Английский. Учебное пособие для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов III курсов ммф йошкарОла пгту 2013 удк 811. 111 (07)
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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение Высшего профессионального образования «ПОВОЛЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Учебное пособие для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов I-II курсов ММФ Йошкар-Ола ПГТУ 2013 УДК 811.111 (07) ББК 81.2.Англ - 9 А 71 Рецензенты: кандидат педагогических наук, доцент ПГТУ О.И. Чередниченко; Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета ПГТУ А 71 Английский язык: для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов I-II курсов ММФ/ сост. К.Т. Парулава. – Йошкар-Ола: Поволжский государственный технологический университет, 2013. – 107с. Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I-II курсов ММФ очной формы обучения. Цель пособия – развитие навыков чтения, понимания и перевода научных текстов, формирование лексических и грамматических навыков, а также навыков устной и письменной речи на английском языке у студентов технических специальностей. УДК 811.112:81'271(07) ББК 81.2. Англ. -9 © Поволжский государственный технологический университет, 2013 Contents Unit 1 Engineering, its branches and functions 4 Unit 2 Engineering design process 11 Unit 3 Engineering drawing 18 Unit 4 Materials science and engineering 26 Unit 5 Metals 33 Unit 6 Properties of metals 41 Unit 7 Plastics 48 Unit 8 Machine tools 55 Unit 9 Metalworking processes 62 Unit 10 Engines and transmissions 69 Supplementary texts 76 Speaking and writing assignments 91 Appendices 96 References 107 Unit 1 Задание I
Economic, social, practical, technology, mechanical, discipline, physics, construction, motor, electronic, element, system, theory, material, company, component
ENGINEERING, ITS BRANCHES AND FUNCTIONS Engineering is the application of scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. It may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or objective. The discipline of engineering is extremely broad and encompasses a range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of technology and types of application. Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects. Engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with different areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer’s career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches: - Chemical engineering - The application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a commercial scale. - Civil engineering - The design and construction of public and private works such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges, dams, and buildings. - Electrical engineering - The design and study of various electrical and electronic systems such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications, instrumentation, controls, and electronics. - Mechanical engineering - The design of physical or mechanical systems such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products engines, compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment. Engineering functions Research. Using mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental techniques, and inductive reasoning, the research engineer seeks new principles and processes. Research jobs often involve starting with an idea or a need. Theories are formulated, tested and prototyped. Jobs in research can be found at universities, national laboratories as well as private institutions and corporations. Development. Development engineers apply the results of research to useful purposes. Creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electrical circuit, a chemical process, or an industrial machine. Design. In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements and to meet performance specifications. In design and development, the results of research are applied to practical problems. The term ‘development’ refers to the early stages of a project. The term ‘design’ refers more to the later stages of a project when the basic methodology is established. In some companies, research and development are combined. Construction. The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the site, determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the desired quality, directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment. Production. Plant layout and equipment selection are the responsibility of the production engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection. Although usually not directly in charge of production personnel, engineers are responsible for solving problems associated with the manufacturing process. Operation. The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organizations providing power, transportation, and communication; determines procedures; and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of complex equipment. Testing and evaluation can take place in the laboratory or in the field, often working with equipment, software, systems and the end users. Those who are involved in testing are not the designers. Management. In some countries and industries, engineers analyze customers’ requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and resolve related problems. Management jobs often require elements of leadership, planning, coordination, supervision; working with staff, budgets and administration. Maintenance and Service. Engineering and technical jobs concerned with operations - maintaining and making modifications to hardware and systems. Problem solving is common to all engineering work. The problem may involve quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require abstract mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is the process of creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a new and optimum solution.
Задание II 1. Определите по формальным признакам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их: Scientific, construction, themselves, initially, experimental, useful, industrial, responsibility, modification, quantitative 2. Заполните следующую таблицу:
Задание III
4. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова: engineers, production, needs, fields, factors, civil
Задание IV
Задание V
1. Early inventions such as the wheel are consistent with the modern definition of engineering. 2. Civil engineering deals with electrical and electronic systems. 3. The term ‘development’ refers to the later stages of a project.
Задание VI 1. Выполните письменный перевод текста. 2. Выполните устный пересказ текста, используя необходимые фразы. Unit 2 Задание I
Process, mathematics, portion, analysis, information, literature, document, expert, method, configuration
ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS The engineering design process is a formulation of a plan or scheme to assist an engineer in creating a product. The engineering design is defined as component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision making process (often iterative) in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and evaluation. The engineering design process is a multi-step process including the research, conceptualization, feasibility assessment, establishing design requirements, preliminary design, detailed design, production planning and tool design, and finally production. |