1. Прийом ліків:
a) drug taking
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b) drug infusion
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c) drug administration
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2. Кров'яний потік:
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a) bloodclot
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b) blood occlusion
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c) blood stream
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3. Стенокардія:
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a) hypertension
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b) angina pectoris
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c) enema
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4. Водний розчин:
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a) infusion
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b) solution
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c) suspension
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5. Блювання:
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a) nausea
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b) vomiting
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c) itching
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6. Подразнювати:
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a) to irritate
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b) to inject
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c) to irrigate
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7. Спинний мозок:
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a) cerebrum
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b) medulla
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c) spinal cord
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8. Знеболювання:
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a) application
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b) inhalation
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c) anesthesia
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9. Мазь:
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a) lotion
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b) ointment
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c) cream
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10. Свічка:
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a) suppository
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b) tampon
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c) syringe
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2. Match the synonyms.
1. to introduce
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a. drawback
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2. disadvantage
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b. to show
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3. to increase
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c. to speed up
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4. flow
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d. confined
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5. limited
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e. to contain
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6. to accelerate
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f. stream
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7. to include
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g. to enlarge
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3. Choose the correct translation of these word combinations into Ukrainian.
Determinethecause: визначити кому, визначити наслідки, визначити причину.
Fatabsorption: поглинання жирів, виділення жирів, обмін жирів.
Drugactionduration: тривала дія ліків, тривалість дії ліків, дія ліків триває.
Rapidprocess: повільний процес, прискорений процес, швидкий процес.
То increaseheartbeat: прискорювати серцебиття, уповільнювати серцебиття, не впливати на серцебиття.
Insertthesyringe: вставляти голку, вставляти шприц, вставляти колбу.
Skinirritation: подразнення шкіри, подразнення черепа, подразнення кінцівок.
Meningessheath: кільце мозку, оболонка мозку, серцевина мозку.
Moist skin: подразнена шкіра, суха шкіра, волога шкіра.
4. Explain the words and word combinations in English.
The route of administration, health personnel, oral administration, sublingual administration, parenteral administration, hypodermic needle, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intramuscular injection, intravenous injection, intrathecal injection, intracavitary injection, inhalation, antiseptic, antipruritic.
5. Complete the sentences.
Physicians use the following ways of drug administration ....
Drugs given orally pass ....
When the drugs are placed under the tongue ....
Drugs are given by rectum when ....
There are several types of parenteral injections ... .
Gases are taken into the nose and ....
The local external application of drugs is ... .
6. Answer the questions.
What ways of drug administration do you know?
Who prescribes the way of drug administration to a patient?
What is the difference between the oral and sublingual ways?
When is the sublingual way indicated?
Why should a physician prescribe rectal administration?
What are the ways of parenteral administration? What is the difference between them?
What diseases can be treated by inhalation?
What is the difference between antiseptic and antipruritic drugs?
7. Correct the wrong statements.
The route of drug administration is absolutely unimportant.
Oral administration is the route by mouth.
If a patient is vomiting, oral administration is advisable.
In sudden heart attacks, rectal administration is used.
There is only one way of parenteral administration.
Subcutaneous injections are given into the buttocks.
Intradermal injections are used to cure infarction.
Performing the intravenous injection, a physician must be careful.
To produce anesthesia, surgeons use intracavitary injections.
IV. Speaking
1. Make up dialogues using the following words and word combinations and the example given.
Last week I felt myself really terrible. I even had to call a doctor.
Oh, really? What happened?
I had a very high temperature, fever they called it. And also these dark spots by my eyes... I hardly stayed on feet.
Did the doctor come? And what did he do?
Sure he came. He examined me: took my temperature, blood pressure and performed some tests I can't explain to you.
And what is the diagnosis?
Still unknown. I have to wait for the analyses he took. But now I'm taking some drugs, and a nurse comes twice a day to give me intravenous injections. It's quite painful, I must say.
Well, wait a little. I hope you'll feel better.
Heart attack, terrible pain in the chest, sublingual, ambulance, examine, take blood pressure, make an injection, what kind, injection, insist on hospitalization.
Raw eggs, poisoning, vomiting, nausea, headache, acute form, drugs, useless, doctor, advice, cleanse the stomach, give absorbing drugs, drink a lot of liquid.
Toothache, teeth extracted, local anesthesia, syringe, intradermal injection, normal reaction, successfully.
Asthmatic attack, cough, shortness of breath, gasped, my neighbour, skilled nurse, aerosol, inhalation, positive effect, improve.
2. Discuss the following issues.
1. What way of taking drugs is the most common? What are the advantages of each way? What are the disadvantages?
Give examples of drugs you know and the ways they are used.
Which way of drug taking is the most effective? Why?
What new ways of drug taking (and treatment) can possibly be discovered with the development of modern science?
3. Find more information on the topics:
drug addiction;
medical ethics in prescribing drugs;
unusual drug toxicity;
natural drugs (plant drugs) and their usage;
self-medication;
drug resistance of microorganisms.
