английский за проф направлением. Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти

• Название: Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти
• Анкор: английский за проф направлением.doc
• Дата: 23.02.2018
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Antiseptic and disinfectants — They kill bacterias by poisoning them directly either inside or outside the body;

Expectorants — These are used for assisting in coughing up of mucus and sputum from lungs and bronchi;

Cough mixtures — These are used to suppress coughing by reducing the irritation of throat;

Laxative and purgative — They make the bowels move. Laxative is milder than a purgative which is given when the bowels have not moved for several days;

Analgesics — They are drugs that soothe or relieve pain;

Tonics — These are drugs which are taken to strengthen the body and to supplement deficiencies in the nutritional value of foods;

Application for skin and mucous membrane includes ointments, lotions and liniments. These are often poisonous and should not be taken orally or i. v., except by rubbing on or applying to the skin or mucous membrane.

The major characteristics of drugs are:

1. 
   Therapeutic effect — This is the ability to act selecti­vely on an organ, on body tissues or on disease causing organism and to restore normal body function.
   
2. 
   Side effects—In addition to its therapeutic effect drug may cause nausea, vomiting, etc.
   
3. 
   Allergic reaction — If a person has an allergy he may show unexpected reaction when he is given the drug.
   

One should take into consideration the action of drugs on the body. Too little of the drug cause it to be ineffective while an overdose may be fatal. Children and aged persons are more sensitive to drugs and therefore require a smaller dose than others. In administrating drugs for small children many other factors have to be taken into consideration. Children are impressionable and their sense of fear and pain is so acute that it may obliterate the curative properties of a drug. So drugs for children should preferably be in liquid form, and taste good. For them special syrops and fruit and berry juices are used. The drugs that cannot be taken in liquid form are made to resemble sweets.

Other problems are involved in developing drugs for the aged, whose endocrine and other systems, kidneys and liver become less efficient. It takes longer for an aging organism to absorb and eliminate medicinal preparations. This is why it is important to combine these drugs with aminoacids, vita­mins, and microelements, in all of which an eldery person is deficient.

Drugs are most commonly administered in four ways: orally (through the mouth), recta 1 ly (into the rectum), parenterally (by injection), and by inhalation through lungs. Occasionally, drugs such as nasal decongestants and antiasthma drugs are administered through the mem­branes of the mouth or nose (e. g. nitroglycerine, under the tongue).
2. Запитання до тексту

1. How can the drugs be grouped? 2. What is the action of antiseptics and disinfectants? 3. What is the difference be­tween laxatives and purgatives? 4. What are the applica­tions? 5. Can you describe the major characteristics of drugs? 6. What are the requirements for drugs for children and aged persons? 7. In what ways are drugs most com­monly administered?
V. Прочитайте твердження і скажіть, чи всі вони відпо­відають змісту текстів А та В:

1. Analgetics are drugs that soothe or relieve pain. 2. One should never take into consideration the action of drugs on the body. 3. Drugs for children should preferably be in solid form

4. Two important stan­dards of the USP are that the drug must be clinically useful and available in pure form. 5. Most drugs have only one brand name. 6. The chemical name is the chemical formular for the drug.
VI. Знайдіть у текстах уроку факти, що підтверджують такі положення:

1. Drugs are chemical substances that can come from many different sources. 2. A drug can have three dif­ferent names. 3. Children and aged persons are more sensitive to drugs. 4. Drugs are most commonly administered in four ways.
VII. Знайдіть в обох текстах уроку речення з підрядними додатковими. Визначте спосіб з'єднання підрядного речення з головним. Перекладіть на українську мову.
VIII. Вивчіть пам'ятку, яку повинен знати кожен прові­зор.Обговоріть її зміст.

Before giving any drug you should know:

• 
  What the drug is used for;
  
• 
  What it can do;
  
• 
  The prescribed dose for a child or adult;
  
• 
  How it should be given;
  
• 
  The possible side effects and precautions to be taken;
  
• 
  What the user of the drug needs to know about it.
  

IX. Прочитайте та перекладіть латинські терміни, що використовуються в рецептах:

а. с. before meals

р. с. after meals

В. Р. British Pharmacopeia

USP US Pharmacopeia

tabs. tablets

tabl. tablet

No numero (number)

rept. repeat

Rx thou take

t. d. s. (t. i. d.) three times a day

sig. signature
X. Уявіть собі, що ви працюєте в рецептурному відділі аптеки. Прочитайте і розшифруйте рецепт ліків за допомогою вправи XI; поясніть хворому, яким чином слід приймати ці препарати.

Рецепт 1. Rx Ferrous Tabs, В. P., No 50

Sig. Tabs i. t. d. s. p. c.

Рецепт2.Rx Stilbestrol Tabs (0.5 mg), USP

Sig. Tabs i. t. i. d. for 20 days and rept.

aftera 10-dayinterval.
XI. Прочитайте, перекладіть та запам'ятайте золоті правила прописування ліків:

GOLDEN RULES FOR PRESCRIBING MEDICINE

Prescription should be short, simple and to the point. It is important to mention the hour of the day when medicines are to be given.

1. 
   Gastric sedatives as bismuth salts are best given on an empty stomach, for their local action.
   
2. 
   Cod liver oil preparations are to be given after meals.
   
3. 
   Mineral acids are given after meals.
   
4. 
   Alkalis when used to neutralise acid, secretion should be given after food and when given as a systemic alkaliser should be given between meals.
   
5. 
   Takadiastase and pepsin should be given on an empty stomach for local use.
   
6. 
   All stomachis and bitter tonics are to be given quarter to half an hour before food.
   
7. 
   Morphine should not be given to head injury cases.
   
8. 
   Hypnotics should be taken after meals, half an hour before going to bed.
   
9. 
   Antacids are to be given after meals and anticholi­nergic during or before meals.
   

XII.Підготуйте усну доповідь на тему «Ліки та їх застосування».
XIII. Прочитайте та вивчіть усталені вирази, що стосую­ться ліків:

1. 
   badmedicine (розм.) — зловісна (лиховісна лю­дина);
   
2. 
   a dose (або taste) of one's own medicine — палка о двох кінцях; звичайно: to get or to give a dose of one's own medicine — відплатити тією ж самою монетою;
   
3. 
   to take one's medicine — проковтнути пілюлю (переносно).
   

31. Prescription and method of use.

Назначення ліків та способи застосування.
І. Lead-in

1. Study the following combining forms and their meanings. Do you know any other words formed with their use?

Combining form	Definition	Tern
pharmac-	drug	pharmacology
chem-	drug	chemotherapy
tox-	poison	toxic toxicology
lingu-	tongue	sublingual
derm-	skin	hypodermic
enter-	intestine	parenteral
ven-	vein	intravenous
thec-	sheath (covering of the spinal cord, brain)	intrathecal
aero-	air	aerosols
cras-	disease	dyscrasia
anti-	against	antiseptic
intra-	within	intramuscular
contra-	against	contraindication

2. Learn the following words.

duration – тривалість;

completeness– завершеність;

allied - суміжний, схожий;

acceptable – прийнятний;

advantage – перевага;

convenience – зручність;

saliva – слина;

angina pectoris- грудна жаба, стенокардія;

suppository - свічка, супозиторій;

syringe– шприц;

leakage- підтікання, просочування;

vapor– випаровуватися;

lesion– пошкодження, ураження.
3. Match the expression with its medical term.

1. the study of poisons	a. intravenous
2. treatment with chemicals	b. toxicology
3. pertaining to within a vein	c. rectum
4. study of drugs	d. pharmacology
5. pertaining to under the tongue	e. antibacterial
6. pertaining to under the skin	f. chemotherapy
7. against infection	g. sublingual
8. pertaining to within a sheath	h. topical
9. external	i. intradermal
10. the distal end of the digestive tract	j. intrathecal

4. Explain the following words and word combinations.

Parenteral; pharmacology; contraindications; antidote; drug toxicity; antiseptic; antibiotic; aerosol; side effect; intravenous; sublingual.
5. Translate into Ukrainian

1. 
   Angina pectoris is a disease marked by brief paroxysmal attacks of chest pain precipitated by deficient oxygenation of the heart mus­cles.
   
2. 
   The needlestick injury is an accidental puncture of the skin with an unsterilized instrument (as a syringe).
   
3. 
   The enemies used a poisonous gas giving off poisonous vapors designed to kill, injure, or disable by inhalation.
   
4. 
   This custom is widely acceptable in the country.
   
5. 
   When the patient tried to swallow the drug, the sudden overflow of saliva prevented him from doing it.
   
6. 
   The skin was red and many lesions on it didn't heal.
   
7. 
   During the childbirth intrethecal anesthesia is widely used.
   
8. 
   The patient suffered numerous intestinal ulcerative lesions.
   

II. Reading

ADMINISTRATION OF DRUDS

The route of administration of a drug (how it is introduced into the body) is very important in determining the rate and completeness of its absorption into the bloodstream and speed and duration of the drug's action in the body.

The different methods used by physicians and allied health person­nel to administer drugs are listed below, with a brief discussion of each method:

Oral administration. The route of administration is by mouth. Drugs given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the blood­stream through the intestinal wall. Although this method is probably most acceptable to patients from the standpoint of convenience, it may have several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract by digestive juices or if the drug cannot pass through the intestinal mu­cosa, it will be ineffective. Also, oral administration is slower than other methods and disadvantageous if time is a factor in therapy.

Sublingual administration. In this route of administration, drugs are not swallowed but are placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve in the saliva. Absorption may be rapid for some agents. Nitroglycerin tablets are taken this way to treat attacks of chest pain (angina pectoris). The nitroglycerin is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and opens the coronary arteries to increase blood flow to the heart muscle.

Rectal administration. Suppositories (cone-shaped objects contain­ing drugs) and water solutions are inserted into the rectum. At times, drugs are given by rectum when oral administration presents difficul­ties, such as when the patient is nauseated and vomiting.

Parenteral administration. This type of administration is accom­plished by injection through a syringe under the skin, into a muscle, into a vein, or into a body cavity. There are several types of paren­teral injections:

Subcutaneous injection. This injection is sometimes called a hypo­dermic injection, and is given just under the several layers of the skin. The outer surface of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are usual locations for subcutaneous injections.

Intradermal injection. This shallow injection is made into the up­per layers of the skin. It is used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reac­tions. Short needles are used, and an elevation appears on the skin when an intradermal injection is given properly.

Intramuscular injection (I.M.). This injection is given into the muscle, usually into the buttocks. When drugs are irritating the skin or when a large volume of a long-acting drug is to be given, I.M. injec­tions are advisable.