32. Prescription.
Рецепт.
I. Vocabulary
1. Learn the topical vocabulary.
Prescription — рецепт;
to implement — виконувати, здійснювати;
unique — єдиний;
trade name — торгова назва;
generic name — офіційна (фармакопейна) назва;
the body of the prescription — центральна частина рецепта;
dose specification — інструкція по дозуванню;
it goes without saying — зрозуміло, що ...;
signature — підпис.
2. Learn some Latin abbreviations and their English equivalents used prescriptions.
a.c. = before meals (from ante cibum — before meals)
b.i.d. = twice a day
і = one or one time
caps = capsules
da or daw = dispense as written
g (or gm or GM) = gram
gtt. = drops (from guttae — drops)
h. = hour
mg = milligram
ml = milliliter
p.c. = after meals (frompost cibum — after meals)
p.o. = by mouth, orally (fromper os — by mouth)
p.r.n. = when necessary (frompro re nata — for an occasion that has arisen as circumstances require, as needed)
q.d. = once a day (from quaque die — once a day)
q.i.d. = four times a day (from quater in die — 4 times a day)
q.h. = every hour
q.2h. = every 2 hours
q.3h. = every 3 hours
q.4h. = every 4 hours
t.i.d. = three times a day (from ter in die — 3 times a day)
3. Match the words to form word combinations.
medical a) properties
trade b) directions
pharmacological c) practitioner
specific d) document
legal e) name
II. Reading
Read, translate and discuss the following text. Be ready to speak on the differences between English and Ukrainian prescriptions.
ENGLISH PRESCRIPTIONS
A prescription (Rx) is a health-care program implemented by a physician or other medical practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient. Prescriptions may include orders to be performed by a patient, caretaker, nurse, pharmacist or other therapist. Commonly, the term prescription is used to mean an order to take certain medications.
The word "prescription" comes from the Latinpraescriptus compounded from prae (before) + scribere (to write) = to write before. Historically, a prescription was written before the drug was prepared and administered.
The language of the prescription was unique in Great Britain some half a century ago when all the names of drugs were latinized. Today all prescriptions are written in English, but you still find contracted Latin words.
A more serious problem is the naming of drugs. Each drug has three names. They are the chemical name, the so-called generic name, and trade name. Most drugs have several trade names because each company gives it a different name.
For example, ampicillin — the generic name of a well-known antibiotic; al-pha-aminobenzyl P — it's chemical name; Omnipen, Penbritin, Polycillin, etc. are its trade names.
It goes without saying that a prescription cannot be written without a very good knowledge of the dose effects of drugs. Each drug has its own dose specification dependent on pharmacological properties, metabolism of the drug. It should have the following information:
1) Prescriber information (name and address of the physician and his tele-
phone number).
2) Patient information (name, address, age and the date).
The symbol "Rx" is a symbol for recipe and it means (in Latin) a command for a patient "take".
The body of the prescription provides the names and quantities of the chief ingredients of the prescription. Also in this part of prescription you find the dose and dosage form, such as tablet, suspension, capsule, syrup.
The subscription, which gives specific directions for the pharmacist on how to compound the medication.
The signature, gives instructions to the patient on how, how much, when, and how long the drug is to be taken. These instructions are preceded by the symbol "S" or "Sig." from the Latin, meaning "mark."
A prescription is a written order for compounding, dispensing, and administering drugs to a specific client or patient and once it is signed by the physician it becomes a legal document! Prescriptions are required for all medications that require the supervision of a physician, that must be controlled because they are addictive and carry the potential of being abused, and that could cause health threats from side effects if taken incorrectly, for example heart medications (cardiac drugs), insulin, and antibiotics.
III. Post-reading acyivities.
1. Answer the following questions.
What is prescription?
What does the word "praescriptus" come from?
What does it mean?
In what language are the prescriptions written in Great Britain?
Is Latin used in prescriptions at present?
How many names does a drug posses?
What name of the drug is difficult to use and remember?
Why are the trade names of drug difficult to use and remember?
What drug names are not known to general public?
On what does the dose of a drug depend?
Are the name and address of the physician written on a prescription?
How many parts does a prescription consist of?
What does the symbol "Rx" mean?
What information can we find in the body of the prescription?
What medicinal forms are known to you?
What is subscription?
What information does the signature give to the patient?
When does the prescription become a legal document?
For what medications are prescriptions required?
2. Say whether the sentences are true or false.
Prescriptions may include orders to be performed only by a pharmacist.
Commonly, the term prescription is used to mean an order to take certain medications.
Historically, a prescription was written after the drug was prepared and administered.
Each drug has four names.
5. A prescription cannot be written without a very good knowledge of the dose
effects of drags.
6. Symbol "Rx" means a command for a patient "take".
7. The body of the prescription provides the names and quantities of the chief
ingredients of the prescription.
8. The directions to the pharmacist are called signature. |
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